Strength Properties of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate In Concrete

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1 Strength Properties of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate In Concrete Neetesh Kumar Research scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur Dilip Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur Abstract: Concrete is an artificial material similar in appearance and properties to some natural lime stone rock. It is a man made composite, the major constituent being natural aggregate such as gravel or crushed rock, sand and fine particles of cement powder all mixed with water. The concrete as time goes on through a process of hydration of the cement paste, producing a required strength to withstand the load. The use of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete has never been a usual practice among the average citizens, particularly in areas where light weight concrete is required for non-load bearing walls, non-structural floors, and strip footings. Coconut is grown in more than 93 countries. South East Asia is regarded as the origin of coconut. Indonesia has the largest cultivation of coconut about 18 million tones production yearly with 3 million hectares area. India is the third largest, having cultivation on an area 43 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar of about.13 million hectares. Annual production is about 1.6 million tonnes in India. The overall production of coconut in 1 was million tones and total area was million hectares. In this study, M grade of concrete was produced by replacing coarse aggregate by coconut shell. Thirty cubes and thirty prismatic bars were casted and their compressive strength and flexural strength were evaluated at 7, 14 and 8 days. The compressive strength of concrete reduced as well as flexural strength as the percentage replacement increased. Concrete produced by.%, %, 7.%, 1% replacement attained 8 days compressive strength of 36.44, 36., 3.11, 34.67, 34. N/mm respectively and flexural strength of 4.44, 4.1, 3.8, 3.7, 3.63 N/mm.respectively. These results showed that Coconut shell concrete can be used in

2 reinforced concrete construction. Its utilization is cost effective and eco friendly. Keywords: Coarse Aggregate, Crushed Coconut Shell, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Waste Utilization INTRODUCTION In the world there are many countries in which coconut is cultivated at a big level. Here some data is provided according to production of coconut an area under the coconut cultivation. The coconut industry in India accounts for over a quarter of the world's total coconut oil output and is set to grow further with the global increase in demand. However, it is also the main contributor to the nation's pollution problem as a solid waste in the form of shells, which involves an annual production of approximately 3.18 million tones. Coconut shell represents more than 6% of the domestic waste volume. Coconut Shell, which presents serious disposal problems for local environment, is an abundantly available agricultural waste from local coconut industries. In developing countries where abundant agricultural and industrial wastes are discharged, these wastes can be used as potential material or replacement material in the construction industry. This will have the double advantage of reduction in the cost of construction material and also as a means of disposal of wastes. The concrete obtained using Coconut Shell aggregates satisfies the minimum requirements of concrete. Concrete using Coconut Shell aggregates resulted in acceptable strength required for structural concrete. Coconut Shell may offer itself as a coarse aggregate as well as a potential construction material in the field of construction industries and this would solve the environmental problem of reducing the generation of solid wastes simultaneously. The Coconut Shell-cement composite is compatible and no pre-treatment is required. Coconut Shell concrete has better workability because of the smooth surface on one side of the shells. The impact resistance of Coconut Shell concrete is high when compared with conventional concrete. Moisture retaining and water absorbing capacity of Coconut Shell are more compared to conventional aggregate. The amount of cement content may be more when Coconut Shell are used as an aggregate in the production of concrete compared to conventional aggregate concrete. There is presence of sugar in the Coconut shell as long as it is not in a free form; it will not affect the setting and strength of concrete. It is found 44 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar

3 that wood based materials, being hard and of organic origin, will not pollute or leak to produce toxic substances once they are bound in concrete matrix. Coconut shell needs no pre treatment, except for water absorption. Use of coconut shell aggregate in concrete as structural lightweight concrete is recommended. Coconut shell aggregate is a possible construction material and concurrently reduces the environmental problem of solid waste. MATERIALS AND METHOD The materials used in this experiment were locally available and these were Ordinary Portland Cement (O.P.C), sand as fine aggregate, crushed granite and coconut shell both as coarse aggregate. Potable water was used for mixing and curing. Cement: Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade was used conforming to IS and physical property was given below: S.N. Physical property Test result 1. Compressive 48.3 Strength(MPa). Fineness 6 3. Specific Gravity Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar Fine Aggregate: Sand conforming to Zone-III was used as the fine aggregate, as per I.S The sand was air dried and free from any foreign material, earlier than mixing. S.N. Physical property Test result 1. Fineness modulus.4. Specific Gravity.6 3. Bulk Density(kg/m 3 ) 4. Water Absorption Coarse Aggregates: Crushed granite was used as coarse aggregate of size mm and 1 mm both. S.N. Physical property Test result 1. Maximum Size (mm). Fineness modulus Specific Gravity.7 4. Bulk Density(kg/m 3 ). Water Absorption 6. Aggregate Crushing Value 7. Aggregate Impact Value Coconut Shell: In this work coconut shell was used as partial replacement of coarse

