Restoring ecosystem functions in neotropical forests of Panama. M.L. Lefrançois, A. Paquette, C. Messier, S. Domenicano, M.N. Caron.
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1 Restoring ecosystem functions in neotropical forests of Panama M.L. Lefrançois, A. Paquette, C. Messier, S. Domenicano, M.N. Caron.
2 Tropical forests are complex systems Many interacting components Positive and negative feedbacks Non-linear relationships Emergent properties Ecosystem goods and services (food webs, timber, slope stability, pharmaceutical products etc.)
3 Area of interest: Panama Over 30% of protected land High alpha & beta diversity Important biological role at macro-scale Biodiversity of woody species estimated at 2000 species. Deciduousness gradient
4 The integrity of these ecosystem services is threatened because of the high deforestation rates in the tropics Intensive ranching Slash & burn Population growth Erosion
5 Reforestation initiaves dominated by intensive plantations (Teak, Pine, Eucalyptus). Highly merchantable Low growth requirements Fast rotations (20 years) Loss of biodiversity/ ecosystem functions Nutrient depletion Low resilience (pests)
6 Objectives Provide a conceptual basis to help restore ecological functions in native, mixed-species reforestation initiatives. Plant traits Maximising functional diversity
7 Which species? How many species? Using functional groups A way to apprehend the study of complex systems Functional group: a group of species that serve the same ecosystem service, that respond in a similar way and/or have a similar effect on ecosystem functionning. Common plant traits Origins Raunkiaer 1934.
8 Grouping species: ensuring functional diversity Knowledge of common plant traits and ecological strategies. Ensure contrasting groups are included to promote functional diversity.
9 Trait-based strategy dimensions Westoby et al. 2002, Wright et al Specific Leaf Area Conifers N, P %. Growth rate Herbs, grasses. Leaf Area Index Leaf lifespan
10 Trait-based strategy dimensions Wright et al
11 Functional diversity and community assembly a traits/functional diversity b Species richness Adapted from Mayfield et al a) Ecological differenciation: competition results in diversity (niche differenciation), eg. forests b) Ecological filtering: selection of traits, eg. Deforested (shrubs).
12 Some advantages of functional Nutrient synergism Nutrient leaching is often observed in conifer stands. The presence of other species, more efficient at cycling nutrients, will enhance the absorption of nutrient of the first. In forest with a high biodiversity, these types of interactions are common. Consequently, there is enhanced use of nutrients, which in turns promotes productivity (negative feedback). diversity
13 Some advantages of functional diversity Drought-deciduous trees are shallow rooted. Evergreens are deeply rooted, can retain ground-water and stabilise slopes.
14 Some advantages of functional diversity for wildlife Wildlife abundance is directly related to understory diversity. Maximise diversity of tree crown architecture will increase avian fauna. Mixed-species canopy trees will create rich litter where micro- organisms will thrive. Combine phenologically different species to ensure a year-round supply of fruit and/or seeds.
15 Succesional gradient as a baseline approach to species grouping Ecosystem service or good Food and habitat for flora and fauna Seed dispersal via bird and mammals Trait or type of tree species Fruit bearing tree Seed bearing tree Fruit bearing tree Seed bearing tree Species Anacardium excelsum Samanea saman Anacardium excelsum Terminalia amazonia Sterculia apetala Contrasting strategies (r and K) will promote resourceuse complementarity, and above and belowground niche partitionning. Slope stability Evergreen species with deep root system Luehea semanii Cordia alliodora Guazuma ulmifolia Economic gain Cash crop species Cocobola uvifera, Hura crepitans, Tectona grandis* Household purpose Mangifera indica * Brysonima crassifolia Cordia alliodora Resistance to Saccharum spontaneum at seedling stage Improving soil chemical properties Pharmaceutical Large-seeded, shadetolerant species Nitrogen fixing plants Enterolobium cyclocarpum Guazuma ulmifolia Dipteryx Calophyllum Carapa Virola Enterolobium cyclocarpum Or other Leguminosae
16 # of species per plot Within-group redundancy Species/Trait Relationship for Growth and Fruit Type in Forested Tropical Plant Communtities Fruit type 6 Growth form Species per plot # of traits present per plot Adapted from Mayfield et al. 2005
17 Ensuring ecosystem functions recovery ( conclusion) When restoring ecosystem functions, we have to maximise functional diversity. The successional gradient can be used as a reference to provide variability in plant traits, Focus on other precise functions.
18 Biodiversity experiments International endeavours (grasslands, BIOTREE), using local species. Objective: test the effects of diversity on productivity and/or ecosystem services. Species richness Functional groups Genetic diversity N and C fluxes Resilience
19 3m 3m 3m 180m 3m 3m 3m 30m Design of biodiversity experiments 20m Block 3 120m Block 4 3C L P 3C S-L L-P Spruce - Larch Spruce - Poplar Larch - Poplar S S L S P P P P P S L L L L L L S S S S S S S P P L P P L L S L S S L L L S L S S P P P S S P P S P P L L L P P L P P P S L S S L S L L S L S P P S S P P S S S L L P L L L P P L L L L L S S L L S S L P P P P S P P P S P L L L L P P L L L L L L L L L S S L S S S P S S P P P P P S L P L L L L L L L L 3B S-L S 3A P S S S L L S S L S S L S S P S P S S P P P L L L P L L P P P P S S S S L L L S S L S P P P S P P S S S P L P P L P P L P P L L L L S L S S S S S P S S P P S S P S P P P P L P P P P L L-P 3A S-P L 3B S-P S L S S S S L L S S S S S P S S P P P S P L L L P P P P L L L S L S L S L S S L P S P S S P S P P P P P L L L P L P P P 2m 2m 2m 3A S-L 3B S S-P 3C 3A (random) 3B (systematic) 3C (systematic 9x9) S L L S L S L S S S S P L S P L S P L S S S S P P P L L L S 3C L-P L 3A L-P S-L L L L S L L S S P P L S P L S P L S P L S S S P P P L L L S P S L S P L S L P P P L S P L S P L S P S S S P P P L L L S P P L L P L S S P S S P L S P L S P L S L L L S S S P P P L S-P S P P 3B L L P S L P P S P L P L S P L S P L S P L L L L S S S P P P L P S P S S S L P P P P L S P L S P L S P L L L S S S P P P L Block 1 Block 2 L L P S L S S L S P S P L S P L S P L S P P P L L L S S S P P P P S S S S L L L L S P L S P L S P L P P P L L L S S S P L P S S L S P L L P P L S P L S P L S P P P P L L L S S S P L P L S P S P L P P S P L S P L S P L S S S S P P P L L L S 2m 2m 2m
20 Biodiversity experiments
21 A biodiversity experiment in Smithers? Which ecosystem function or question would we be interested in? Climate change-adapted species? Species interactions? Wildlife re-introduction?
22 Questions?
23 Practical concerns Tropical species autecology is poorly understood (survival, germination), seedlings not always available. (over 100 species are currently evaluated for their potential in restoring the canopy cover by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute of Panama). Spatial layout: plantation has to be on a mininum of 1 ha (microclimate), seedlings should be planted following an aggregated pattern if species are competitive, and an alternate pattern if there is facilitation or complementarity. Temporal layout: first select and establish species that will survive, then underplant. Harvest equally within functional groups, delimb on tree micro-site.
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