Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Development of Plantation Teak Utilization in the ASEAN Region

Transcription

1 Ministry of Forestry Forest Department Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project CFC/ITTO 73 FT PPD 68/03 Rev.2 (I) Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Development of Plantation Teak Utilization in the ASEAN Region Central Forestry Development Training Centre, Hmawbi, Yangon, Myanmar 7-10 July, 2009

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Election of Regional Workshop Officials Presentations at The regional Workshop Conclusion and Recommendations Closing of The Regional Workshop Acknowledgements Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 Annex 6 Annex 7 Annex 8 Annex 9 Annex 10 Annex

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Annex 12 Annex 13 Annex 14 Annex 15 Annex

4 Regional Workshop on Development of Plantation Teak Utilization in the ASEAN Region 7-10 July, 2009, Hmawbi, Myanmar Introduction The pre project entitled Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project (PPD 68/03 Rev.2 (I)) has been implemented by the Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry with financial assistance from Common Fund for Commodities- CFC/ International Tropical Timber Organization- ITTO. In accordance with the project document activity 2.1, Regional Workshop on Development of Plantation Teak Utilization in the ASEAN Region was held on 7-10 July, 2009 at the Central Forestry Development Training Centre, (CFDTC), Hmawbi, Myanmar. The objectives of regional workshop were (1) To disseminate of pre-project findings (2) To disseminate information and downstream processing of utilization of plantation teak among stakeholders in and outside the country. (3) To identity opportunities for the establishment of an information-sharing network. The expected output of the regional workshop is to formulate a project proposal addressing technical problems and commercialization of value-added products of planted teak in key teak producing countries in ASEAN region. Regional Workshop participants included three representatives from ITTO member countries- India, Indonesia and Philippines, the Planning and Statistics Department, Forest Department, Dry Zone Greening Department, Myanma Timber Enterprise (MTE), University of Forestry, Forest Research Institute and other forestry-related organizations such Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association (FREDA), Myanmar Forest Products and Timber Merchant Association (MFPTMA). The workshop was held for four days. The first two days was four papers presentation and day 3 was spent for visiting Wood-based industries in Yangon. On day 4, final day, participants made conclusion and recommendation for ITTO project proposal through working groups discussion. The Full list of participants appears as ANNEX 1. Election of Regional Workshop Officials The Regional Workshop was opened by U Sann Lwin, Director General, Planning and Statistics Department, Ministry of Forestry. In his opening address, the Director-General highlighted teak resource situation declining natural supply and thus plantation teak has been increasingly demanded in order to sustain supply of global teak market. Accordingly, utilization of plantation teak has become concerns to key teak producing countries and is of more importance to Myanmar in particular because of her promising endowment resourcefactor of thousands of hectares of teak plantations already established notwithstanding infant state in its utilization. Thus, an ITTO pilot project has been carried out and so is being hold this kind of regional workshop in Myanmar. He extended special welcome to participants from ITTO member countries- India, Indonesia and Philippines. He called upon all the participants to make fruitful discussions leading towards facilitating formulation of a project proposal as the final output of this pre-project. The full text of opening address appears as ANNEX 2. U Shwe Kyaw, Retired Director General of Forest Department and Dr. Thein Kywe, Retired Director, Dry Zone Greening Department were elected as the Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 1

5 chairpersons for the morning and afternoon sections of the day 1. For day 2 morning section, Dr. Myo Thet, Joint Secretary (1), MFPTMA and Prof. Win Kyi, Retired Rector, University of Forestry were the chairpersons. U Win Naing, Deputy General Manager, MTE and U Shwe Kyaw, Retired Director General of the Forest Department were the chairpersons for the morning and afternoon section of the day 4, the final day of Regional workshop. U Shwe Kyaw Director General (Retired) Forest Department Dr.Thein Kywe Director (Retired) DZGD Prof. Win Kyi Rector (Retired) University of Forestry Dr.Myo Thet U Win Naing Joint Secretary-1 Deputy General Manager MFPTMA MTE The agenda of the Regional Workshop appears as ANNEX 3. Presentations at The Regional workshop Before paper presentation, U Khin Maung Oo, National Project Coordinator, presented about Introduction of Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project. Papers were presented by the resource persons from the CFC/ITTO pre project, PPD 68/03 Rev.2 (I), international and national consultants and the forestry-related NGO (MFPTMA) on the first two days. The papers covered a wide range of topics relating to Development of Plantation Teak Utilization. Altogether 9 papers were presented at the Regional Workshop. On final day, U Win Myint, Assistant Director of Forest Research Institute, explained brief about ITTO Project Formulation and presented Draft Project Proposal. Introduction of Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project by U Khin Maung Oo, National Project Coordinator, CFC/ITTO PPD 68/03 Rev. 2 (I). ANNEX4 Genetic Conservation of Teak (Tectona grandis linn.f) by Dr.Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Director, Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Myanmar. ANNEX 5 Perum PerhutaniTeak Forest and Wood Working Industry by Mr. Lukman Imam Syafii, Assistant Director, Planning, Perhulani, Indonesia. ANNEX 6 Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 2

