BMP as one of the tools to reduce human-orangutan conflict In Kalimantan

Transcription

1 TW Susanto Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii BMP as one of the tools to reduce human-orangutan conflict In Kalimantan Houston, 7 Oct 2014 Sri Suci Utami Atmoko Fakultas Biologi Universitas Nasional suci_azwar@yahoo.co.id

2 Bornean orangutan (~ 54,000 individuals) Orangutan distribution (155,106 km 2 ) 29% in logging concessions 22% in protected areas 24% in non allocated land use 19% in oil palm concessions 6% in industrial timber concessions Annual loss forest > 1% 78% wild distribution outside protected areas Meijaard & Wich in press

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4 Photo: earthtrends.wri.org

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6 Hot pixel 2013 Hot pixel

7 Mawas/BOSF/2003

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9 Tuanan Orangutan Project 2003

10 Habitat threats Mining Oil Palm High CK, EK WKW, CK, EK Industrial timber Over harvest logg Illegal logging Medium WKP WKW, WKP Low WKP, CK, EK WKW, WKP, CK CK Encroac hment CK, EK, WKP WKW WKP = West Kalimantan P.p.pygmaeus WKW = West Kalimantan P.p. wurmbii CK = Central Kalimantan EK = East Kalimantan FORINA report 2013

11 Human-Orangutan conflict Human Orangutan Conflict (HOC) Any human-orangutan interaction which results in negative effects on human social, economic or cultural life, orangutan (great ape) social, ecological or cultural life or the conservation of orangutan (great apes) and their environment (Hockings & Humle 2008 in IUCN 2010)

12 Consequences of HOC 1. Consequences for orangutan : (Life support) Habitat lost, Accident, Killing, etc. 2. Consequences for people : Economic costs

13 HOC Costs (-) people response Orangutan detrimental effects towards conservation action People(Economic) Orangutan (Life Support) All stakeholders should be more wise to understand orangutan needs could optimizing handling and preventing conflict based on root of the conflict people needs should synchronize with orangutan needs without sacrificing orangutan life

14 Prevention strategies Neutralization HOC steps: Improve policy, regulation and management of land use and resource exploitation Conservation education and Training Land-use changes & habitat restoration Patrol Law enforcement Information gathering: Role of research Better Management Practices (Conservation Management Practices)

15 Mitigation 1. Principals: Human & orangutan are equally important Site specific No single solution Landscape scale Multi-stakeholders responsibility 2. Institutional: Coordination Team 3. Conflict handling: Orangutan monitoring Guarding/patrolling buffer zone Driving to habitat Rescue & translocation Do not create conflict when there is NONE

16 Yuwono etal 2007

17 Certification body Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (2004) to promote the growth & use of sustainable palm oil through co-operation within the supply chain and open dialogue between its stakeholders Voluntary international standard Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (April 2011) to make the oil palm plantations in Indonesia to implement Indonesian regulation as in ISPO ISPO is a compilation of existing Indonesian regulations Mandatory national standard Ministry of Agriculture & UNDP develop SPO Initiative (establishment of a multistakeholder platform)

18 Research application Orangutan conservation management: Distribution, population, threats Local adaptation (behavior), life history Ecology (habitat, diets, ranging), monitoring Genetics, health (parasites, diseases, medicines) Physiology (stress, reproduction) Education, campaign Policy Training young conservationist Rehabilitation, reintroduction, release/translocation * Compiling information on orangutans research Edited volume on Geographic variation in orangutan behavior (Wich, Utami Atmoko, Mitra Setia, van Schaik) 2009

19 Better Management Practices to minimize negative impacts on orangutans and other biodiversity resources to resolve human-orangutan conflicts, using BMP that are applied in a step-wise fashion Apply conflict management techniques that are adapted to the situation in the field, and which are beneficial to both orangutans and humans Become a reference for the government when issuing plantation activity permits, to avoid potential conflict Be taken up by investors, retailers and buyers in the development and marketing of sustainable oil palm plantation products

20 Government policy National law no. 5/ 1990 Biodiversity & conservation Ministry decree no. 53/2007 Indonesia Orangutan National Strategy and Action Plan Ministry decree no. 48/2008 Wildlife Mitigation Conflict

21 Flow chart for the development of BMP s Yuwono etal 2007

22 Yuwono etal 2007

23 Oil palm concession 2,1140 ha Conservation area 5,360 ha

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28 Landscapes approaching

29 Forest plantation-mining- Kutai NP

30 Logging concession 69,000 ha FSC Conservation area 7,000 ha One landscape with 2 other logging company (north) 30% encroached by Oil Palm Company

31 Base line data Method: Line transect (16.64 km) 18 sp mammals 60 sp birds Nest/km: Threats: encroachment (oil palm), illegal logg, bird hunters Vegetation plot 3.6 ha 299 sp (45 family): 49% OU food trees, 23 sp endemic 10 dominant tree sp: Shorea laevis, S. parvifolia, S. pinanga, Macaranga hypoleuca, Syzygium tawahense, Beilschmiedia sp., Palaquium stenophyllum, Ochanostachys amentacea, Eusideroxylon zwageri, S. leprosula.

