Why do we support mines?
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1 Mine Support تدعيم المناجم
2 Why do we support mines? لماذا ندعم المناجم Keeping miners safe (safety factor). Ensure continuity of ore production to avoid shortage in profit. Finally, keeping expensive machines in the underground mines safe (e.g. machines used in long wall mining).
3 When do we need to support mines? متي نحتاج ان ندعم المناجم If there are weak or unconsolidated parts of rocks are present in the roof and walls of mines. If there some geologic structures (e.g. shear zone) that weaken rocks. If there are voids and spaces in the rocks. If there are some clay beds that can shrink and expand due to its swelling property, and hence sliding of rocks in presence of water can be expected. If there are underground water that helps in chemical weathering leading to loose rocks and corrosion of machines.
4 How do we support mines? آيف ندعم المناجم It is the job of mine engineer but with consultation with the mine geologist. There are 6 (six) types of mine support: (1) Wooden logs support (2) Support using metal rods (3) Support using metal pins or roof bolts (4) Support using metal fence (net) (5) Concrete support and using brick walls (6) Resin support
5 (1) Wooden Logs Support
6
7 Good wood quality ( )
8 Wood logs (trunks) should be straight and about 4-6 m long Evergreen trees are recommended (e.g. pine trees) Iron wedges must be used to fix the wooden logs
9 Fixation of the wood trunks with iron wedges
10 Bad wood quality (X)
11 Wood cribs دعامات الجونة الخشبية (الدعامات الخشبية التستيفية)
12 Advantages and disadvantages of wooden المزایا *Advantages: logs support: Cheap even when it is imported from abroad. Can be cut to the desired length. Gives early warning when it swallows العيوب Disadvantages: * Wood trunks can not be reused in other mines. If wood swallows, another type of mine support should be applied. Wood must be coated to avoid corrosion by mine water, insects, bacteria,..etc.
13 (2) Support Using Metal Rods
14 Support Using Metal Rods Simply, it is a metal rod consists of two cylinders of different diameters. Length can be controlled using pins and moving upward & downward
15 Advantages and disadvantages of metal rods support: المزایا *Advantages: Rods can be easily re-used again (e.g. in other mine). Length (height) can be easily controlled. Gives high support capacity. العيوب Disadvantages: * Expensive. Does not give early warning like wood trunks. Moisture and mine water can cause corrosion of metal.
16 (3) Support Using Metal Pins or Roof Bolts
17 Sketch of roof bolt
18 Support Using Metal Pins or Roof Bolts Usually used for ceilings only. A m hole is needed, with 1.4 cm diameter. Bolts and pins must have ribs for good support. Advantages and disadvantages of metal rods support: المزایا *Advantages: Necessary for ceilings that have weak fractures in hard rocks. High support capacity. العيوب Disadvantages: * Expensive. Not suitable for soft rocks Moisture and mine water can cause corrosion of metal.
19 (4) Support Using Metal Fence (Net)
20 Support Using Metal Fence (Net) Usually used for ceilings only, especially in case of rock fall. Metal pins are needed to fix the metal fence. Can be used for walls also but if clay beds are missed. Advantages and disadvantages of metal fence support: المزایا *Advantages: Necessary for ceilings that have weak fractures in hard rocks. Gives early warning in case of mine collapse. Collect falling rocks. Reasonable support capacity. العيوب Disadvantages: * Expensive. Not suitable for soft rocks Moisture and mine water can cause corrosion of metal.
21 (5) Concrete Support and Using Brick Wall
22
23 Concrete Support and Using Brick Wall Usually used for walls with clay beds, or when the bedrock is friable and brittle. Concrete can bear more stress than bricks. Advantages and disadvantages of concrete and brick support: المزایا *Advantages: Necessary for friable and clayey bedrocks. Perfect support capacity. العيوب Disadvantages: * Relatively expensive. Can not be easily modified or removed.
24 (6) Resin Support
25 Sliding arch canopy
26 Resin Support Usually used for friable and porous ceilings and walls. An organic stuff (polymers) is used for injection. Advantages and disadvantages of resin support: المزایا *Advantages: Ideal for friable and porous bedrocks. Injection is an easy job and not environmentally harmful. العيوب Disadvantages: * Relatively expensive.
27 Other Uncommon Types of Mine Metal bars & plates Support
28 Factors controlling choice of suitable type of mine support: (1) Availability of support material in the local market & costs of support materials (even those imported from abroad). Distance to brick, cement and steel factories. Nature of problem (to be solved) in the mine. Durability of the mine.
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