6 The Role of Plantation Teak in Myanmr by U Zaw Win, Central Executive Committee Member, MFPTMA, Myanmar. ANNEX 7 Investigation on Sapwood Contents, Juvenile wood Content and Growth Rate, Anatomical Characteristics, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Plantation Properties of Plantation Teak at Different Ages by U Kyaw Win Maung, Assistant Research Officer, U Win Oo Naing, Assistant Research Officer, Daw Cho Cho Myint, Research Assistant-2, Daw Zar Chi Hlaing, Range Officer, Prof. Win Kyi, National Consultant (Utilization),Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Myanmar. ANNEX 8 Wood Quality of Teak (Tectono grandis linn.f) from Short Rotation Plantations and Home-garden Forestry Practices in India by P.K Thulasidas and K.M. Bhat, Division of Wood Science & Technology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India. ANNEX 9 Perspective on Some Wood Properties and Utilization of Teak Plantation Thinning by Robert A. Natividad, Chief Science Research Specialist, Mechanical Processing and Product Development Division, Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI), Department of Science and Technology College, Laguna, Philippines. ANNEX 10 Investigation on Natural Durability and Drying Behavior of Plantation Teak at Different Ages by Daw Cho Cho Win, Research Assistant-2, Daw Lwin Lwin Aung, Research Assistant-3, U Aung Soe, Assistant Research Officer, Daw Su Su Hlaing, Research Assistant-3, Prof. Win Kyi, National Consultant (Utilization) Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Myanmar. ANNEX 11 Production and Marketing of Wood Products in Myanmar by U Aung Myint, Manager, U Pum Khen Thang, Assistant Manager, U Htun Htun Oo (2), Assistant Manager, Myanma Timber Enterprise(MTE), Myanmar. ANNEX 12 Current Status on Wood-based Industries in Myanmr by Daw Khin May Lwin, Research Officer, Daw Zar Chi Hlaing, Range Officer, Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Myanmar. ANNEX 13 Biref Project Proposal Formulation by U Win Myint, Assistant Director, Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Myanmar. ANNEX 14 Conclusion and Recommentations First, the workshop realized that the overall development of utilization of plantation teak is attributable to sequential development of three fundamental factors namely, to supply quality plantation teak raw materials to wood-based industries, to improve wood processing technology and to produce value-added products, and to develop marketing and trading of plantation teak products. Then those factors were adopted as topics for working group discussions. So, participants were grouped into three working groups based on their relevant expertise and made group discussions under respective topics. Prior to the discussions participants were briefed on the manual of ITTO project formulation in order for their discussions to be in line with ITTO guidelines. The followings were the recommended products to use in the formulation of the proposed ITTO project. (A) Project title: Regional efforts on the production and utilization of plantation teak to sustain supply of value added teak wood in international teak market Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 3

7 (B) (C) Development objective: To promote sustainable supply of plantation teak from quality teak plantations in order to supplement the supply of quality teak from the natural forests Specific Objectives (1) To enhance the quality of plantation teak (2) To improve downstream processing of wood-based industry and utilization of plantation teak. (3) To develop the Marketing and Trading of Plantation Teak Products (D)Outputs and Activities 1-1 Quality seed produced for distribution Activity Activity Activity Selection of 100 acres of appropriate teak plantation for establishment of SPA at the East and West Bago Yoma Proper treatments of SPA (Demarcation, Fire protection, thinning, weeding etc.) Seed collection and storage 1-2 Quality plantlets produced Activity Activity Establishment of 10 Ac of HG, two nurseries (5 x 2 E&W Bago)-103 Plus trees) Experiment on clonal test of 103 plus trees with proper design 1-3 Capacity built up & knowledge gained Activity Activity Training (Plant propagation, tree improvement, FD-Private/ community) Onsite Study tour/cross visit - in-country and abroad 1-4 Awareness of community and private sectors improved Activity Activity Extension through production of pamphlet Dissemination of outputs 1-5 Sustainable livelihood of local communities promoted Activity Activity Handing over of SPA to local community Formation of IG group 2-1 A grading rule for plantation teak is developed. Activity Information on the grading rules of plantation teak developed in other countries will be collected and reviewed. Activity Thinnings of plantation teak of different ages together with that of final felling will be assessed and used as the basis for the development of grading rule. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 4

