Dealing with degraded or unstable forest systems: the case of conifer plantations in Italy
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1 Dealing with degraded or unstable forest systems: the case of conifer plantations in Italy Lingua E. 1, Marchi N. 1, Garbarino M. 2, Marzano R. 3 1 Dept. TESAF, University of Padova 2 Dept. D3A, Università Politecnica delle Marche 3 Dept. DISAFA, University of Torino
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3 Ownership Type of forests
4 Overexploitation Overgrazing WWI & WWII Floods, landslides, soil erosion
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6 Afforestation in the Asiago plateau (VI) after the WWI and nowadays Pellegrini M.
7 Main forest laws Year Forest protective restrictions Establishment of the State property ( Demanio ) Main aim To increase forests from 4,5 M ha to 7M ha Strong public involvement to manage forests and promote silviculture (afforestation) 1923/1933 Hydrogeological restrictions Protecting forests to maintain slopes stability and prevent erosion 1952 Law in favour of mountain areas Socio-economical function of forest works
8 Forest laws of 1877 and 1910 provided subsidies (fixed amounts per hectare); from 1923 refund policy covered no more than 2/3 of the total costs Main forest laws - effects STRONG REDUCTION IN PLANTATIONS ON PRIVATE PROPERTIES
9 Main forest laws - effects Forest laws of 1877 and 1910 provided subsidies (fixed amounts per hectare); from 1923 refund policy covered no more than 2/3 of the total costs
10 Main forest laws - effects Reforestation on public land greatly benefited from the establishment of the national Forest Militia (1926) Annual reforested area before ha/yr
11 Main forest laws - effects Fanfani Law (1952): enhances the social function of the reforestation process After 1952: ha have been reforested
12 Main forest laws - effects Total amount = 1,2 M ha between 1877 and 1983 ( + about ha after the 90s due to CAP policies)
13 Main forest laws - aims Protection Slope consolidation Production Employment
14 Big investments in the afforestation stage; no funding for following stand management Absence of Tending and Intermediate cutting Unstable forest stands
15 Age + No silvicultural intervention Public property Big management issue for public administrations Knowledge? Resources?
16 Piemonte Region: experimental treatments for renaturalization of conifer plantations ( )
17 Piemonte Region: experimental treatments for renaturalization of conifer plantations ( ) MONITORING?
18 Afforestation flaws Species Structure Homogeneous stands Low resistance Low resilience Low stability
19 Species choice Conifer (timber) Pioneer (harsh conditions) Available (nursery)
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22 P. nigra plantation P. nigra old-growth Photos Mercurio
23 Photo Petrini
24 La Muda fire May ha
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26 P. nigra afforestation Protective function (rockfall).after the fire?
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28 Regeneration and successional pathways
29 Coste di Olzano Tignale (BS) August 2000 Crown fire (24 ha)
30 Management options
31 Monitoring High density of native broadleaved regeneration (>12000 ha -1 ) O. carpinifolia, F. ornus
32 Favourable environments No significant difference in term of regeneration density and species composition among treatments Deadwood on site Salvage logging COMPOSIZIONE SPECIFICA RINNOVAZIONE DA SEME(B) 2% 3% 3% Seedling composition 20% 10% 10% 52% Ostrya carpinifolia Fraxinus ornus Populus tremula Betula pendula Viburnum lantana Salix caprea Pinus nigra
33 Limiting environments Leaving deadwood on site can improve environmental conditions and microsite availability for seedlings establishment
34 Aosta Valley (2005) stand replacing fire 257 ha LONG TERM MONITORING D A C No intervention B A B C D Cutting Cutting + lopping (random direction) (fishbone) Salvage logging
35 Can we do something? Management Without thinning With thinning
36 Management objectives Maintaining pine (conifers) Pine (conifers) substitution
37 Gap cutting Skimmer Cuts (Taglio a schiumarola) Based on the opening of small gaps ranging from 150 to 1500 m 2
38 In order to maintain Pinus nigra gap size should be at least 1500 m 2, or with diameter and top height ratio = 2 Malcom et al. 2001
39 Economical sustainability of forest intervention Since the high stand density and relatively scarce wind firmness, generally a low intensity thinning from below is adopted. Thinning is not cost effective since the quantity of wood material is not enough to receive interest from the market and not enough to cover the cost of interventions. It is only sustainable with public subsidies.
40 In 2005 and 2006 the Regional Forest Service of Veneto (SFR) analysed the cost of traditional thinning compared to the small gap cutting system. From cost for the public to an income (up to 428 ha -1 ) Photo Grigolato Mercurio & Spinelli 2012 Photo Grigolato Spinelli et al. 2006
41 Management implications Commercial lot 500 m small gaps 1/3 of the area per intervention Interval 5-7 years Total regeneration cycle years Mixed stand with a complex group structure Accessibility and Mechanization Mercurio & Spinelli 2012
42 Strip cutting
43 Pinus nigra plantation in Veneto (Tregnago,VR 480 m a.s.l) Size ha Width 1.5 h tree
44 Regeneration After 5 years regeneration density was significantly higher than control (p<0.01). Positive effects of shrubs on the regeneration both in terms of density and diversity.
45 Regional Forest Agency in Lombardy (today ERSAF) compared different silvicultural treatments in black pine plantations. Thinning Gap cutting (400 m 2 ~ 1.5 D/H) No intervention In both thinned and clearcutted sites some areas were planted with broadleaves. Regeneration was more abundant and with higher increment in presence of shrubs and residual cover, while grass and herbs limited seedling establishment.
46 Gap cutting with artificial regeneration of broadleaves Small gaps D/H tree ~ 1 Browsing
47 Gap cutting with seeding of silver fir Mercurio 2010
48 1979 Monte Rotta afforestation, Sestriere (TO) m a.s.l Lingua et al. 2003
49 Lingua et al. 2003
50 Site Clusters Trees per cluster L. decidua stand P. cembra stand Lingua et al. 2003
51 Black pine plantations as a seed source for treeline shift in the Apennines P. nigra population dynamics above the timberline P. nigra expansion in the treeline ecotone old trees are sparsely distributed, young trees are clustered
52 Conclusions Plantations often accomplished their job: successfully recovering degraded lands, limiting erosion, stabilizing slopes, Stability (in the wide sense) is becoming an important management issue Disturbances (fire, windthrow, insects,..) are taking the lead in driving successional pathways Which is the right option: to intervene or not?
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57 Hvala za vašo pozornost! Grazie per l attenzione!
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