Phytopathological survey of nurseries in Poland

Transcription

1 Phytopathological survey of in Poland Tomasz Oszako Justyna Nowakowska Forest Protection Dept. Laboratory of Molecular Biology Pathogen invasions in Europe: some examples, Since ~198 Invasions of phytophthoras in and forest stands The most frequent and damaging Phytophthora plurivora (former P. citricola) Phytophthora alni Phytophthora quercina Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cambivora Despite climatic constrains Phytophthora cinnamomi P. plurivora P. quercina Despite phytosanitary measures Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora polonica Phytophthora hungarica And others P. cactorum 1

2 Molecular diagnostic methods have been developed based on pure cultures of isolates from the collection of the IBL and international ITS sequences NCBI gene bank. Genetic probes are designed for eight most common in soil pathogens of the genus Phytophthora : P. alni, P. cactorum, P. plurivora, P. lacustris, P. hungarica, P. megasperma, P. quercina, P. pseudosyringae. Fig. 1. Specificity of TaqMan probe for P. plurivora Introduction Questionnaire survey was sent electronically to all (45) forest districts located in 17 Forests Directorates in Poland: 2

3 Methods Questionnaire survey was sent electronically to all (45) forest districts in Poland Scale of qualitative evaluation of phytopathological problems: No Small Medium High Very high 256 forest from 247 forest districts responded to the questionnaire Liczba szkółek Number of 1 5 Białystok Katowice Kraków Krosno Lublin Łódź Olsztyn Piła Poznań Szczecin Szczecinek Toruń Wrocław Zielona Góra Gdańsk Radom Warszawa RDLP Number of in investigated Regional Forest Directorates 3

4 Number of in age classes Number of Wiek szkółki [lat] Age classes (in years) 212 forest from 256 (83%) were established on forest soils earlier grown with forest stands: agricultural 5 Leśny Rolny Inny Leśny i rolny forest Klasyfikacja gruntu other Soil classification on which were established 4

5 Surface of investigated Number of Do 1 ha Od 1 ha do 3 ha Od 3 ha do 5 ha Powyżej 5 ha Powierzchnia produkcyjna szkółki < 1 ha between 1 3 ha between 3 5 ha > 5 ha Structure of annual production of seedlings in investigated Number of Do 5 ty s. Od 5 ty s. do 1 mln. Od 1 mln. do 2 mln. Powyżej 2 mln. Rozmiar rocznej produkcji sadzonek [szt.] 5

6 Evaluation of risk of phytopathological problems in investigated 14 medium 12 1 small 8 6 high 4 2 none very high Brak Mała Średnia Duża Bardzo duża Skala problemu Influence of chosen elements on phytopathological problems (significant in red): Treat Kruskal-Wallis test Age (3 classes) H ( 2, N= 248) =5, p =,615 The previous classification of land used H ( 3, N= 252) =3,38757 for the establishment of p =,3857 Group grain size soils occurring in the nursery H ( 3, N= 18) =4, p =,1739 Type of vegetation cover on the ground deployed H ( 3, N= 191) =2,4677 at the nursery p =,5714 Type of nursery H ( 5, N= 25) =14,71425 p =,117 Production area (4 classes) H ( 3, N= 25) =8,45647 p =,376 The type of irrigation used in the nursery H ( 3, N= 252) =6, p =,74 Type of water intake used H ( 4, N= 234) =3, in the nursery p =,518 The size of the annual production of seedlings (4 classes) H ( 3, N= 236) =5,9992 p =,1117 Event, Place, Date Lack of basic nutrients in the soil H ( 1, N= 252) =5,

7 Conclusions 1. Application of sterilized substrates in pot technologies reduce the risk and scale of infection by fungal pathogens. 2. Nurseries established on the soils with optimal ph and nutrient content for the profile of produced plant species are less endangered by pathogenic fungi. 3. In with smaller production areas the risk of infection is lower than on larger ones. 4. Green fertilization, especially applied in the preceding year of conifer species sowing may increase the level of phytopathological risk on particular parcel. Conclusions 5. Increase of soil aeration through loosening or subsoilingreduce the risk of fungal infections. 6. Seed germination of conifer species before seeding and covering sowing with sterile sand or fleece reduce the threat from fungal pathogens. Those measures lead to obtain quick and even germination. 7. The phytopathological threat of forest is magnified by limitations of availability of efficient fungicides and lack of registration of recognized preparations for forest e.g. due to the common certification of forest districts and involved environmental constrains. 7

8 Issue 1: Measures to reduce the risk of diseases - Frequent loosening the soil - 2 answers; - The use of prophylaxis (recommendations of the IBL) - 9 answers; - Systematic subsoiling - 9 answers; - Organic fertilization - 9 answers; - Covering of the emergence of coniferous species with sterile sand or fleece - 7; - Mycorrhization of soil with the spruce or pine litter - 7; - Frequent change of the production base in greenhouse (soil and growing media), use of container technology (potted plants), etc. - 5 answers; - The use of formulations based on plant extracts (eg. onions) - 5 answers; Issue 1: Measures to reduce the risk of diseases - rotation of species produced in the nursery - 4 answers; - use of Effective Microorganisms "EM" products - 4 answers; - pre -sprouting seeds of conifers - 3 answers; - rapid response to the occurrence of infection - 2 answers; - the use of plants with pathogen inhibiting properties - 2 answers; - disinfection of the substrate before sowing seeds - 2 answers; - seedbed soil temperature control to ensure the rapid emergence - 2 replies - manual removal of infected seedlings - 2 answers; - -maintaining proper soil ph - 2 replies. 8

9 Issue 2: Treatments favoring the occurrence of diseases - the lack of effective fungicides approved for use in - 14 answers; - weather conditions during the production of seedlings - 8 responses; - an increase in the activity of pathogens after nitric fertilization (N) - 6 replies; - lack of or too short fallow - 5 answers; - the use of lupine in green fallow - 4 answers; - use of green fallow - 3 answers; - too dense sowing - 2 answers; - excessive irrigation of seedling - 2 replies. Thank you for your attention 9