Restoring Degraded Mine Land Using Native Species

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1 Restoring Degraded Mine Land Using Native Species Dr. Yadi Setiadi Land Rehabilitation Specialist Faculty of Forestry, IPB Campus IPB, Darmaga, Bogor

2 Function of Tropical Rain Forest Habitat for flora and fauna Genetic resources Conserve soil and water Supporting biodiversity Natural resources Maintaining climatic conditions Water cycle processes Carbon sequestration

3 Factors Forest Destruction Poor logging operations Illegal logging Forest fires Agriculture development Timber plantations Estate crops plantations Shifting cultivation Transmigration Mining Operations Oil and Gas operations

4 Potential Resources Under Forests Nickel Gold and Cupper Coal Tin Oil and Gas Others

5 Impact of Mining Operations Eliminates some part of vegetation; Disturbed some of the original ecosystem Increases the rate of soil erosion and run-off (sedimentation, contamination) Reduces of native species biodiversity Damages to wildlife habitat Damages of watershed area Changes natural landscape

6 Degraded mined land Exposed Loss of root and crown function No vegetation Loss of supporting biodiversity No top soil and sub-soil Loss of land productivity Land stability Land slides and erosion Poor soil Low seedling survival and poor growth

7 Government Regulations Related to Forest Land Rehabilitation UUD No 41, tahun 1999, Tentang Kehutanan. PP, No 24, tahun 2010, Tentang Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan. PP, No 76, tahun 2008, Tentang Rehabilitasi dan Reklamasi Hutan. PerMenHut (revisi) No 18, tahun 2011, Tentang Pedoman Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan. PerMenHut (revisi) No 4, tahun 2011, Tentang Pedoman Reklamasi. PerMenhut No 60, tahun 1999, Tentang Pedoman Penilaian Keberhasilan Reklamasi Hutan. PerMenESDM no 18, tahun 2008, Tentang Rencana Reklamasi dan Rencana Penutupan Tambang

8 Restoring degraded mined land No change in the structure and function of the forest Repairing the structure and function of the forest, related to their function Protection Stabilized and cover the exposed land Reduce erosion and improve land stability Conservation Enhancing native plant species (biodiversity) Conserve potential native species Improve wild life habitat conditions Production Improved soil fertility (long term) Produce non woody products Benefit for local people

9 Factors to be considered Land conditions after mining (derelict) Status of forest function (protected, production, conservation ) Government regulations (Revegetation Planning, successful criteria, follow guide line) Post mining land use (multi stakeholder)

10 Revegetation Activities Selection of native trees species Planting stock production Site preparation Soil amendments Planting techniques Maintenance Monitoring and Evaluation Training

11 Species selection Select adapted local species which are: 1. Relatively fast growing 2. Light demanding and low nutrient demanding 3. Produces abundance and decomposed litter 4. Perform or function as a catalytic 5. Easy to propagate and to culture 6. Low cost for planting and maintenance 7. Easy to manage 8. Appropriate to land used (forestry planning)

12 Using Local Tree species Advantages Disadvantages Recommended by the government Adapted to local soil and climatic conditions Resistant to pest and diseases Maintains local species diversity Reduces potential booming of weeds Minimizes genetic identity contamination Promotes conservation program Lack information of the utilization Lack information of their ecology and silvicultural techniques The seeds or seedling are not available in the market Relatively slow growing

13 Soil problems Soil Physical Properties } Soil texture (grain size distribution) } Porosity (aeration) } Depth to hard-pad or impervious layer } Soil compaction (water-logged, root inhibition) } Soil moisture content, surface temperature Soil Biology } Vegetation cover and carbon content } Microbial population and activities Soil Chemical } Poor soil nutrients } Soil reaction (ph) } Low cation exchange capacity (CEC) } Mineral toxicity

14 Soil Problems Constraints Oil/Gas Coal Mining Nickel Mining Sand Tailing ph Compaction Fair High High Low WHC Low Low Low Very Low Nutrients Low Very Low Very Low Deficient CEC Low Low Low Very Low Al High High High Low Fe High Very High High Low EC High Low Low Very Low Others Hydrocarbon Pyrite Ca<Mg Drought

15 Soil improvements Soil amendments Functions Top soil, Fertilizer, Compost, lime, Humic acid, Bio-enzim, Bio-remedy, Mycorrhizae Active compost (TeraRemed) TeraBuster Tera-Brik (Soil breaker) Improves root development Solubilizes fixed minerals (phosphate) Increases cation exchange capacity Increases water-holdingcapacity Improves chelation of heavy metals Improves nutrient uptake Improves potential microbes Provides macro-nutrients

16 No Species planted on mined sites Species Coal Nickel Gold Oil/ Gas Tailing Remark 1. Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V 2. Paraserianthes falcataria V V V V V 3 Acacia mangium V V V V V 4 Acacia auriculiformis V V V 5 Acacia crassicarpa V 6 Sena siamea V V V 7 Casia turangensis V 8 Glyricidia sepium V V V V V 9 Leucaena leucocephala V V V V V 10 Erytrhina spp V V V V V 11 Hibiscus tiliacues V V V 12. Anthocephalus cadamba V V 13 Tectona grandis V V 14 Gmelina arborea V V V V V 15 Vitex pubecens V V 16 Macaranga hypoeleuca V V 17 Mallotus spp V V 18 Trema orientalis V V V V 19 Nauclea spp V V V 20 Cratoxylon spp V 21 Syzigium spp V V V 22 Tricospermum burretii V 23 Melalueca leucadendron V V V V

17 24 Ficus spp V V V V V 26 Alstonia scholaris V V V V 27 Enterolobium sp V V V V 28 Duabanga mollucana 29 Cananga odorata 30 Michelia champaka V 31 Octomeles sumatrana V V 32 Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V 33 Fragea fragrans V V 34 Peronema canesten V V V V V 35 Dyera constulata V 36 Shorea spp V V V 37 Eusideroxcylon swagerii V 38 Mangeris 39 Ficus benyamina V V V V 40 Eugenia spp V V V V 41 Melastoma spp V V 42 Antidesma bunius V V 43 Syzigum spp V V V 44 Aleurites mollucana V V V V V 45 Artocarpus V V V V 46 Arenga pinata V V 47 Parkia roxburgii V V V 48 Agathis spp V V 49 Hevea braziliensis V V V V 50 Fruit Tress V V V V

18 Revegetation approaches } Minimize application of top soil } Minimize application of pesticides } Enhance native tree biodiversity } Create closed nutrient cycle system } Domesticate potential native tree species } Reused local and non toxic organic waste } Involved and contribute for local people

19 Success Criteria for restored mined land } The rate of seedling survival is high } Plant growth performance is normal and continuous } Root extension can passed on mine soil } Crown closure is fast, stratified and diverse } The system produces abundant litter and decomposition } The system is diverse and naturally regenerates through native tree colonization } The system creates habitat suitable for wildlife } Land form (safe, stable and with limited erosion)

20 Success criteria Adaptability } Survival >80% } Growth performance (normal, and progressive) } Root development (across mined land) Sustainability } Biodiversity (Shannon index, Species richness) } Natural colonization (abundance) } Nutrient retention (decomposed litter) } Wild life status (species richness) Stand structure } Plant density ( /ha) } Crown structure (3-5 layers) } Crown coverage (60-70%) } Species composition (Pioneer (40 %),Primary (50%), Wildlife (10%) Land Form } Slope (leveling <30 o ) } Erosion status (below threshold level) } Land stabilization (controlled)

21 THANK YOU and LET S KEEPS OUR PLANET GREEN good for the planet, good for us