8 Activity Based on the information collected, actual assessment on plantation teak and the existing grading rules for teak, grading rules for the plantation teak will be developed. 2-2 Compatible technology for downstream processing of different sizes of plantation teak is gained and transferred to appropriate stakeholders. Activity Activity Activity Overseas study tour on industrial processing of plantation teak will be organized and survey on suitable primary processing and multipurpose wood-working machines will also be conducted. Prior to study tour survey on the locally existing multipurpose woodworking machines will also be carried out. Suitable machine for plantation teak will be purchased and installed. Training for technical level operators for handling of advanced industrial processing organized. Local trainings for transferring processing technology will also be carried out. 2-3 Samples for various value-added products utilizing plantation teak are produced available for awareness raising and exhibition both locally and internationally. Activity Activity Value-added wood based products using plantation teak (PT) are produced in experimental scale and quality of the products will be tested. Guide lines for the production of value added wood-based products will be produced and distributed to the stakeholders to encourage mass scale production. (Classification and cataloguing of planted teak wood products will be conducted) 3-1 Awareness on plantation teak products is raised among consumers and producers. Activity Activity Activity Permanent show room for value added products will be established in cooperation with Myanmar Forest Products and Timber Merchants Association (MFPTMA). Participate and organize international and domestic trade fares/ exhibitions. Conduct awareness raising activities on the utilization of plantation teak products through different media. 3-2 Market information network on plantation teak product is established Activity Regional partners for the information network on plantation teak utilization will be identified and established. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 5

9 Activity Activity Regional workshop on utilization of plantation teak among participating countries is organized. Exchange visits between participating countries organized Closing of The Regional Workshop At the completion of the workshop, U Shwe Kyaw, Retired Director-General, the Chairperson of the last session delivered a closing remark. In his closing remarks, the workshop is very much impressive with the active and alive discussions made by the participants through out the course of the workshop under well organization. He hoped the products of the discussions will help facilitate formulation of the ITTO project proposal. He expressed special thanks to the ITTO and CFC for their support and congratulated all participants for their concerted efforts during the workshop. He also extended wish to see delegates from China, Malaysia and Thailand in future workshops of this kind who were absent despite plans to attend this workshop were arranged. He called upon follow-up action for successful formulation of a regional project proposal to submit to ITTO. The full text of closing remarks appears as ANNEX 15. Acknowledgements The Forest Department of Myanmar on behalf of the Ministry of Forestry, expressed its heart full thanks and appreciation to the CFC/ITTO for its sponsorship and financial support for the workshop. The FD also expressed its appreciation to the resource persons and the participants from different departments and institutions for their services and keen interest reflected during the workshop. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 6

10 ANNEX 1 Lists of Participants and Resource Persons A. List of Participants Sr. Name Designation Department/Institution No 1. U Sein Htoon Linn Director Planning and Statistics Department 2. U Win Hlaing Director Planning and Statistics Department 3. U Zaw Win Myint Deputy Director Natural Forest and Plantation, Forest Department 4. U Tint Swe Assistant Director Planning and Statistics Department 5. U Chit Oo Staff Officer Central Forestry Development and Training Centre, Hmawbi 6. U Maung Maung Aung Deputy Director Dry Zone Greening Department 7. U Kyaw Kyaw Deputy Director Dry Zone Greening Department 8. U Win Naing Deputy General Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 9. U Kan Myint Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 10. U Win Myint Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 11. U Maung Maung Lin Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 12. U Zaw Soe Aung Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 13. U Aung Myint Thu Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 14. U Han Myo Aung Assistant Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 15. U Moe Kyaw Aung Assistant Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 16. U Pum Khen Htan Assistant Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 17. Daw Yamin Thein Hypermart Co.Ltd 18. U Myint Lwin Jack Queen and King Co.Ltd 19. U Zaw Win Director Myanmar Timber Association 20. U Kaung Yin Honourable Principal Myanmar Timber Association 21. U Moe Thaw Executive Director Kaung Myat Co.ltd 22. U Hla Myint Oo Assistant Director Forest Product Joint Venture 23. U Bar Bar Cho Executive Director Myanmar Inter Safe Co.Ltd 24. U Myo Lwin Director Lumber Mart Co.Ltd 25. U Thet Aung Myint Wah Co.Ltd 26. U Thaung Naing Manager Win Mar Lar Aung Co.ltd 27. U Thant Zin Manager Asia Green Co.Ltd 28. U Htin Kyaw TEO MFPTMA 29. U Aung Htun Kyi Assistant Director Bago (East), Forest Department 30. U Ye Htun Staff Officer Bago (East), Forest Department 31. U Win Naing Staff Officer Bago (East), Forest Department 32. U Maung Maung Win Assistant Director Bago (West), Forest Department 33. U Pon Zar Kinn Staff Officer Bago (West), Forest Department 34. U Aung Myo Khaing Staff Officer Bago (West), Forest Department 35. U Than Oo Assistant Director Yangon North District, Forest Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 7

