Building Envelope and Windows R&D NC Energy Star Conference 8 December 2005

Transcription

1 Building Envelope and Windows R&D NC Energy Star Conference 8 December 2005 Andre Desjarlais Building Envelopes Program Leader Oak Ridge National Laboratory 0

2 Building Technologies Mission Its mission is to develop technologies, tools, and techniques for making residential and commercial buildings more energy efficient, productive, and affordable. 1

3 Building Technologies Goal By 2025, the Building Technologies Program will create technologies and design approaches that enable the construction of net-zero energy buildings at low incremental cost. 2

4 BT GOAL: Establish the technical capability combining conservation with renewables that enable the construction of net-zero energy buildings (ZEB) at low incremental cost. 1. GOAL A: Residential: Develop marketable advanced energy systems required to reduce residential energy use with the following performance milestones: 40-50% Energy Use Reduction % Energy Use Reduction % Energy Use Reduction 2015 Zero Energy Buildings GOAL B: Commercial: Develop marketable advanced components and systems to reduce commercial energy use with the following performance milestones: 25-30% Energy Use Reduction % Energy Use Reduction % Energy Use Reduction 2020 Zero Energy Buildings

5 Moving to ZEB will require significant technical advances to meet performance and cost targets Cost Today's Costs Current Technology and Cost Reduction R&D Major Technical Advances and Cost Reduction R&D 40% Savings Target Costs 100% 50% Energy Use 0% (ZEB) 4

6 Zero Energy Homes Typical 2200 sq. ft. home -- $1600/yr Energy Demand 2002 Energy Star at 15% savings Building America goal: 60-70% energy savings Purchased Energy Solar Supply Zero Energy Bills 2000 ZEH-50 ZEH-75 ZEH-100 ZEH-100 Saves 100% of Traditional Household Energy Use 5

7 Energy Consumption in Buildings Transportation 27% Commercial Buildings 16% HVAC 39% Other 47% Industry 37% Residential Buildings 20% Lighting 14% Total Building Envelope Energy Loss: 13.4 quads (Windows ~ 4.7 quads) 13.9% of Energy in US Economy and about 3.5% of the world. 6

8 Residential Heating Load Residential Cooling Load Windows 19% Roof 14% Walls 21% Internal Gains 27% Roof 14% Walls 10% Infiltration 30% Foundation 16% Windows (solar gain) 32% Infiltration 16% Windows (conduction) 1% Sources: Department of Energy, BTS Core Databook,

9 Technology Roadmapping Opportunity for leaders from industry, academia, research communities, and DOE to develop a mutual vision Assist DOE in focusing the direction of future R&D to foster next generation building technologies Assess near-term R&D focus for joint industry/federal investment Create a better R&D portfolio for building envelope and windows technologies Maintain a continuing dialogue 8

10 Total Building Envelope and Window R&D Budget Administration Budget Request Enacted Appropriations FY 01 FY 02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY M 4.4 M 5.1 M 5.1M 5.0M Windows 0 Envelope 5.0M Windows 0 Envelope 11.5 M 11.5 M 8.3M 8.2M 5.8M Windows 2.8M Envelope 5.0M Windows 3.0M Envelope 9

11 Major Components of Window R&D Program Technology Development Dynamic Windows Highly Insulating Windows Daylighting Control Technology Support Design/rating tools Durability and Product Life Time Efficient Product Promotion 10

12 U.S. Window Market Significant Achievement (30 years in the Residential market) 1973: Typical Window: clear, single glazed, double or storm window in north, Uaverage =.85 BTU/hr-F-sq.ft. 2002: Typical Window: 95% double glazed 50% have a low-e coating 30-65% energy savings vs Uaverage =.45 BTU/hr-F-sq.ft. 11

13 Advanced Windows Can Become Energy Producers Single Glaze: U = 1 Double Glaze: U = 0.5 Low e U =.35 (Energy Star) R6 Window U = 0.17(Dynamic Niche) -Loss R10 Window U = 0.10 (Dynamic Wide Spread) + Gain

14 Savings from Better Windows Heating Climate: DOE-2 Annual Heating Cost Double Glazed Energy = $1218 Double w/low-e Energy = $1120 Single Glazed w/storm Energy = $1310 Next Generation Window Energy = $960 (House with no windows: $1000/yr) 13

15 Commercial Field Trial Berkeley, CA Project Energy & peak demand savings Human factors evaluation Participants California Energy Commission Dept. of Energy SAGE Electrochromics Wausau Window & Wall System 14

16 Residential Field Trial Houston, TX Project Demonstrate cooling energy & peak demand savings Evaluate HVAC impact Participants SAGE Electrochromics Andersen Window Emerald Homes HUD & NAHB Research Center 15

17 Thermal Example of Higher Performing Windows Dual, Clear, Alum. spacer Dual, Clear, Foam spacer Dual, Low-e, Foam spacer Superwindow, 4-lites, low-e, Kr -6.0 C 20 C 16

18 Key DOE R&D Activities Highly Insulating Windows Aspen Aerogel Fundamental material development for transparent aerogels, possible redirection to translucent daylighting device. LBNL Low cost options for thin film and interior baffles that are easy to produce and are light weight, prototypes tested in IR Camera Facility were promising, developing integrated highly insulating and dynamic prototypes this Winter. TRACO Developing low e surface treatment for aluminum frames, improved thermal breaks, cavity insulation, etc to get significant reduction in U value for commercial windows 17

19 DOE Software Tools: LBNL team Predict performance of new product concepts and existing product lines Optics (Window Glass) THERM (Window Frame & Edge) Thermal, Optical, Energy Performance Analysis Simulation (compared to Testing) is: Cheaper Faster More consistent More accurate WINDOW 5.2 (Whole Window) RESFEN (Whole Building) 18

