Herbicide, PCT and Commercial Thinning CTRN & Austin Pond Studies
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1 Herbicide, PCT and Commercial Thinning CTRN & Austin Pond Studies Brian Roth Associate Director, Cooperative Forestry Research Unit NERCOFE 2015 Workshop March 10 th, 2015 Wells Conference Center, University of Maine
2 What is the CFRU? Partnership between Maine s forest landowners and University of Maine to solve most important problems facing managers of Maine s commercial forestlands
3 CFRU Overview Formed in 1975 One of the oldest industry / university forest research cooperatives in the US Funded by private forest landowners (Family, TIMO, REIT, industrial), wood processors, government, NGO, and individual contributors
4 35 CFRU Member Organizations LANDOWNER / MANAGER: Irving Woodlands, LLC Wagner Forest Management BBC Land, LLC Plum Creek Timber Company, Inc. Prentiss and Carlisle Company, Inc. Seven Islands Land Company Clayton Lake Woodlands Holding, LLC Maine Bureau of Parks & Public Lands Katahdin Forest Management, LLC Canopy Timberlands Maine, LLC The Nature Conservancy Snowshoe Timberlands, LLC The Forestland Group, LLC Baskahegan Corporation Sylvan Timberlands, LLC North Woods Maine, LLC Appalachian Mountain Club Simorg North Forests LLC Frontier Forest, LLC Downeast Lakes Land Trust Baxter State Park, SFMA Robbins Lumber Company Timbervest, LLC St. John Timber, LLC EMC Holdings, LLC Mosquito, LLC New England Forestry Foundation WOOD PROCESSOR: SAPPI Fine Paper UPM Madison Paper CORPORATE and INDIVIDUAL: ReEnergy Holdings, LLC Huber Engineered Woods, LLC James W. Sewall Company Forest Society of Maine LandVest Field Timberlands
5 CT Knowledge 1999 Limited history of thinning in spruce-fir forest Precommercial thinning (PCT) new forest condition No experience or data on commercial thinning response
6 Growth & Yield When to thin? How much to remove? What method is best?
7 Commercial Thinning Research Network (CTRN) 15 Sites Established and 2010 Two studies: o o 6 Natural stands 6 PCT stands + 3 new mid-site stands ~19,000 tagged trees 141,000 remeasurements
8 Previously PCT d Stands IP Lake Macwahoc Age: 42 yrs PCT yr: 1983 TPA: 1,880 / ha DBH: 14.5 cm BA: 33.1 m 2 /ha Ht: 11.9 m Vol: m 3 /ha RD: IP Lake Macwahoc Age: 42 yrs PCT yr: 1983 TPA: 761 DBH: 5.7 BA: 144 ft 2 /A Ht: 39 ft Vol: 28.5 cords/a RD: Balsam fir dominant with red spruce as minor component
9 CT Questions & Treatments For PCT stands, what is the influence of: o Density reduction (33% and 50% RD)? o Timing of entry (Immediate, wait 5 years, wait 10 years)? recently completed 10-year treatments, not reported here.
10 Experimental Design 1.0 ac treatment plots 0.2 ac measurement plot Randomized complete block design with 6 replications Replicated across locations
11 Thinning Treatments: PCT Stands Unthinned PCT stand at first entry 33% removal, first entry in PCT stand 50% removal, first entry in PCT stand
12 Relative Influence Best Predictors of Tree Mortality Following Commercial thinning Height:Diameter ratio >80 was best predictor of mortality HDR BA/ha Trt CR ActRm YrSinTRT DBH Site DBHsq QMD HT SPP SI BAL Removal dd Pekol, J MS Thesis, UMaine
13 Results Products & Value Trends (PCT) SPR highest in delayed CT. Early CT diverging from control Val/vol highest in delayed CT. Early CT diverging from control Cumulative value highest in 33% early, lowest in 50% delayed No significant difference in NPV among treatments Clune, P MS Thesis. University of Maine.
14 Austin Pond Study: History and Long-Term Treatment Effects
15
16 First treatment wave Herbicide Trials Clearcut (1970) Herbicide Trials 14 treatments 2 replications Released Unreleased (Control) Treatment units = 3.3 X 8 chains = 218 x 528 ft = 2.64 acres Historical note: First aerial applications of glyphosate and triclopyr in northeastern US forests Oldest surviving glyphosate and triclopyr forest plots in US
17 Austin Pond Study July year after herbicide treatment 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + MSMA ( lbs/ac) 2,4-D + 2,4,5,-T ( lbs/ac) Garlon 3A + 2,4-D ( lbs/ac) Tordon 101 (3.0 qts/ac) 2,4-D + 2,4,5,-T ( lbs/ac) ,4,5-T Roundup (2.0 lbs/ac) Control (2.0 lbs/ac) Roundup (4.0 lbs/ac) Garlon 3A (4.0 lbs/ac) 9 2,4,5-T (3.0 lbs/ac) 7 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + MSMA ( lbs/ac) 5 Roundup (2.0 lbs/ac) 3 2,4-D + 2,4,5-T ( lbs/ac)
18 Austin Pond Study April years after herbicide treatment Control Garlon 3a (4.0 lbs/ac)
19 Austin Pond Study 1982, 5 years after herbicide treatment Unreleased Released Red Spruce Unreleased Released Balsam fir
20 Second treatment wave - PCT Clearcut (1970) Herbicide Trials Released Non-released (Control) PCT Thinned Non-thinned Thinned Non-thinned Spruce cross section 7 years post PCT, 16 years post release, and 23 years post stand harvest (Block 16)
21 1986 PCT 9 years after herbicide treatment PCT 700 TPA or 7.8 ft spacing No PCT
22 PCT Treatment PCT 2,4,5-T D+DP+ MSMA Glyphosate 2,4-D+ 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T Glyphosate Control Glyphosate March yrs after herbicide treatment 3 yrs after pre-commercial thinning Triclopyr
23 (Tons/ac) 40-Year Outcome of Herbicide Release and PCT at Austin Pond No PCT Olson, Wagner, and Brissette CJFR 42:1 11.
24 (Tons/ac) 40-Year Outcome of Herbicide Release and PCT at Austin Pond PCT No PCT Olson, Wagner, and Brissette CJFR 42:1 11.
25 Fall 2010 Forty years from Clearcut Control PCT only Herbicide only Herbicide + PCT
26 40-year Outcomes in Austin Pond Study Merchantable Softwood Volume 285 ft 3 /acre No Treatment 33% Basal Area 18% 27% 18% 4% Balsam fir Spruce Aspen Red maple Other 20% 1,072 ft 3 /acre Herbicide Only 6% 15% 43% 3.8X 16% 4% 12% 2001 ft 3 /acre 7.0X Herbicide + PCT 7% 22% 55% Bataineh et al CJFR 43:
27 Commercial Thinning at Austin Pond
28 Third treatment wave CT Herbicide Trials Released Clearcut (1970) Non-released (Control) PCT PCT No PCT PCT No PCT Commercial Thinnings Removal: 33% 50% Removal: 33% 50%
29
30 PCT d Stand Before CT
31 PCT d Stand 33% CT Removal
32 PCT d Stand 50% CT Removal
33 No PCT stand during CT
34 No PCT stand 50% CT Removal
35 Question: Does PCT Influence Commercial Thinning Costs and Profit?
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