Stump Treatment with Chemical and Biological Controls against Heterobasidion spp. Root Rot in Coniferous Forests of Finland

Transcription

1 Stump Treatment with Chemical and Biological Controls against Heterobasidion spp. Root Rot in Coniferous Forests of Finland Kalle Kärhä 1, Ville Koivusalo 1,2, Teijo Palander 2 & Matti Ronkanen 1 1 Stora Enso Wood Supply Finland, 2 University of Eastern Finland 50 th Anniversary of the International Symposium on Forestry Mechanization 25 th -29 th September 2017, Aula Sergiu T. Chiriacescu, Braşov, Romania

2 Outline Introduction Heterobasidion root rot Stump treatment Aims of the study Material & methods Consumption of stump treatment materials Coverage of stump treatment work Highlights of the study results Consumption Quality of treatment work Recommendations. 2

3 Distribution of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. (sensu lato) species in Europe Source: Korhonen

4 Infection biology of Heterobasidion spp. root rot Source: Thor

5 Infection biology of Heterobasidion spp. root rot Annual losses: Europe 800 M /a (Asiegbu et al. 2005) Finland 50 M /a (Finnish Forest Center 2016) Source: Thor

6 Stump treatment areas in Finland Area [ha] Source: Natural Resources Institute Finland

7 Stump treatment in Finland Chemical treatment: Urea Biological treatment: Rotstop (antagonistic fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Julich) Guidelines for stump treatment: In coniferous thinnings and regeneration fellings between the beginning of May and the end of November in southern and central Finland of risk zone. All conifer tree stumps of >10 cm at stump diameter. Coverage at least 85% of the surface of each stump. 7

8 Current knowledge of consumption of stump treatment materials Mäkelä (2011): dm 3 /ha in thinnings dm 3 /ha in final cuttings. Suppliers of treatment products: dm 3 /m 2 treated No accurate information about what is the consumption of stump treatment material: With different materials (i.e. urea & Rotstop)? In diverse stand types (i.e. first thinnings, later thinnings and clear cuttings)? When the stem size of removal is 100, 300, 600, 900 dm 3? Effects of the number of holes in guide bars and adjustment habits by operators? 8

9 Aims of the study Stora Enso Wood Supply Finland and University of Eastern Finland carried out the study on stump treatment against Heterobasidion spp. root rot in Finland and clarified: 1. the consumption of stump treatment materials and 2. the quality of stump treatment work (i.e. the coverage of stumps treated). 9

10 Study on consumption of stump treatment materials 46 harvesters in ,831 harvesting sites 587,120 m 3 of softwood 2,413,256 softwood tree stems 309,427 dm 3 of treatment products spread Urea products (i.e. Moto-urea, PS-kantosuoja-2 and Teknokem Kantosuoja) 272,754 dm 3 (88%) Rotstop 36,673 dm 3 (12%). 10

11 Effects of number of holes and adjustment habits? Number of holes in stump treatment guide bars Adjustment habits by harvester operators 11

12 Effects of number of holes and adjustment habits? Number of holes in stump treatment guide bars Adjustment habits by harvester operators Range: 3 41 holes in treatment guide bars. #1 By harvesting site #2 By cutting method #3 After detecting weak coverage #4 Never 12

13 Coverage of stump treatment work (1/2) Inventoring the coverage of stump treatment on the stump surfaces of conifer trees with control plate. Photo: Uittokalusto Oy. 13

14 Coverage of stump treatment work (2/2) Inventoring the coverage of stump treatment on the stump surfaces of conifer trees with control plate. 3 quality inventories per study harvester 50 stumps measured per inventory Stump diameter (d 0 ) Coverage percentage. 144 quality inventories Final coverage data: 7,042 stumps. 14

15 Consumption of stump treatment material [dm 3 /softwood m 3 ] 2.0 Consumption [dm 3 /softwood m 3 ] First thinning Later thinning Clear cutting Other cutting Function First thinnings: 1.09 dm 3 /softwood m 3 (83 dm 3 ) Later thinnings: 0.72 dm 3 /softwood m 3 (154 dm 3 ) Clear cuttings: 0.39 dm 3 /softwood m 3 (423 dm 3 ) Average stem size of softwood removal [dm 3 ] 15

16 Consumption of stump treatment material [dm 3 /softwood m 3 ] by cutting method First thinning Later thinning Clear cutting Consumption [dm 3 /softwood m 3 ] Treatment product Urea Rotstop Number of holes in guide bar < > Adjustment habits by operators By cutting method After detecting weak coverage Never Total

17 Consumption of stump treatment material [dm 3 /softwood m 3 ] by cutting method First thinning Later thinning Clear cutting Consumption [dm 3 /softwood m 3 ] Treatment product Urea Rotstop Number of holes in guide bar < > Adjustment habits by operators By cutting method After detecting weak coverage Never Total

18 Consumption of stump treatment material [dm 3 /ha] 240 Consumption [dm 3 /ha] First thinning Later thinning Clear cutting Other cutting First thinnings: 51 dm 3 /ha (46 softwood m 3 /ha) Later thinnings: 45 dm 3 /ha (63 softwood m 3 /ha) Clear cuttings: 81 dm 3 /ha (210 softwood m 3 /ha) Softwood removal [softwood m 3 /ha] 18

19 Overall quality of stump treatment work in This study and in whole Finland Share of stands inventoried [%] Ineligible Satisfactory Good Whole Finland This study Source (figures of whole Finland): The Finnish Forest Centre

20 Shares of <85% and 85% covered stumps by stump diameter class 100 Share of stumps inventoried [%] % or better covered stump Less than 85% covered stump >49 Stump diameter (d 0 ) class [cm] 20

21 Shares of <85% and 85% covered stumps by stump diameter class Small-sized Medium-sized Large-sized 100 Share of stumps inventoried [%] % or better covered stump Less than 85% covered stump >49 Stump diameter (d 0 ) class [cm] 21

22 Coverage rates by stump diameter class Stump diameter class [cm] (Small) (Medium) >39 (Large) Coverage rate [%] Cutting method First thinning Later thinning Clear cutting Treatment product Urea Rotstop Number of holes in guide bar < > Adjustment habits by operators By cutting method After detecting weak coverage Never Total

23 Coverage rates by stump diameter class Stump diameter class [cm] (Small) (Medium) >39 (Large) Coverage rate [%] Cutting method First thinning Later thinning Clear cutting Treatment product Urea Rotstop Number of holes in guide bar < > Adjustment habits by operators By cutting method After detecting weak coverage Never Total

24 Recommendations Operator controls actively treatment result in cutting work especially operating in largediameter forest stands and sets stump treatment equipment in harvester if needed. Holes in stump treatment guide bar should be chosen according to the stem size of removal in the stand. Equipping harvesters with automatic standard measuring system for the consumption of stump treatment material. More advanced controlling systems of stump treatment for harvesters. 24

25 Mulțumesc!