4 aggregate which is crushed granite. Coconut shells were unruffled from the local temple after that it was cleaned, sun dried, removed fibers to evaluate its properties. Coconut shell needs no pre treatment, except for water absorption. Coconut shell has very high water absorption. Due to this property, before use coconut shells were soaked in potable water for 4 hours. S.N. Physical property Test result 1. Maximum Size (mm). Fineness modulus Specific Gravity Bulk Density(kg/m 3 ). Water Absorption 6. Aggregate Crushing Value 7. Aggregate Impact Value 8. Moisture Content 9. Shell Thickness(mm) Methodology used in Experiment 46 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar Concrete Mix Design: M- grade of concrete was designed according to I.S method. The crushed granite aggregates were replaced as.%, %, 7.%, and 1%. The test results were analyzed and compared with control concrete that is made with replacement of coarse aggregate. By reason of high water absorption of coconut shell, it was pre soaked in water for 4 hours, earlier than mixing. Batching and Mixing: Weigh Batching was accomplished with the help of electronic weighing balance. Batching was done as for each the mix proportions. Mixing was done in tray. It was mixed for -3 minutes, later than addition of water. Placing and Compaction: Cubes and prism are cleaned and oiled to avoid the formation of bond between concrete and iron moulds. Place the fresh concrete in moulds in 3 layers, tamping each layer with temper times. The air which is entrapped in concrete is removed by table vibrator. Demoulding: After placing fresh concrete in cubical moulds and prisms, it was allowed to set for 4 hours. It was marked with some permanent identification mark i.e. 1,, 3 etc. Cubes and prisms are now kept in curing tank

5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences for 7, 14 and 8 days. After 7, 14 and 8 days, concrete specimens were removed from curing tank to conduct tests on hardened concrete. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Compressive strength is defined as resistance of concrete to axial loading. Cubes are put in the machine and after tighten its wheel start button is pressed as pressure is begin to apply. Reading of meter is note down when cracks are there on cubes. Compressive strength is calculated by following formula: Compressive Strength = P A, Where P is load and A is area of cube Values of compressive strength at different percentage of replacement at different age are given below: attained 34. N/mm marginally less than N/mm, the minimum suggested for use as structural concrete according to the requirements of BS 811 Part1 [7]. The strength reduced as the percentage of replacement increased. The surface area increased as the coconut shell increased, thus requiring extra amount of cement for proper bonding days Compressive Strength % of replacement of coconut shell Compressive Strength of Coconut Shell Concrete Days %.% % 7.% 1% The maximum compressive strength of N/mm was attained at % replacement, while the minimum strength of 34. N/mm was attained at 1% replacement. At 1% replacement, concrete 14 Days Compressive Strength % of replacement of coconut shell 47 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar

6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences 8 Days Compressive Strength The flexural strength of the prisms was calculated as per given equation PL Modulus of rupture, f b = bd 33 % of replacement of coconut shell Where P = Maximum load applied, N L = Supported length of the specimen, mm Compressive Strength Variation with age Flexural Strength Test For flexural test beams of mm 3 size were adopted. The load was applied without shock and was increased until the specimen failed, and the maximum load applied which is on the meter to the prism during the test was recorded. The appearances of the fractured faces of concrete failure were noted. Three-point load method was used to measure the flexural strength of Coconut Shell Aggregate Concrete. % of replacement with coconut shell 7 days 14 days 8 days 48 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar b = Measured width of the specimen, mm d = Measured depth of the specimen at the point of failure, mm Values of flexural strength at different percentage of replacement at different age are given below: Flexural Strength of Coconut Shell Concrete Days %.% % 7.% 1% The maximum flexural strength of 4.44 N/mm was attained at % replacement, while the minimum strength of 3.63 N/mm was attained at 1% replacement. At 1% replacement, concrete attained 3.63 N/mm marginally less than 4.44 N/mm. Variations of flexural strength with the ages are given below by the help of graph.

