7-16. Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures ASCE/SEI ASCE STANDARD

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1 ASCE STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Names: American Society of Civil Engineers. Title: Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. Other titles: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE standard, ASCE/ SEI 7-16, minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures Description: Reston, Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers, [2017] Earlier versions of the standard have title: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE standard, ASCE/SEI Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN ISBN (softcover : alk. paper) ISBN (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Structural engineering Standards United States. Buildings Standards United States. Strains and stresses. Standards, Engineering United States. Classification: LCC TH851.M DDC /1873 dc23 LC record available at Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, ascelibrary.org This standard was developed by a consensus standards development process that has been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, a voluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards development organizations in the United States and abroad, signifies that the standards development process used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process. While ASCE s process is designed to promote standards that reflect a fair and reasoned consensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public health, safety, and welfare that is paramount to its mission, it has not made an independent assessment of and does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor should anyone interpret, ASCE s standards to replace the sound judgment of a competent professional, having knowledge and experience in the appropriate field(s) of practice, nor to substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the contents of this standard. ASCE has no authority to enforce compliance with its standards and does not undertake to certify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity. ASCE, its affiliates, officers, directors, employees, and volunteers disclaim any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, financial loss, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation any direct, indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any person s use of, or reliance on, this standard. Any individual who relies on this standard assumes full responsibility for such use. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an to permissions@asce.org or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database ( or ASCE Library ( ascelibrary.org) and using the Permissions link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at Copyright 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN (soft cover) ISBN (PDF) Online platform: Manufactured in the United States of America

3 ASCE STANDARDS Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. In 2014, the Board of Direction approved revisions to the ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed by ASCE. All such standards are developed by a consensus standards process managed by the ASCE Codes and Standards Committee (CSC). The consensus process includes balloting by a balanced standards committee and reviewing during a public comment period. All standards are updated or reaffirmed by the same process every five to ten years. Requests for formal interpretations shall be processed in accordance with Section 7 of ASCE Rules for Standards Committees, which are available at Errata, addenda, supplements, and interpretations, if any, for this standard can also be found at This standard has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and should not be used without the user s competent knowledge for a given application. The publication of this standard by ASCE is not intended to warrant that the information contained therein is suitable for any general or specific use, and ASCE takes no position respecting the validity of patent rights. The user is advised that the determination of patent rights or risk of infringement is entirely his or her own responsibility. A complete list of current standards is available in the ASCE Library ( iii

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5 BRIEF CONTENTS ASCE STANDARDS TIPS FOR USING THIS STANDARD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii iv xlvii Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 1 GENERAL COMBINATIONS OF LOADS DEAD LOADS, SOIL LOADS, AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE LIVE LOADS FLOOD LOADS TSUNAMI LOADS AND EFFECTS SNOW LOADS RAIN LOADS RESERVED FOR FUTURE PROVISIONS ICE LOADS ATMOSPHERIC ICING SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS MATERIAL-SPECIFIC SEISMIC DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONBUILDING STRUCTURES NONLINEAR RESPONSE HISTORY ANALYSIS SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMICALLY ISOLATED STRUCTURES SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN SITE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC DESIGN v

6 21 SITE-SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION PROCEDURES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN SEISMIC GROUND MOTION, LONG-PERIOD TRANSITION, AND RISK COEFFICIENT MAPS SEISMIC DESIGN REFERENCE DOCUMENTS RESERVED FOR FUTURE PROVISIONS Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 25 RESERVED FOR FUTURE PROVISIONS WIND LOADS: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS: MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE) WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS: MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (ENVELOPE PROCEDURE) WIND LOADS ON BUILDING APPURTENANCES AND OTHER STRUCTURES: MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE) WIND LOADS: COMPONENTS AND CLADDING WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURE APPENDIX 11A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS (Deleted) APPENDIX 11B EXISTING BUILDING PROVISIONS APPENDIX C SERVICEABILITY CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX D BUILDINGS EXEMPTED FROM TORSIONAL WIND LOAD CASES APPENDIX E PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR FIRE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES COMMENTARY TO STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16 C1 GENERAL C2 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS C3 DEAD LOADS, SOIL LOADS, AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE C4 LIVE LOADS C5 FLOOD LOADS C6 TSUNAMI LOADS AND EFFECTS vi STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16