11 Department 36. U Myo Min Assistant Director Yangon West District, Forest Department 37. U Thet Oo Lecturer University of Forestry 38. Dr. San Thwin Associate Professor University of Forestry 39. U Sit Bo Executive Committee NGO, FREDA Member 40. U Mehm Ko Ko Kyi Retired Director Forest Department 41. Prof. Win Kyi Retired Rector University of Forestry 42. Dr. Thein Kywe Retired Director Forest Department 43. U Ohn Lwin Assistant Director Forest Research Institute 44. U Win Myint Assistant Director Forest Research Institute 45. Daw Yi Yi Han Research Officer Forest Research Institute 46. Daw Khin May Lwin Research Officer Forest Research Institute 47. Dr. Thaung Naing Oo Staff Officer Forest Research Institute 48. U Kyaw Win Maung Assistant Research Officer Forest Research Institute 49. U Win Oo Naing Assistant Research Officer Forest Research Institute 50. U Aung Soe Assistant Research Officer Forest Research Institute 51. Daw Cho Cho Win Assistant Research-2 Forest Research Institute 52. U Aung Myint Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise 53. U Zaw Win Myint Range Officer Forest Research Institute 54. U Yan Myo Naing Range Officer Forest Research Institute 55. Daw Zar Chi Hlaing Range Officer Forest Research Institute Sr. No B. List of Observers Name Designation Department/Institution 1. U Myo Aung Staff Officer Central Forestry Development and Training Centre, Hmawbi 2. U Billy Nay Win Assistant Research-2 Forest Research Institute 3. Daw Cho Cho Myint Assistant Research-2 Forest Research Institute 4. Daw Su Su Hlaing Assistant Research-3 Forest Research Institute 5. Daw Lwin Lwin Aung Assistant Research-3 Forest Research Institute Sr. No C. List of Resource Persons Name Designation Department/Institution 1. Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw Director Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar 2. Mr. Lukman Imam Syafii Assistant Director 3. U Zaw Win Central Executive Committee Member Planning Perhutani, Indonesia MFPTMA, Myanmar 4. U Kyaw Win Maung Assistant Research Officer Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar 5. Dr. P.K. Thulasidas Kerala Forest Research Institute, India. 6. Mr. Robert A. Natividad Chief Science Research Specialist Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI), Philippines 7. Daw Cho Cho Win Research Assistant -2 Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 8

12 8. U Aung Myint Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise, Myanamr 9. Daw Khin May Lwin Research Officer Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar D. Workshop Officials Sr. Name Designation Time No 1. U Shwe Kyaw Director General (Retired) Morning Session ( ) Afternoon Session ( ) 2. Dr. Thein Kywe Director (Retired) Afternoon Session ( ) 3. Dr. Myo Thet Joint Secretary- 1 Morning Session ( ) 4. Prof. Win Kyi Rector (Retired) Morning Session ( ) 5. U Win Naing Deputy General Manager Morning Session ( ) E. Masters of Ceremony Sr. Name Designation Department/Institution No 1. Daw Deliver Htwe Assistant Research Officer Forest Research Institute, Yezin 2. Daw Idd Idd Shwe Sin Range Officer Central Forestry Development and Training Centre, Hmawbi Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 9