32 BMP (logging) Year logged nest/km RKT RKT 2009 * 51.5 RKT RKT RKT SOP, training & monitoring Behavior study Patrol (law enforcement) Sustainable harvesting Avoiding planting Acacia for restoration Conservation education and mitigation conflict for staff & villagers Enlarge conservation area (landscape with neighbors company) RKT RKT Planning 13

33 Industrial timber concession 94,384 ha FSC Conservation area 10,320 ha (9 areas: 66-2,906 ha + riverine forest) Surrounded by 10 villages Plantation dominated by Eucalyptus pelita

34 Base line data Method: Line transect (16.2 km) 20 sp mammals (incl. 5 sp primates) 62 sp birds (incl. 4 sp hornbills) Nest/km: Threats: encroachment (oil palm), illegal logg, hunters Vegetation plot 3.52 ha 268 sp (45 family): 50% OU food trees, 20 sp endemic 10 dominant tree sp: Macaranga hypoleuca, M. gigantea, Croton argyratus, Shorea parvifolia, Geunsia pentandra, S. johorensis, Syzygium tawahense, Palaquium stenophyllum, Vitex trifolia, Palaquium quercifolium. CR: Hopea mengerawan

35 Riparian Eucalyptus pelita Conservation forest

36 BMP (Forest plantation) SOP (traffic sign, patrol, law enforcement) Corridor agreed Enrich corridor and riverine with OU food & nest trees sp Avoiding planting Acacia near conservation area & riverine Sustainable harvesting Translocate 1-2 OU trapped in 66 ha to 2,906 ha Training & monitoring (incl. camera trap) Behavior study Conservation education for staff & villagers

37 What we know now Industrial timber OU do eating Acacia cambium/bark But, they using Eucalyptus pelita only for movement and nesting Rely on conservation areas and riparian for key resources; move between May build multiple nest during the day; implications for density estimates Behavioral patterns maybe differ Oil Palm OU eat pith of oil palm, BUT not everywhere they killed the palm - site specific They consume oil palm pith which planted in buffer close to conservation areas and riparian forest OU build nest in oil palm tree (rare) Rely on conservation areas, corridor/riparian forest for key resources; move between Landscapes approach

38 The Changes of Feeding Habits in 10 years after fire in 1982 (Kutai NP, East Kalimantan) Suzuki, 2004

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40 Photo by Tuanan Research Team, 2003

41 Tuanan 2004 Tuanan 2010 Sumi & Susi 2003 Sumi & Susi 2005

42 Translocation Bukit Batikap PF Central Kalimantan BOSF 2012

43 Post Release Monitoring Travel Rest Feed 20 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Agt Sep Oct WILD BOSF Report 2012 Morrogh-Bernard etal Others Cambium Insect Leaves Flowers Fruit 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Agt Sep Oct WILD

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45 The objectives by the year 2017 are: Maintain the population and habitat for both Sumatran and Kalimantan orangutans in a stable condition; Accomplish the rehabilitation and reintroduction of captive orangutans into their wild habitats by 2015; Enhance public support for the conservation of Sumatran and Bornean orangutans in their natural habitats; Implement a management system that ensures the sustainability of orangutans and other natural resources by local Government, forestry industries, and plantation estates; Increase awareness of all stakeholders and general public on the existence of orangutans in their natural habitat.

46 Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA) was established in 2009 as a central coordinating body for orangutan conservation in Indonesia Designated to be a central information exchange for research and conservation activities on Indonesian Orangutans Catalyze actors into coalition on conservation Monitoring and evaluation of the of Indonesian Orangutan Conservation Strategy and Action Plan

47 FORINA s formal role in catalyzing implementation of the National Action Plan includes: i) Gaining wider national and international support for orangutan conservation; ii) Enlarging the range of actors working to improve to prospects for orangutan conservation, including businesses (Chambers: Government, NGO, Academician, ordinary people, private sector) iii) Helping to coordinate and focus the activities of those groups engaged in orangutan conservation, both in the field and in the political arena, in order to ensure achievement of the goals of the National Action Plan; iv) Assisting in monitoring and evaluating the implementation results of orangutan conservation efforts and communicating them to a wide national and international audience and; v) Establishing national and international links to support programs, both financial and scientific.

48 Multi parties meeting and focus group discussion at Regional & National level Private sector actively involve: > 15 mining, > 30 oil palm, > 5 industrial timber, > 20 logging concession Development Database and Information disbursement Indonesian Orangutan Web-GIS Database Developing human resources through training Nest survey, Wildlife Crime Investigation and Wildlife- Human Conflict Mitigation, GIS and Database Workshop developed: SOP Orangutan Rescue (GRASP), Orangutan Release & Translocation Evaluation Effort (Arcus) Mitigation threat in Landscape Level and Initiate establishment of collaborative management body in the relevant landscapes

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51 Multi-stakeholders involvement

52 Acknowledgement Tuanan Orangutan Research Project