Soil Health and The Scoop & Dump method of Remediation
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1 Cornell University Soil Health and The Scoop & Dump method of Remediation By Miles S. Sax & Nina Bassuk Urban Horticulture Institute Dept. of Horticulture
2 Soil Health Physical Biological Chemical
3 Soil Health Indicators Physical Aggregate Stability (%) Water Holding Capacity (m/m) Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) Texture Resistance (PSI) Biological Organic Matter (%) Active Carbon (ppm) Soil Respiration Soil Protein Chemical ph Nutrients (P,N,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn, Zn)
4 What Are Urban Soils? Non agricultural man made surface layer more than 50 cm thick that has been produced by mixing, filling, or by contamination of land surface in urban and suburban areas (Bockheim 1974; Craul 1992)
5 Urban Soil Characteristics Urban soils have distinct characteristics High Soil bulk density Decrease in Organic Matter Poor structure High ph Low Water Holding Capacity Decreased Aggregate Stability Inadequate soil depth for root growth Decrease in microbial biomass & activity (Jim, C. 1998, Scharenbroch et al 2005)
6 Effects of the Scoop & Dump Soil Remediation Technique on Urban Soil Quality
7 Scoop & Dump Technique Apply 6-8 of compost to compacted soil Use backhoe bucket to dig down to 18 Mulched added every year to replenish organic matter
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9 Scoop & Dump Work Flow Compacted Subsoil (Top Soil Removed) Compacted Top Soil Top Soil Available or Stockpiled? Yes No Application of 4 inches Compost Over Entire Site Application of 8 inches Compost Over Entire Site Application of 8 inches Compost Over Entire Site Scoop & Dump Scoop & Dump Scoop & Dump Replacement of Top Soil Rototill Top 8 inches of Soil Large Clods or Uneven Surface? Yes No Directly Plant into Soil & Apply Mulch (Adapted from The Sustainable Sites Handbook: Chapter 5 Site Design Soils )
10 Similar Research & Recommendations Profile Rehabilitation Virginia Tech Site Design Soils - Sustainable Sites Initiative Soil Modification Fracturing Urban Tree Foundation
11 Scoop & Dump at Cornell Creating The Urban Eden Woody Plant ID & Landscape Establishment Class
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16 Study Sites = Study Site (n=6) = Control (n=4)
17 Scoop & Dump vs. Unamended Study Site: In garden bed Control Site: In turf Mulch Turf S&D Unam. Scoop & Dump Resident Subsoil
18 Aggregate Stability (%) Aggregate Stability (%) (n=30) Scoop & Dump Unamended Scoop & Dump Unamended Std. Err. P Value <.0001
19 Organic Matter (%) Organic Matter (%) (n=30) Scoop & Dump Unamended Scoop & Dump Unamended Std. Err. P Value <.0001
20 1200 Active Carbon (mg/kg -1 ) (n=30) Active Carbon (mg/kg -1 ) Scoop & Dump Unamended Scoop & Dump Unamended Std. Err. P Value <.0001
21 0.3 Available Water Holding Capacity (n=30) 0.25 AWHC (m/m) Scoop & Dump Unamended Scoop & Dump Unamended Std. Err. P Value <.0001
22 PMN (mg/kg -1 ) Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen (mg/kg Scoop & Dump 1 ) (n=30) Unamended Scoop & Dump Unamended Std. Err. P Value
23 Resistance (Penetrometer) Depth (in) Average Depth of Root Limiting Resistance ( 300 PSI) Scoop & Dump Unamended Treatment Mean St. Dev. Scoop & Dump Unamended
24 Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) (n=30) Scoop & Dump Unamended Avg. Bulk Density Root Limiting Bulk Density S&D Unam. Std. Err. Texture Bulk Density Sand 1.75 (g/cm 3 ) Silt & Clay 1.40 (g/cm 3 )
25 Scoop & Dump Over Time
26 Bulk Density Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) Over time (R 2 = 0.50, P<.0001, n=30) Year Since Disturbance
27 Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen 250 PMN (mg/kg -1 ) Over Time (R 2 =0.61, P<.0001, n=30) 200 PMN (mg/kg -1 ) Year Since Disturbance
28 Active Carbon (mg/kg -1 ) Active Carbon Active Carbon (mg/kg -1 ) Over Time (R 2 = 0.57, P<.0001, n=30) Year since Disturbance
29 Soil Container Study
30 Study Sites = Study Site (n=3) = Control (n=3)
31 Soils Collected
32 Ficus benjamina as a Street Tree Photo courtesy Jonathan Wright- Mexico
33 1200 Leaf Area (cm 2 ) by Treatment (n=30) (P< Leaf Area (cm 2 ) Scoop & Dump Unamended S&D Unam Std. Err. P-value
34 Drry Weight roots (g) Dry Weight Roots (g) by Treatment (n=30) (p= 0.012) Scoop & Dump Unamended S&D Unam Std. Err. P-value
35 12 Dry Weight Shoots (g) by treatment (n=30) (p=0.0015) Dry Weight Shoots (g) Scoop & Dump Unamended S&D Unam Std. Err. P-value
36 Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) by Treatment (n=30) (p<.0001) Scoop&Dump Avg. Bulk Density S&D Unam Std. Err. P-value <.0001 Root Limiting Bulk Density Texture Unamended Bulk Density Sand 1.75 (g/cm 3 ) Silt & Clay 1.40 (g/cm 3 )
37 Linear regression show effect of bulk density on dry weight of shoots (R 2 =0.47)(p=<.0001)(n=30)
38 Linear regression showed effect of bulk density on dry weight of roots (R 2 = 0.25)(p=0.005)(n=30)
39 Linear regression show effect of bulk density on leaf area (R 2 = 0.47)(p=<.0001)(n=30)
40 Destructive Harvest Observations Root avoidance of compact soils
41 Destructive Harvest Observations Root Exploration
42 Leaf Water Potential ψl (MPa) by Day Leaf Water potential (ψl) (MPa) Day Unamended Scoop & Dump
43 Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation Rate (µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) Photo ( µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) Day Unamended Scoop & Dump
44 Average Stomatal Conductance (mol H 2 O m -2 s -1 ) Stomotal conductance (mol H2O m-2 s-1) Day Unamended Scoop & Dump
45 Accumulative Water loss
46 Water Loss Between Days
47 Scoop & Dump Remediation Improves Urban Soil Characteristics Urban soils distinct characteristics: High ph (Scharenbroch et al 2005, Jim, C. 1998)
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52 Soil Health Test
53 Thank You Nina Bassuk Harold VanEs Don Rakow Tom Whitlow Bryant Scharenbroch Sunshine Horticulture Cornell Soil Health Lab Cornell Urban Horticulture Institute Morton Arboretum Cornell Plantations International Society of Arboriculture
54 Cornell University Questions Miles S. Sax Department of Horticulture
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