13 ANNEX 2 Opening Address by U Sann Lwin, Director-General, Planning and Statistics Department, Ministry of Forestry, at the opening ceremony of the Regional Workshop on Development of Plantation Teak Utilization in the ASEAN Region at the Central Forestry Development Training Centre,, Hmawbi, Myanmar,7-10 July, 2009 Good morning- Distinguished Guests, Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great pleasure for me to be with you all on this auspicious occasion today. First of all, I would like to express my warmest and hearty welcome to representatives from ITTO member countries and ASEAN member countries to Myanmar. Then I would like to express my appreciation to national consultants, participants from various institutions and project staff for their concerted efforts to bring about this kind of workshop with regional significance. U Sann Lwin Director General Planning and Statistics Department Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, As known to all of you, teak is recognized as one of the most valuable premium woods in the world. Naturally inherited desirable wood characteristics such as lightness and durability, hardness and stability, straight grain and workability, beautiful grain pattern and golden color, and termite resistant etc, are major attributes to teak to be a versatile timber for various uses. Dating back 16 th century A.D, during the glorious King Bayintnaung dynasty in Myanmar, the Kambawzathardi Palace was built using hundreds of big teak columns presented from different regions. Its ruin was buried under the earth over centuries. When the ruin is unearthed today, those teak columns are found intact except some scars from fire on it. Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Now we are convening here today to deal with that premium wood of teak in some particular aspects on utilization of plantation teak. At the outset, I would like to briefly touch upon natural teak resource situation. Although teak wood is consumed worldwide, natural habitat of teak trees is limited to only four countries; India, Myanmar, Laos and Thailand in the world. As for Myanmar, thanks to the Myanmar Selection System and its one and half century long experience, natural forests are still in fairly good shape at 50 percent coverage of the total land of the country. As such, Myanmar has remained to date as single source of natural teak to supply world market while the rests has ceased to export in log form or even logging it. Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Obviously, demand for teak is universal and unlimited while natural resource is extremely limited to Myanmar, the last frontier. Thus, in light of pronounced shortage of natural teak supply and because of its economic attractiveness, teak Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 10

14 plantations have been established in many regions not only within the range of natural habitat but in the outside, even across different continents such as Asia, Africa, Latin America and some Pacific Islands. Thereby global teak plantation area has amounted at about 4 million acres of which about 13.4 percent is accounted for by Myanmar where as Indonesia and India share the first and the second largest area extent, respectively. Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, In fact, teak plantation in Myanmar has originated with Taung-ya method in modest scales with the compensatory concept since However the extensive plantation programme has been set since 1978 with an annual target at 80,000 acres of which about 40 percent is for commercial species, mainly teak. In light of farsighted view towards market economy, Myanmar has step up to the emergence of private owned forest plantations. As for teak plantation, a total of 20,500 acres for 11 Companies has been permitted and commenced establishment since Receiving the growing interests of entrepreneurs to invest in this lucrative business, further thousands of acres are under the process for permission. Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Regarding utilization of teak wood, now we are entering into a new paradigm of utilization of plantation teak and its products. In Myanmar, as the earliest large scale teak plantations have not yet reached harvestable size, domestic wood-based industries and timber merchants who have traditionally dealt with large diameter size of natural teak are still lack of experience dealing with small diameter size of plantation teak. General public perception in the domestic market is also that properties of teak wood from plantation grown are inferior to that of natural grown. In effect, utilization of plantation teak in Myanmar is in its infancy. To that reasons, Myanmar is now in support of ITTO/CFC conducting a pilot project Study on utilization of plantation teak. Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Now, let me turn to the workshop. The workshop will last for four days including one day-visit some wood-based industries in Yangon. The particular significance what I notice to this workshop is the presence of resource persons from key stakeholder countries not only from ASEAN but from the two big countries India and China where wood-based industry is mushrooming along with their economic growth. Thus, I do hope this workshop will be benefited with combined contribution of your expertise from various aspects in this state of the art subject, and in such a way that we will achieve our common goal. Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: May I conclude here calling upon all the participants to freely and actively participate in the workshop and wishing you to stay peacefully for four days in this charming place of the Central Forestry Development Training Center, Hmawbi. Thank you for your attention. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 11

15 ANNEX 3 Regional Workshop on Development of Plantation Teak Utilization in the ASEAN Region Central Forestry Development Training Centre, Hmawbi, Yangon, Myanmar 7-10 July, 2009 Provisional Agenda Date Time Subject Remark :00-08:30 Registrations (Day 1) 08:30-09:00 Opening Ceremony - Opening Address U Sann Lwin, Director General, Planning and Statistics Division, Ministry of Forestry 09:00-09:30 -Photo Section -Refreshment 09:30-10:00 Introduction of Plantation Teak Pre Project U Khin Maung Oo, NPC 10:00-11:25 Paper Presentation Genetic Conservation of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.F.) 11:25-12:15 Paper Presentation Perum Perhutani Wood Working Industry 12;15-13:15 Lunch Break 13:15-14:00 Paper Presentation The Role of Plantation Teak In Myanmar 14:00-14:35 Paper Presentation Investigation on Sapwood content, Juvenile wood Content and Growth Rate, Anatomical Characteristics, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Plantation Teak at Different Ages 14:35-15:00 Coffee Break 15:00-16:00 Paper presentation Wood Quality of Teak From Short Rotation Plantations and Home-garden Forestry Practices in India 16:00-16:45 Paper Presentation Perspective on Some wood Properties and Utilization of Teak Plantation Thinning Dr.Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Director, FRI Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 12 Mr. Lukman Imam Syafii Indonesia U Zaw Win, MFPTMA U Kyaw Win Maung FRI Dr.P.K Thulasidas India Mr. Robert A.Nitividad Philippines 18:00-21:00 Welcoming Dinner Khone Myint Tha Yar Restaurant, Pyoy Road, 7 ½ Mile, Yangon Date Time Subject Remark (Day 2) 09:30-10:30 Paper Presentation Investigation on Drying Behaviors and Natural Durability of Plantation Teak 10:30-11:00 Coffee Break 11:00-12:00 Paper Presentation Value Added Products Production and Marketing of Teak 12:00-12:30 Paper Presentation Current Status of Wood Based Industries In Myanmar Daw Cho Cho Win, FRI U Aung Myint, MTE Daw Khin May Lwin,FRI 12:30-13:30 Lunch Break 13:30-18:00 Site Seeing Yangon

