Ecology of southern pine beetle: a smokeless wildfire on Long Island?
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2 Ecology of southern pine beetle: a smokeless wildfire on Long Island? Matt Ayres, Carissa Aoki, Jeff Lombardo, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH Brian T. Sullivan, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Pineville LA Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, College Station, TX Dartmouth
3 Southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis
4 e.g., Dendroctonus in North America
5 Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana (2440 km 2 )
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7 New Jersey Pines, Dec 2010
8 Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)
9 Episodic outbreaks No. of infestations TEXAS Year
10 Standardized pheromone trapping survey Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service 1987
11 Bankhead National Forest, AL: 80 km 2 infested during
12 Bankhead National Forest, AL 80 km 2 infested during ~10,000 truckloads of finished lumber worth $50-80 million Link to Ylioja et al Forest Science.
13 Smokeless wildfires? Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)
14 Smokeless wildfires? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)
15 Smokeless wildfires? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 Episodic and contagious. Kills small to very large tracts of trees. Reduces extent of mature forest. Alters biodiversity. Creates hazard trees. Lowers property values. Reduces recreational opportunities. Destabilizes hydrology. Alters N cycling. Releases stored carbon from ecosystem. Can change forest type (e.g., pines to hardwoods; forest to scrub). Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)
16 Smokeless wildfires? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 United States, : ~81 million acres wildfire (~3x area of New York) ~91 million acres insect and disease mortality (mainly MPB) National Interagency Fire Center Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team htwww.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/idsurvey_*.pdf Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)
17 Relevant to: biodiversity, wildlife, recreation aesthetics, conservation biology, fire management, water quality, economics, carbon storage
18 Interspecific competition Specialist predator Fungal interactions Climate Tree defenses Forest management Forest structure Scramble ompetition Abundance Year
19 Aggregation pheromones - Mass attack
20 Tree oleoresin
21 Verbenone Endo-brevicomin Myrtenol
22
23 N = beetle abundance R = per capita population change N R
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25 Link to dynamic visualization of spot growth
26 Photosynthesis Carbohydrates (g / tree) Secondary metabolism Growth Water or nutrient availability Pete Lorio Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis Loomis 1932, Lorio 1986, Herms and Mattson 1992, Wilkens et al. 1997, Warren et al. 1999, Lombardero et al. 2000
27 Predation Turchin, P., A. D. Taylor, and J. D. Reeve Dynamical role of predators in population cycles of a forest insect: an experimental test. Science 285:
28
29 0.8 Intraspecific competition Probability of survival Eggs / dm 2 Reeve, J. D., D. J. Rhodes, and P. Turchin Scramble competition in southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ecol Entomol 23:
30 Oviposition and inoculation
31 Mycangium of D. frontalis Photomicrographs by Stan Barras
32 Mycangium Mutualistic fungus
33
34 Insect fungal interactions Ophiostoma minus & Dendroctonus frontalis Ayres et al Ecology Lombardero et al Ag. & For. Entomol Klepzig et al Symbiosis Lombardero et al Oikos Hofstetter et al., Oecologia, in press
35 O. minus is an antagonist of D. frontalis Outside O. minus bluestain Number of samples Within O. minus bluestain Survival of D. frontalis larvae (%)
36
37 Tarsonemus mites are mutualists with O. minus
38 Link to video Tarsonemus mites
39
40 Tarsonemus krantzi Sporotheca
41 Tarsonemus krantzi Ascospores of O. minus
42 Link to video Other phoretic micro-associates
43 Tarsonemus mites + + Ophiostoma minus - - Mycangial fungi + + D. frontalis + - Pine tree An interaction chain
44 Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)
45 Lower lethal temperatures 5 Temperature ( C) SCP = -12 C = LLT -25 Time (min)
46 pupae adults larvae prepupae Lombardero, Ayres, Ayres, Reeve Env. Entomol. Tran, Ylioja, Regniere, Billings, and Ayres. Ecological Applications, 2007
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48 Southern pine beetle New Jersey
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50 Jan 8, 2014
51
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53 Dendroica caerulescens 60 Birds / 64 ha Richard Holmes et al., Dartmouth, Hubbard Brook Forest Dendroctonus frontalis No. of infestations TEXAS Year
54
55 And Ron Billings, Tiina Ylioja, Brian Sullivan Sharon Martinson
56 Carissa Aoki
57 Jeff Lombardo High basal area stand Windspeed (km / h) Low basal area stand Date
58 Becky Niemiec: ecological economics of SPB in The Pinelands Advised by Professor Richard Howarth, Environmental Studies, Dartmouth. Rich s homepage
59 Milo Johnson Link to Milo s blog from The Pinelands
60 Charlie Governali: predators of southern pine beetle
61 Climate Bluestain fungus Predators Tree defenses Forest structure Beetle abundance at time t Beetle abundance at time t+1 Monitoring Suppression Prevention
62 Adaptive management Theoretical model, uncertainty Management challenge Management response System response Repeat as needed
Forest Susceptibility to Southern Pine Beetle in the New Jersey Pinelands Carissa F. Aoki Dartmouth College Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
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