20 RESFEN Using DOE2.1 E engine, calculates the heating and cooling energy use of a building: for a specific house in a specific location with specific window products Integrates impacts of U, SHGC, AI Can compare different window options Can help select energy-efficient windows 19

21 NFRC Ratings Software used to calculate properties on NFRC labels (100,000+ products rated) NFRC is the basis for ENERGY STAR, Codes, etc Currently, only about 50 percent of windows are rated by NFRC DOE investment in the NFRC full process is around 1 M per year (~ 20 percent) 20

22 Assist ENERGY STAR 21

23 Major Components of Envelope R&D Program Technology Development New Insulations Improved Attic Performance Better Performing Walls Below Grade Systems Technology Support Moisture Modeling Tools Codes and Standards Support 22

24 PCM-Enhanced Cellulose Insulation Peak-hour loads represents 30 to 40 % of total cooling load for Atlanta PCM-enhanced cellulose insulation reduces atticgenerated peak-hour loads by 50% to 70% Bench scales testing successful Large scale testing underway FY 06 plans to initiate BA field testing Waste Paper in Cellulose Production Plant PCM - Enhanced Cellulose Insulation 23

25 Impact of Color on Roof Thermal Performance Team with metal roof, single ply membrane, and roof coating associations and their members 24

26 Camouflage Invisible to Night Vision Conventional Film Near Infrared Film 25

27 Case Study: Baggett vs. Poole Schools Paulding County, GA Superintendent of Construction Provided Actual Invoices Electric HVAC with Gas-Fired Heating Baggett Standard Evergreen 12% SR Thermostats Controlled at District Office Poole Cool Evergreen 29% SR 90,000 S.F. footprint 90,000 S.F. footprint 26

28 Elementary School Study Results Benefit Penalty 1 st Year Savings $8,054 Projected 35 Year Savings $282,000 27

29 Wall Cool Colors Aqua (IR) on right stud space and upper half of middle; Aqua (Non) on rest except for strip of uncoated primer at bottom 28

30 Cool Wall Colors IR reflective coating on conventional walls saves cooling energy. Savings are 4% to 9% compared to non-ir reflecting walls Walls: Wood Studs + R-11 Batts % Savings for IR Walls Annual Electricity for Cooling (kwh) Non Walls IR Walls Miami Phoenix Las Vegas Bakersfield Richmond Knoxville Sacramento 29

31 R-20 Steel-Faced Sandwich Panel Technology Novel integrated structural/insulation approach (2005 ORNL patent application) New type of PU foam used (10% more insulating) No crane is needed for thee-story building 100% reusability (panels can be simply disassembled and reused) 30

32 National Exposure Test Facility (NET) Thirty available wall test slots (15 face south, 15 face north) for exposing a variety of moisture control strategies (currently 18 test wall systems) Experimental data used to validate advanced hygrothermal models and simulation tools These studies will lead to the next generation of moisture-tolerant and energy-efficient EIFS wall systems Facility South Walls Data Acquisition Test Walls Instrumentation 31

33 WSU Advanced Wall Facility in NW Project initiated through State grant program. Multiple highly monitored advanced wall designs with varying criteria; insulation, vapor barrier, cladding, etc. Preliminary results show dramatic differences of performance and correlate with WUFI prediction. First year report, available soon. Results being used to influence national code for vapor barriers. 32

34 Hygrothermal Model Available 33

35 WUFI-ORNL Construction Hygrothermal Model Climate Material Properties H T Moisture w φ = φ φ t T t = ( D φ + δ ( φ )) Energy p p sat ( ) ( λ T ) + h v δ ( φ p ) p sat Boundary Conditions Temperature Field Moisture Field Heat Fluxes Moisture Fluxes 34

36 The DOE Map For Energy Efficiency and Vapor Control 35

37 Results Summary for Unvented Brick Cladding 36

38 Hygrothermal Material Properties Expanded hygrothermal property database Measured properties on about 28 materials Insulations, gypsum boards, EIFS systems, cement board, aerated concrete, weather barrier, plywood, OSB, framing lumber Resolved reasons for large scatter in literature data for sorption isotherm of gypsum materials: improper drying procedures Developing new ASTM standard on moisture properties Continued efforts needed before materials suppliers can take over measurements Unresolved issues on how to make measurements Need suite of standard procedures for measurements on all materials Need national standards that require such data Moisture Content, % Sorption Isotherms for Gypsum Board Literature Data and ORNL Data Kumaran Richards, Burch, & Thomas Cunningham & Sprott Luck Dried at 40 C, ~0.2% RH Dried at 23 C, ~0.5% RH Dried at 40 C, ~11-12% RH Relative Humidity, % 37

39 Sealed Crawl Space Assess impact relating to energy, moisture, mold, and radon Capture performance analytically and extend to other climates Preliminary results show encouraging results Old project (NC) final report available very soon New project, national just started 38

40 Standards Development ASTM C16 on Thermal Insulation - Vice Chair, Chair 2 subcommittees and 12 task groups - Test methods and practices, material specifications E6 on Performance of Buildings - Windows, wall systems, roof systems ASHRAE Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance (T.C. 4.4) Energy Calculations (T.C. 4.7) Moisture Management (160P) - Design Criteria for Moisture Control Moisture Management in Buildings (T. C. 1.12) International Energy Agency Annex 41 on Moisture in Buildings International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction CIB W40 Heat and Moisture Transfer in Buildings 39

41 Contact Data P. Marc LaFrance US Department of Energy 1J-018, EE-2J 1000 Independence Ave, SW Washington, DC (202)