16 Date Time Subject Remark :30 a.m- Field Trip National (Day 3) 5:00 p.m - Leave CFDTC Participants Field Trip International - Leave the Hotel Participants 1. United Wood Industry Co., Ltd Hlaing Thaya Industrial Zone 2. Moegok Pride Industry Co., Ltd Alone Township 3. National Wood Industry Co., Ltd Dagon (East) Industrial Zone 4. Myanmar Technology Co., Ltd Dagon Seikan Township 5. Myanmar Teak Wood Industry Co., Ltd, Dagon Seikan Township Date Time Subject Remark (Day 4) Presentation of Draft Project Proposal Formulation U Win Myint, FRI Working Groups Discussion 1. Producing quality Teak logs from plantation 2. Promotion of wood properties and wood-based industries 3. Development of trade and marketing Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 of plantation teak product Lunch Break Presentations of working groups Group 1 Group 2 Presentation Workshop Recommendation Closing Ceremony Group 3 U Win Myint, FRI Master of Ceremony Participants Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 13

17 ANNEX 4 Introduction of Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project U Khin Maung Oo, National Project Coordinator, CFC/ITTO 73 Ft PPD 68/03 Rev. 2(I) PART I: Executive Summary This plan of operation provides a detail overview of the Pre-project activities to be implemented in the 1 st August, 2008 to 31 st July, There are no radical changes in this plan of operation and most activities to be conducted in the year are almost the same as mentioned in the original document of PPD68/03 Rev.2 (I). In order to recall the image of the project, the overall development objective and specific objective are first mentioned. The logical framework and activities are then followed. In regards with the activities, all activities will be conducted in this year focus on technical information on properties and utilization of local plantation teak, conduct a regional workshop and project proposal addressing for technical problem and commercialization of value added planted teak products in key teak producing countries in ASEAN region formulated. Organizational arrangement and key project staff are mention in the table.4. There will be a total of 13 key project staffs (see Table-4 Organization chart) and finally, budgetary portion is depicted. 1-1 Development objective To promote downstream processing and utilization of value added products of plantation teak on a sustainable basis. 1-2 Specific Objective To assess properties and processing technologies of local plantation teak, and through a regional workshop, formulate a project proposal that promotes a regional partnership to improve the efficient and diversified utilization teak in key teak producing countries in ASEAN region. PART II: Progress Report 1-1 This is the one year plan of operation. PART III: Operational Yearly Program 1-1 Logical Framework Matrix for the one year pre-project (August 2008 to July 2009) The logical framework matrix for the one year is shown in the table 1. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 14

18 Table (1) Logical Framework Project Elements Development Objectives Promotion of downstream processing and utilization of value-added products of plantation teak. Verifiable Indicators Expansion of downstream processing woodbased industries. Means of Verification Management Plan, Teak Plantation Programmed. Important Assumptions Government approves to reduce exporting log form. Specific Objectives To assess local plantation teak resources, disseminate findings through a regional workshop and formulate a project proposal that identifies measures to improve local value adding. Output 1. Technical information on properties and utilization of local plantation teak collected. 2. Regional workshop for dissemination of pre-project findings and workshop proceedings including invited papers and workshop outcomes. 3. Project proposal addressing technical problems & commercialization of valueadded planted teak products in key teak producing countries in ASEAN region formulated. Mechanical, physical and natural durability properties of plantation teak. Assessment teak plantations will be done. Papers relating to pre-project outcomes, papers from participating teak-producing countries. Results of wood testing, Workshop proceedings, Reports and Project Proposal. Technical information, documents reports. Workshop proceedings. and and Project proposal. Reports and Project Proposal. Properties of plantation teak will improve local value adding; Findings are useful for stakeholders. Private sector is interested to establish woodbased industries. Adequate financial resources to be provided, stakeholders & participants to attend. The full project proposal is submitted to ITTO for due consideration. Description of the activities implemented during the period (October, 2008 to September, 2009) This project is essentially composed of three main parts; namely. (a) Technical information on properties and utilization of local plantation teak collected. (b) Regional workshop for dissemination of pre-project findings and workshop proceedings including invited papers and workshop outcomes. (c) Project proposal addressing technical problems and commercialization of value added products of planted teak in key teak producing countries in ASEAN region formulated. The present progress report is thus prepared to explain the progress covering the three main parts. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 15

