Revisiting Island Differences in Orangutan Socioecology

Transcription

1 Revisiting Island Differences in Orangutan Socioecology Roberto A. Delgado, Jr. AAAS S&T Policy Fellow Jill Greenberg Section in Human & Evolutionary Biology University of Southern California

2 Roadmap I A very brief history II Evidence for island differences III Explaining observed patterns IV Lessons learned & future challenges

3 (Pre-)Historic Distributions Jill Greenberg Southeast Asia

4 Misconceptions

5 Reported Island Differences General Appearance Body size Coloration Behavior Diet Sociality Mating strategies

6 Orangutan Review (2000) Developmental Arrest Foraging Ecology Reproductive Strategies Social Organization Tool use & Culture!

7 Home Range Size (Females) High productivity site Avg = 850ha Highly overlapping Singleton & van Schaik (2002) IJP 22: Based on grid squares, polygons & circles

8 Social Structure

9 Study Sites (Borneo & Sumatra) Cabang Panti Research Station Gunung Palung N.P., Borneo Alas River Valley, Ketambe Gunung Leuser N.P., Sumatra

10 Ketambe (S) v. Cabang Panti (B) C. P. Ket Rel. P Dens K>CP Day L 9:50 10:58 K>CP N2N D CP>K Feed 53.9% 66.2% K>CP Rest 31.7% 19.7% CP>K Party K>CP P. Size n.s Social 0 28 K>CP 0.002

11 Geographic Vocalizations (LCs) Delgado (2007), Delgado et al. (2009) Arno, Suaq Balimbing Boris, Ketambe Roman, Cabang Panti

12 Molecules Muir et al (2000) JME 51: mtdna Sequence Diversity

13 Bornean Population Structure Arora et al. (2010)

14 Morphology JAW FORM BRAIN SIZE (FEMALES) Taylor (2006); JHE 50: Taylor & van Schaik (2007) JHE 52: 59-71

15 Functional Ecology I Vogel et al. (2008) - JHE 55: Resistance to deformation Resistance to fracture

16 Functional Ecology II Vogel et al. (2008) - JHE 55: 60-74

17 Phenology & Floristics Marshall et al. (2009); Wich et al. (2011) Riverine Forest (p = 0.006) Peat Swamp Forest (p = 0.006)

18 Energy Expenditure Pontzer et al. (2010)

19 Phenology & Floristics Marshall et al. (2009) Riverine Forest (p = 0.006) Peat Swamp Forest (p = 0.006)

20 Tool Use van Schaik & Knott (2001) van Duynhoven Neesia

21 Behavioral Flexibility Subsistence skills Signals Comfort skills van Duynhoven

22 Hypotheses Anatomical differences Genetic differences Ecological factors Social learning Jill Greenberg

23 Orangutan Cultures In Science, van Schaik et al. (2003) van Schaik (2004)

24 Describing Orangutan Cultures Map of orangutan study sites

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26 Orangutan Cultures ACCOUNTING FOR VARIATION IN Subsistence skills Comfort skills Signals Jill Greenberg

27 Orangutans Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology & Conservation Edited by Serge. A. Wich S. Suci Utami Atmoko Tatang Mitra Setia & Carel P. van Schaik

28 Threats Population Growth & Development Habitat Loss & Disturbance Conversion to plantations Disease transmission Hunting Illegal wildlife trade

29 The Future van Schaik et al. (2001)

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32 Deforestation in Kalimantan Source: WWF

33 Impacts of Land Use Policies Wich et al. (2012)

34 Impacts of Land Use Policies Wich et al. (2012)

35 Ladia Galaska Road Network

36 Impacts of Road Construction Gaveau et al. (2010)

37 Lowland forest loss in PROTECTED AREAS of Indonesian Borneo Curran et al. (2004)

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39 Governance & Policy Suharto Era Logging Practices Industrial Timber Plantations The Oil Palm Boom The Transmigration Program The Mega-Rice Project

40 International Responses IUCN Red List (1948) United Nations Environmental Programme (1972) Endangered Species Act (1973) CITES (1975) Convention on Biological Diversity

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43 Norway & Indonesia sign US$1 billion deal Forest Carbon Partnership Facility > $400m World Bank Conservation Services Program

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45 -CONSUMER GOODS & PAPER PRODUCTS -HEALTH & BEAUTY -PROCESSED FOODS

46 Acacia Pulp & Paper Industry Severe degradation Low overall biodiversity value Incorporating into landuse planning

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48 Local Actions -Purchase Wisely -Consume Responsibly -Educate Friends & Family -Support Sustainability Policies

49 Research & Conservation Wehea, East Kutai District

50 Mixed Dipterocarp lowland / montane forest, East Kalimantan

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52 Bornean Population Structure Arora et al. (2010)