7 C7 SNOW LOADS C8 RAIN LOADS C9 RESERVED FOR FUTURE COMMENTARY C10 ICE LOADS ATMOSPHERIC ICING Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. C11 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA C12 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES C13 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS C14 MATERIAL-SPECIFIC SEISMIC DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS C15 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONBUILDING STRUCTURES C16 NONLINEAR RESPONSE HISTORY ANALYSIS C17 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMICALLY ISOLATED STRUCTURES C18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS C19 SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN C20 SITE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC DESIGN C21 SITE-SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION PROCEDURES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN C22 SEISMIC GROUND MOTION, LONG-PERIOD TRANSITION, AND RISK COEFFICIENT MAPS C23 SEISMIC DESIGN REFERENCE DOCUMENTS (No Commentary) C24 RESERVED FOR FUTURE COMMENTARY C25 RESERVED FOR FUTURE COMMENTARY C26 WIND LOADS: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS C27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS: MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE) 767 C28 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS: MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (ENVELOPE PROCEDURE) C29 WIND LOADS ON BUILDING APPURTENANCES AND OTHER STRUCTURES: MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE) vii

8 C30 WIND LOADS: COMPONENTS AND CLADDING C31 WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURE APPENDIX C11A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS (Deleted) APPENDIX C11B EXISTING BUILDING PROVISIONS (No Commentary) Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. APPENDIX CC SERVICEABILITY CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX CD BUILDINGS EXEMPTED FROM TORSIONAL WIND LOAD CASES APPENDIX CE PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR FIRE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES INDEX Index-1 viii STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16

9 CONTENTS ASCE STANDARDS iii TIPS FOR USING THIS STANDARD iv Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS GENERAL Scope Definitions and Symbols Definitions Symbols Basic Requirements Strength and Stiffness Strength Procedures Allowable Stress Procedures Performance-Based Procedures Serviceability Functionality Self-Straining Forces and Effects Analysis Counteracting Structural Actions Fire Resistance General Structural Integrity Load Path Connections Lateral Forces Connection to Supports Anchorage of Structural Walls Extraordinary Loads and Events Classification of Buildings and other Structures Risk Categorization Multiple Risk Categories Toxic, Highly Toxic, and Explosive Substances Additions and Alterations to Existing Structures Load Tests Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents COMBINATIONS OF LOADS General Symbols Load Combinations for Strength Design Basic Combinations Load Combinations Including Flood Load Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Forces and Effects Load Combinations for Nonspecified Loads Basic Combinations with Seismic Load Effects Load Combinations for Allowable Stress Design Basic Combinations Load Combinations Including Flood Load Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Forces and Effects Basic Combinations with Seismic Load Effects Load Combinations for Extraordinary Events Applicability Load Combinations xlvii ix

10 Capacity Residual Capacity Stability Requirements Load Combinations for General Structural Integrity Loads Strength Design Notional Load Combinations Allowable Stress Design Notional Load Combinations Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 3 DEAD LOADS, SOIL LOADS, AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Dead Loads Definition Weights of Materials and Constructions Weight of Fixed Service Equipment Vegetative and Landscaped Roofs Solar Panels Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure Lateral Pressures Uplift Loads on Floors and Foundations Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents LIVE LOADS Definitions Loads Not Specified Uniformly Distributed Live Loads Required Live Loads Provision for Partitions Partial Loading Concentrated Live Loads Loads on Handrail, Guardrail, Grab Bar, and Vehicle Barrier Systems, and on Fixed Ladders Handrail and Guardrail Systems Uniform Load Guardrail System Component Loads Grab Bar Systems Vehicle Barrier Systems Fixed Ladders Impact Loads General Elevators Machinery Elements Supporting Hoists for Façade Access and Building Maintenance Equipment Fall Arrest and Lifeline Anchorages Reduction in Uniform Live Loads General Reduction in Uniform Live Loads Heavy Live Loads Passenger Vehicle Garages Assembly Uses Limitations on One-Way Slabs Reduction in Roof Live Loads General Ordinary Roofs, Awnings, and Canopies Occupiable Roofs Crane Loads General Maximum Wheel Load Vertical Impact Force Lateral Force Longitudinal Force Garage Loads Passenger Vehicle Garages Truck and Bus Garages x STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16