19 Table (2). Work Plan Outputs/ Activities Responsible Party August Septemb October Novemb Decemb January Februar March April May June July Output 1 Technical information on properties and utilization of local plantation teak collected Activities: 1.1 Collection of timber samples from plantations. 1.2 Testing the properties and characteristics of wood. (i) To test up mechanical properties of various sizes of plantation teaks with different ages. (ii) To test the natural durability of these specimens. (iii) To determine the physical properties (shrinkage, dimensional stability, etc.) 1.3 Evaluate and assess technical problems in the utilization of planted teak. Output 2 Regional workshop for dissemination of pre-project findings and workshop proceedings including invited papers and workshop outcomes. Activities: 2.1 Conduct a four-day regional workshop in Yangon. Output 3 Project proposal addressing technical problems and commercialization of valueadded products of planted teak in key teak producing countries in ASEAN region formulated. Activities: 3.1 Overseas study of key project staff in value-added timber production. 3.2 Submit a full project proposal addressing technical problems and commercialization of valueadded products of planted teak. FD, staff FRI, staff. Project Project Project staff, FD,MTE Project staff, FD, MTE,ITTO Project staff Project staff Indicators and assumptions The most important assumption at the development level is government approves to reduce exporting log form. The important assumption of output 1 is interesting of private sector to establish wood-based industries. The important assumption of output 2 is adequate financial resources to be provided, stakeholders and participants to attend to the regional workshop. For the output 3 is the submitting of full project proposal to ITTO for due consideration. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 16

20 Organizational arrangement There will be a Project Steering Committee (PSC) comprising representative from Ministry of forestry, Planning and Statistics Department, Myanma Timber Enterprise, Myanmar Forest Products & Timber Merchants Association and Forest Department. The committee will be chaired by Director General, Planning and Statistics Department, Ministry of forestry and its will give guidance to the project executing agency for better implementation of the project activities. The PSC meeting will be held bi-annually. As mentioned before, the Forest Department, under the guidance of the PSC, will be Executing Agency while the Forest Research Institute (FRI) will act as practical project implementing institute for the project. For better and quicker communication between ITTO and the FRI, project-implementing agency, a Project Coordinator will be assigned for the pre-project. There will be 2 national consultants who will give technical advice to the Project Coordinator (PC). Under the PC three section leaders will be assigned for the three main sections mentioned in the organizational chart (Table.3). Monitoring, reporting and evaluation Bi-annual report will be made to ITTO through proper channel in Feb, 2009 and August, The reports will consist of financial and operational progress of the pre-project and if possible performance for each activity and its completed outputs. The reports will confirm to the standard format made in the ITTO manual for monitoring by ITTO representatives according to the ITTO guidelines. Monitoring visits by ITTO representatives will be fixed in consultation with the PSC. The project will also be subject to mid-term and post evaluation by ITTO. The project completion report will be completed and submitted to ITTO and PSC within 3 months of project completion. The Project Coordinator will monitor assumption mentioned in the project document on a monthly basis. Internal project coordinating meetings and staff meeting will be held as needed during the project implementation period. Implementation of the project will be closely collaborated by the members of the PSC and the Director General of the FD will supervise and give continuous guidance to the Project Coordinator (PC). The main responsibility, however, for implementation of this plantation teak pre-project activity rests with PC. As mentioned before, they will monitor the activities whether they are in line with the time and activities set. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 17

