Ecology of the virgin balsam fir forests of Anticosti Island: Regime shifts from balsam fir forest to white spruce parklands?
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1 Ecology of the virgin balsam fir forests of Anticosti Island: Regime shifts from balsam fir forest to white spruce parklands? Martin Barrette, PhD candidate Louis Bélanger, Director (Université Laval) Louis De Grandpré, Co-director (Laurentian Forestry Center)
2 General introduction In many regions of Europe and North America selective browsing of tree regeneration and herbaceous plant species by cervids generates changes in structure and composition of pristine forest stands. (Côté et al. 2004, Kirby 2004, Kraft et al. 2004) New reality (McCabe et McCabe 1997) recent high deer density originating from human activities Negative impact on the ecological integrity of forests (Côté et al ) ANTICOSTI
3 Introduction: Study area
4 Introduction: Anticosti s historical landscape Historical maps Photo interpretation of stand age classes ( ) for the 16 compartments of Anticosti island
5 Introduction: Anticosti s historical landscape Total number of stands Stand ( 100 years) size class distribution Age class (yrs) 0 (Burn) 1 to to to to to hectares size class
6 Introduction: Anticosti s historical landscape Percentage of total area hardwood mixed wood softwood barren muskeg water Age class (years)
7 Introduction: Anticosti s particular context : Introduction of ~ 200 deer Today: deer (20/km 2 )
8 Introduction: Loss of a natural heritage Selective browsing by whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Inhibition of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) recruitment since under chronic heavy browsing (Potvin et al. 2003) Eradication process
9 Eradication process of virgin balsam fir forests Eradication process at the stand scale following small to medium scale disturbances? Clear cuts and hemlock lopper epidemics Absence of fir recruitment Objective 1 Gradual unnatural dieback of overmature fir stands as a gap decline? Inland white spruce stands Old Young Evidence of an unnatural dieback at the stand scale? The extent, the mechanisms and the rate? Successional paths leading to potential regime shifts?
10 Stable state or regime shifts? Inland white spruce stands Stable state or second shift? Parklands Deforestation process? Objective 2 Dynamics of white spruce regeneration? White spruce abundance? Potential regime shifts?
11 Summary and hypothesis Virgin balsam fir stands under continuous browsing no fir recruitment Evidence of an unnatural dieback at the stand scale? (Objective 1) H1 : Gap decline H2 : White spruce invasion in dieback gaps First regime shift Inland white spruce stands A stable state? (Objective 2) White spruce parklands Deforestation process? (Objective 2) H3 : Not a stable state Second regime shift H4 : Constitute a stable state
12 Methods for objective 1: Unnatural dieback at the stand scale? 4 meters wide transect in fir stands 90 years 0 m 500 m 1000 m Extent, mechanisms and rate Map of all living stems (height > 60 cm) and all dead stems (dhp 1 cm) Successional paths Map of high regeneration (height > 60 cm) and saplings Stem density at the gap scale Divided each transects in 40 sections of 25 m (n = 440 sections of 100 m 2 ) Control (Sophie Dallaire 2004) 41 virgin fir stands (Gaspé peninsula)
13 Results for objective 1: Unnatural dieback Percentage of sections (Anticosti) Zero stem/ha Very low Low Average High Total live stems (Control) Zero Very low Low Average >2816 stem/ha High >1103 Live merchantable stems (Control)
14 4000 Results for objective 1: Gap decline? 3000 Stem / hectare Merchantable stems Control Position (meters) Variance Characterizing canopy gap structure in forests using wavelet analysis (Bradshaw and Spies 1922) Position (sections) Scale 2 = 50 m 1 = 25 m Variance Index of Dispersion = 211 P < Index of Clumping = 210
15 Stem / hectare DEAD LIVING Results for objective 1: Gap decline? Merchantable stems Position (meters) Control Scale Variance 2 = 50 m 1 = 25 m Variance Position (sections) Index of Dispersion = 166 P < Index of Clumping = 165
16 Results for objective 1: Successional paths? 5000 Merchantable stems White spruce saplings White spruce high regeneration 4000 Stem / hectare DEAD LIVING Control Position (meters)
17 Results for objective 1: Successional paths Sections in below average stem density class (n = 321) 100 White spruce saplings 100 High regeneration of white spruce Percentage of sections Mean +- 2 SE Mean +- 2 SE Zero > Zero >2500 Stem density class (ha) Stem density class (ha)
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21 Methods for objective 2: Stable state? Under cover Recent clear cuts Under cover Gaps White spruce stands Fir stands Regeneration abundance Favourable microsite Microsite availability 4 m 2 circular plots
22 Results for objective 2: White spruce abundance Mean stem density (ha) +- ±2 2 SE Stem density (ha) + SE Low regeneration 10 cm White spruce Cleared cuts Fir Fir Gap
23 Results for objective 2: White spruce abundance Mean stem density (ha) +- ±2 2 SE Stem density (ha) + SE High regeneration > 10 cm White spruce Cleared cuts Fir Fir Gap
24 Results for objective 2: Favorable microsite.7 Establishment favorability ratios (Mclaren and Janke 1996, LePage et al. 2000) Seedlings on microsite X Total seedlings Area of microsite X Total area.6 Mean (%) +- 2 SE Ratios +SE Gr Min Mo MoR Mx MoLog MoBP MoRLog MoRBP Threshold R Main microsites Gramineal (GR) Mineral (Min) Moss (Mo) Moss covered log (MoLog) Moss and Resinous (MoR) Moss and Resinous on log (MoRLog) Resinous and leafs (MX) Resinous (R)
25 Results for objective 2: Microsite abundance Percentage Mean (%) of +- ±2 area 2 SE + SE Moss covered logs White spruce Fir Cleared cuts Fir Gap
26 Return on hypothesis Virgin balsam fir stands under continuous browsing no fir recruitment Evidence of an unnatural dieback at the stand scale? (Objective 1) H1 : Gap decline spatially clustered live and dead stems H2 : White spruce invasion in some sections First regime shift Inland white spruce stands A stable state? (Objective 2) White spruce parklands Deforestation process? (Objective 2) H3 : Does not seem to be in a stable state Low white spruce regeneration Moss covered logs Second regime shift H4 : Seems it could constitute a stable state Low white spruce regeneration Moss covered logs
27 Conclusion Virgin balsam fir stands Small to medium scale disturbances Small to medium scale disturbances under chronic heavy browsing absence of fir recruitment Gap decline Gap decline Inland white spruce stands Senescence? Clear cuts White spruce parklands
28 Acknowledgements and Questions Louis Bélanger Louis De Grandpré Jean Huot L équipe de la Chaire François Potvin Jean-Claude Ruel Pierre Beaupré Ronald Dixon Claude Dufour Chantal Malenfant Christian Bédard PFA-CRSNG-OIFQ\FFQ Christine Bouliane
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