11 4.11 Helipad Loads General Concentrated Helicopter Loads Uninhabitable Attics Uninhabitable Attics without Storage Uninhabitable Attics with Storage Library Stack Rooms Seating for Assembly Uses Sidewalks, Vehicular Driveways, and Yards Subject to Trucking Uniform Loads Concentrated Loads Stair Treads Solar Panel Loads Roof Loads at Solar Panels Load Combination Open-Grid Roof Structures Supporting Solar Panels Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents FLOOD LOADS General Definitions Design Requirements Design Loads Erosion and Scour Loads on Breakaway Walls Loads during Flooding Load Basis Hydrostatic Loads Hydrodynamic Loads Wave Loads Breaking Wave Loads on Vertical Pilings and Columns Breaking Wave Loads on Vertical Walls Breaking Wave Loads on Nonvertical Walls Breaking Wave Loads from Obliquely Incident Waves Impact Loads Consensus Standards and Other Affiliated Criteria TSUNAMI LOADS AND EFFECTS General Requirements Scope Definitions Symbols and Notation Tsunami Risk Categories Analysis of Design Inundation Depth and Flow Velocity Tsunami Risk Category II and III Buildings and Other Structures Runup Evaluation for Areas Where No Map Values Are Given Tsunami Risk Category IV Buildings and Other Structures Sea Level Change Inundation Depths and Flow Velocities Based on Runup Maximum Inundation Depth and Flow Velocities Based on Runup Energy Grade Line Analysis of Maximum Inundation Depths and Flow Velocities Terrain Roughness Tsunami Bores Amplified Flow Velocities Inundation Depths and Flow Velocities Based on Site-Specific Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis Tsunami Waveform Tsunamigenic Sources Earthquake Rupture Unit Source Tsunami Functions for Offshore Tsunami Amplitude Treatment of Modeling and Natural Uncertainties Offshore Tsunami Amplitude Offshore Tsunami Amplitude for Distant Seismic Sources Direct Computation of Probabilistic Inundation and Runup xi

12 6.7.6 Procedures for Determining Tsunami Inundation and Runup Representative Design Inundation Parameters Seismic Subsidence before Tsunami Arrival Model Macroroughness Parameter Nonlinear Modeling of Inundation Model Spatial Resolution Built Environment Inundation Model Validation Determining Site-Specific Inundation Flow Parameters Tsunami Design Parameters for Flow over Land Structural Design Procedures for Tsunami Effects Performance of Tsunami Risk Category II and III Buildings and Other Structures Performance of Tsunami Risk Category III Critical Facilities and Tsunami Risk Category IV Buildings and Other Structures Structural Performance Evaluation Load Cases Tsunami Importance Factors Load Combinations Lateral-Force-Resisting System Acceptance Criteria Structural Component Acceptance Criteria Minimum Fluid Density for Tsunami Loads Flow Velocity Amplification Upstream Obstructing Structures Flow Velocity Amplification by Physical or Numerical Modeling Directionality of Flow Flow Direction Site-Specific Directionality Minimum Closure Ratio for Load Determination Minimum Number of Tsunami Flow Cycles Seismic Effects on the Foundations Preceding Local Subduction Zone Maximum Considered Tsunami Physical Modeling of Tsunami Flow, Loads, and Effects Hydrostatic Loads Buoyancy Unbalanced Lateral Hydrostatic Force Residual Water Surcharge Load on Floors and Walls Hydrostatic Surcharge Pressure on Foundation Hydrodynamic Loads Simplified Equivalent Uniform Lateral Static Pressure Detailed Hydrodynamic Lateral Forces Overall Drag Force on Buildings and Other Structures Drag Force on Components Tsunami Loads on Vertical Structural Components, F w Hydrodynamic Load on Perforated Walls, F pw Walls Angled to the Flow Hydrodynamic Pressures Associated with Slabs Flow Stagnation Pressure Hydrodynamic Surge Uplift at Horizontal Slabs Tsunami Bore Flow Entrapped in Structural Wall-Slab Recesses Debris Impact Loads Alternative Simplified Debris Impact Static Load Wood Logs and Poles Impact by Vehicles Impact by Submerged Tumbling Boulder and Concrete Debris Site Hazard Assessment for Shipping Containers, Ships, and Barges Shipping Containers Extraordinary Debris Impacts Alternative Methods of Response Analysis Foundation Design Resistance Factors for Foundation Stability Analyses Load and Effect Characterization Uplift and Underseepage Forces Loss of Strength General Erosion Scour xii STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16