7 FLEXURAL STRENGTH FLEXURAL STRENGTH FLEXURAL STRENGTH FLEXURAL STRENGTH International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences Flexural Strength at 7 Days % of Replacement with Coconut Shell Flexural Strength at 14Days % of Replacement with Coconut Shell Workability Flexural Strength Varition with the age The word workability signifies much wider and deeper meaning than the other terminology consistency often used loosely for workability. Consistency is to indicate the degree of fluidity or degree of mobility. Two tests basically have done for workability namely slump test and compaction factor test with fresh mix. % of replacement with coconut shell 7 days 14 days 8 days Flexural Strength at 8 Days % of Replacement with Coconut Shell Workability of Coconut Shell Concrete Test %. % 7. 1% % % Slump (mm) Compacti on Factor Workability analysis is shown by the graph below: 49 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar

8 Compaction Factor Slump (mm) International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences Slump Test % of Replacement with Coconut Shell Compaction Factor Test % of Replacement with Coconut Shell marginal difference in strength between coconut shell and convention aggregate. Because of it is a waste material and abundantly available in the area of its production and near the industry used coconut, one can reduce the effective cost of the concrete and it is also helpful for the environmental point of view. Acknowledgements We extend our thanks to the faculty of civil engineering department, Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur CONCLUSIONS 1. It is analyzed that in the replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shell if increase in the percent of replacement it reduced the compressive strength of the concrete.. It is observed in this study that flexural strength of concrete reduces as the percent of replacement is increases. 3. Density reduced at the increment of percent replacement. 4. Workability increases as the percent of replacement increases as the slump factor and compaction factor increases. So coconut shell can be used as partial replacement of coarse aggregate as there is for their contribution during work. References 1. Dewanshu Ahlawat, L.G.Kalurkar (13), Strength Properties of Coconut Shell Concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, vol 4, issue 6 Dec 13. Kulkarni V.P, Kumar.S, (13), Comparitive study on coconut shell aggregate with conventional concrete, Vol., Issue 1, pp Daniel Y.O, (13), Experimental Assessment on Coconut Shell as aggregate in concrete, International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, Vol., Issue, pp 7-11 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar

9 4. Gunasekaran, K., Annadurai, R. & Kumar, P. S., Long term study on compressive and bond strength of coconut shell aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials 8 (1) 8-1, 1. K.Gunasekaran, P.S.Kumar et al 8, Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Construction, ICACC-8, 8, Hyderabad, India pp Amarnath Yeramala, Ramchandrudu.C, (1), Properties of concrete with coconut shell as aggregate replacement, International Journal of Engineering Inventions,Vol.1, Issue 6, pp J. P. Ries, J. Speck, (1), Lightweight Aggregate Optimizes the Sustainability of Concrete, Concrete Sustainability Conference, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association 8. B.Damodhara Reddy (14) et al, Experimental analysis of the use of coconut shell as coarse aggregate, IOSr Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol 1, issue 6, Jan Kabiru Usman Rogo, Selah Abu-Bakr Exploratory study of coconut shell as aggregate in concrete production, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol., Dec 1 1. Abdulfatah Abubakar, Muhammed Saleh Abubakar (11), exploratory study of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol 3, Dec Parag S. Kambli, Sandhya R. Mathapati (14), Application of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete: A Technical Review, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, vol. 4 issue 3, March Olanipekun, E,A, Olusola K.O. and Atia, O., (6) Comparative study between palm kernel shell and coconut shell as coarse aggregate, Journal of Engineer and Applied Science, Asian Research Publishing Network. Japan, Maninder Kaur, Manpreet Kaur,(1), A review on utilization of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in mass concrete, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 7, No.11, pp -8 1 Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar

10 14. Adeyemi, A.Y An investigation into the suitability of coconut shells as aggregates in concrete production. Journal of Environment Design and Management, 1(1-): Siti Aminah Bt Tukiman and Sabarudin Bin Mohd, Investigate the combination of coconut shell and grained Palm kernel to replace aggregate in concrete: a technical Review, National Conference on Postgraduate Research (NCON-PGR), Malaysia, G.C.Behera, R.K.Behera, (13), Coconut shell as coarse aggregate, International Journal of engineering research and technology,vol., Issue 6, June Akshay S. Shelke (14) et al, Coconut shell as partial replacement for coarse aggregate: Review Int. Journal of Civil Engineering Research, vol, Number 3, Shetty. M.S, Concrete Technology Theory and Practice (1991), 3rd edition S. Chand company limited, New Delhi. 19. I.S : Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates. I.S 46- Indian Standard: Plain and Reinforced Cement Concrete 1. Dewanshu Ahlawat, L.G.Kalurkar (13), Coconut shell as partial replacement of coarse aggregate in Concrete, International Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 14. IS Grade Ordinary Portland Cement- Specification Neetesh Kumar, Dilip Kumar