13 Horizontal Soil Loads Displacements Alternative Foundation Performance-Based Design Criteria Foundation Countermeasures Fill Protective Slab on Grade Geotextiles and Reinforced Earth Systems Facing Systems Ground Improvement Structural Countermeasures for Tsunami Loading Open Structures Tsunami Barriers Information on Existing Buildings and Other Structures to Be Protected Site Layout Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Refuge Structures Minimum Inundation Elevation and Depth Refuge Live Load Laydown Impacts Information on Construction Documents Peer Review Designated Nonstructural Components and Systems Performance Requirements Nonbuilding Tsunami Risk Category III and IV Structures Requirements for Tsunami Risk Category III Nonbuilding Structures Requirements for Tsunami Risk Category IV Nonbuilding Structures Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents SNOW LOADS Definitions and Symbols Definitions Symbols Ground Snow Loads, p g Flat Roof Snow Loads, p f Exposure Factor, C e Thermal Factor, C t Importance Factor, I s Minimum Snow Load for Low-Slope Roofs, p m Sloped Roof Snow Loads, p s Warm Roof Slope Factor, C s Cold Roof Slope Factor, C s Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs Ice Dams and Icicles along Eaves Sloped Roof Snow Loads for Air-Supported Structures Partial Loading Continuous Beam Systems Other Structural Systems Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads Unbalanced Snow Loads for Hip and Gable Roofs Unbalanced Snow Loads for Curved Roofs Unbalanced Snow Loads for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel 59 Vault Roofs Unbalanced Snow Loads for Dome Roofs Drifts on Lower Roofs (Aerodynamic Shade) Lower Roof of a Structure Adjacent Structures Intersecting Drifts at Low Roofs Roof Projections and Parapets Sliding Snow Rain-On-Snow Surcharge Load Ponding Instability Existing Roofs xiii

14 7.13 Snow on Open-Frame Equipment Structures Snow at Top Level Snow at Levels below the Top Level Snow Loads on Pipes and Cable Trays Snow Loads on Equipment and Equipment Platforms Consensus Standards and other Referenced Documents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by on 04/27/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 8 RAIN LOADS Definitions and Symbols Definitions Symbols Roof Drainage Design Rain Loads Ponding Instability and Ponding Load Controlled Drainage Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents RESERVED FOR FUTURE PROVISIONS ICE LOADS ATMOSPHERIC ICING General Site-Specific Studies Dynamic Loads Exclusions Definitions Symbols Ice Loads Caused by Freezing Rain Ice Weight Nominal Ice Thickness Height Factor Importance Factors Topographic Factor Design Ice Thickness for Freezing Rain Wind on Ice-Covered Structures Wind on Ice-Covered Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures Wind on Ice-Covered Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs Wind on Ice-Covered Open Signs and Lattice Frameworks Wind on Ice-Covered Trussed Towers Wind on Ice-Covered Guys and Cables Design Temperatures for Freezing Rain Partial Loading Design Procedure Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA General Purpose Scope Applicability Alternate Materials and Methods of Construction Quality Assurance Definitions Symbols Seismic Ground Motion Values Near-Fault Sites Mapped Acceleration Parameters Site Class Site Coefficients and Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE R ) Spectral 84 Response Acceleration Parameters Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters Design Response Spectrum Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE R ) Response Spectrum xiv STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16

15 Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedures Importance Factor and Risk Category Importance Factor Protected Access for Risk Category IV Seismic Design Category Design Requirements for Seismic Design Category A Geologic Hazards and Geotechnical Investigation Site Limitation for Seismic Design Categories E and F Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories C through F Additional Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories D through F Vertical Ground Motions For Seismic Design General MCE R Vertical Response Spectrum Design Vertical Response Spectrum Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES Structural Design Basis Basic Requirements Member Design, Connection Design, and Deformation Limit Continuous Load Path and Interconnection Connection to Supports Foundation Design Material Design and Detailing Requirements Structural System Selection Selection and Limitations Alternative Structural Systems Elements of Seismic Force-Resisting Systems Combinations of Framing Systems in Different Directions Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same Direction R, C d, and Ω 0 Values for Vertical Combinations Two-Stage Analysis Procedure R, C d, and Ω 0 Values for Horizontal Combinations Combination Framing Detailing Requirements System-Specific Requirements Dual System Cantilever Column Systems Inverted Pendulum-Type Structures Increased Structural Height Limit for Steel Eccentrically Braced Frames, Steel Special Concentrically Braced Frames, Steel Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames, Steel Special Plate Shear Walls, and Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls Special Moment Frames in Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D through F Steel Ordinary Moment Frames Steel Intermediate Moment Frames Shear Wall Frame Interactive Systems Diaphragm Flexibility, Configuration Irregularities, and Redundancy Diaphragm Flexibility Flexible Diaphragm Condition Rigid Diaphragm Condition Calculated Flexible Diaphragm Condition Irregular and Regular Classification Horizontal Irregularity Vertical Irregularity Limitations and Additional Requirements for Systems with Structural Irregularities Prohibited Horizontal and Vertical Irregularities for Seismic Design Categories D through F Extreme Weak Stories Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames Increase in Forces Caused by Irregularities for Seismic Design Categories D through F xv

16 Redundancy Conditions Where Value of ρ is Redundancy Factor, ρ, for Seismic Design Categories D through F Seismic Load Effects and Combinations Applicability Seismic Load Effect Horizontal Seismic Load Effect Vertical Seismic Load Effect Seismic Load Effects Including Overstrength Horizontal Seismic Load Effect Including Overstrength Capacity-Limited Horizontal Seismic Load Effect Minimum Upward Force for Horizontal Cantilevers for Seismic Design Categories D through F Direction of Loading Direction of Loading Criteria Seismic Design Category B Seismic Design Category C Structures with Nonparallel System Irregularities Seismic Design Categories D through F Analysis Procedure Selection Modeling Criteria Foundation Modeling Effective Seismic Weight Structural Modeling Interaction Effects Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure Seismic Base Shear Calculation of Seismic Response Coefficient Soil Structure Interaction Reduction Maximum S DS Value in Determination of C s and E v Period Determination Approximate Fundamental Period Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces Horizontal Distribution of Forces Inherent Torsion Accidental Torsion Amplification of Accidental Torsional Moment Overturning Story Drift Determination Minimum Base Shear for Computing Drift Period for Computing Drift P-Delta Effects Linear Dynamic Analysis Modal Response Spectrum Analysis Number of Modes Modal Response Parameters Combined Response Parameters Scaling Design Values of Combined Response Horizontal Shear Distribution P-Delta Effects Soil Structure Interaction Reduction Structural Modeling Linear Response History Analysis General Requirements General Modeling Requirements Ground Motion Selection and Modification Application of Ground Acceleration Histories Modification of Response for Design Enveloping of Force Response Quantities Enveloping of Displacement Response Quantities Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors Diaphragm Design Diaphragm Design Forces xvi STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-16

17 Collector Elements Collector Elements Requiring Load Combinations Including Overstrength for Seismic Design Categories C through F Alternative Design Provisions for Diaphragms, Including Chords and Collectors Design Seismic Design Forces for Diaphragms, Including Chords and Collectors Transfer Forces in Diaphragms Collectors Seismic Design Categories C through F Diaphragm Design Force Reduction Factor Structural Walls and Their Anchorage Design for Out-of-Plane Forces Anchorage of Structural Walls and Transfer of Design Forces into Diaphragms or Other Supporting Structural Elements Wall Anchorage Forces Additional Requirements for Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Structural Walls to Diaphragms in Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories C through F Drift and Deformation Story Drift Limit Moment Frames in Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D through F Diaphragm Deflection Structural Separation Members Spanning between Structures Deformation Compatibility for Seismic Design Categories D through F Foundation Design Design Basis Materials of Construction Foundation Load-Deformation Characteristics Reduction of Foundation Overturning Strength Design for Foundation Geotechnical Capacity Nominal Strength Resistance Factors Acceptance Criteria Allowable Stress Design for Foundation Geotechnical Capacity Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Category C Pole-Type Structures Foundation Ties Pile Anchorage Requirements Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D through F Pole-Type Structures Foundation Ties General Pile Design Requirement Batter Piles Pile Anchorage Requirements Splices of Pile Segments Pile Soil Interaction Pile Group Effects Requirements for Foundations on Liquefiable Sites Foundation Design Shallow Foundations Deep Foundations Simplified Alternative Structural Design Criteria for Simple Bearing Wall or Building Frame Systems General Simplified Design Procedure Reference Documents Definitions Notation Design Basis Seismic Load Effects Seismic Load Effect Seismic Load Effect Including Overstrength Seismic Force-Resisting System Selection and Limitations xvii