21 Table(3) Organization Chart Project steering Committee National Consultants Project Coordinator U Khin Maung Oo(DD) Properties Testing Section Section Leader ( 1) Daw Yi Yi Han ( RO, FRI ) Technical Officers U Aung Soe ( ARO, FRI) U Win Oo Naing ( ARO, FRI ) U Kyaw Win Mg ( ARO, FRI ) Daw Cho Cho Win ( RA, FRI) Information Collection and Project Proposal Formulation Section Section Leader ( 2) Daw Khin May Lwin ( RO,FRI ) Technical Officers U Win Myint ( AD, FRI ) Daw Zar Chi Hlaing (RA) U Htin Kyaw (AEO, MFPTMA) Value Added Products Production and Marketing Section Section Leader ( 3) U Aung Myint ( M, MTE) Technical Officers U Htun Htun OO-2(AM, MTE) U Phon Khine Htan (AM, MTE) Note: DD : Deputy Director RO : Research Officer AD : Assistant Director ARO : Assistant Research Officer M : Manager AM : Assistant Manager RA : Research Assistant MTE : Myanmar Timber Enterprise FRI : Forest Research Institute MFPTMA: Myanmar Forest Products & Timber AEO : Assistant Executive Officer Merchants Association Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 18

22 ANNEX 5 Genetic Conservation of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.)in Myanmar Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Director, Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar 1. Introduction Teak, economically the most important forest resource of the country, is recognized as one of the most valued and sought after tropical timbers in the world and it is asserted that at present extensive and beautiful natural teak stands can be seen only in Myanmar. In Myanmar, like in many other tropical countries, the forest resources are of paramount importance for national economic development and environmental conservation. The forests provide timber for both domestic use and export. They are also a vital source of food, shelter, fuel and income for the rural poor who constitute about 76% of the country's total population of over 55 million. Notwithstanding ever increasing pressures on the forest resources for both domestic and export requirements, the forest management in Myanmar has always adhered to the principles of sustainable forest management (SFM). 2. Current Status of Teak Genetic Conservation and Improvement in Myanmar 2.1 Status of Myanmar Forests The Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2005) conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in cooperation with the Myanmar Forest Department has indicated that Myanmar is still endowed with a forest covered area of 52% of the country's land total area of 676,553 km 2, one of the highest in the Asia-Pacific Region. Forests are owned by the State and are categorized legally as reserved forests (30%) and public forests or unclassified forests (70%). 13 million hectares (37.8% of the total forest area and 19% of the country s land area) are categorized as Permanent Forest Estate (PFE), of which 3.3 million hectares are in designated conservation reserves. It is claimed that 62.2% of the boundary of the PFE has been demarcated. Within the PFE, 9.7 million hectares are designated as production forest, comprising 8.3 million hectares of mixed deciduous forests and 1.4 million hectares of evergreen forests. 2.2 Institutional Arrangements Policies, Laws and Legislations The forest policy focuses on the Protection, Sustainability, Basis needs, Efficiency, People's participation and Awareness. The Burma Forest Act 1902 and subsequent amendments were in use until the Government promulgated new forest legislation in November Organizations for Policy Implementation The Ministry of Forestry has the primary responsibility for the administration and management of the forestry sector. The organizational structure comprises a Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 19

23 combination of government agencies such as the Planning and Statistics Department, the Forest Department, Myanma Timber Enterprise, the Dryzone Greening Department, Non Governmental Organization such as the Forest Resource, Environment, Development and Conservation Association, and private bodies such as the Timber Merchants Association. Among above mentioned organizations, the Forest Department (FD) is mainly responsible for research and development of forest management and conservation of biodiversity. Under the organizational structure of FD, the Forest Research Institute (FRI) and Central Forestry Development Training Centre (CFDTC) have been conducting some research works on genetic conservation and tree breeding and improvement by use of in vitro and in vivo propagation techniques Forest Research Institute (FRI) FRI is one of the divisions under the Forest Department which has established in 1978 and it is situated in Yezin. The main research activities concerned with biodiversity conservation and tree improvement are: Development of natural forests Development of forest plantations Establishment of provenance trials of some valuable tree species Establishment of Clonal Seed Orchards (CSOs) and Seed Production Areas (SPAs) Vegetative propagation on teak, padauk, thitsein and other species Utilization of lesser-used-species Introducing some tropical exotic tree species as trial basis. Seed Improvement Activities Plus Tree Selection as a tool in Tree Improvement and In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Genetic Resources Selection Independent Culling Levels Approach Candidate tree will be compared to a number of neighbouring trees for various characters. An Index Approach - Genotype and Phenotype Base Line Selection Approach Candidate tree will be selected and compared to a regional average (or base line) calculated from a composite of measurements taken on a number of trees within a region Central Forestry Development Training Centre (CFDTC) The Central Forestry Development Training Centre (CFDTC) with financial and technical aid from the Government of Japan and under the responsibility of the Forest Department was founded in 1990 as an Institute for the provision of systematic forestry training and educational opportunities to in-service personnel and to local people with the advanced technologies. The main objective is to conduct the training courses to support the major task of the Forest Department, which has to conserve the natural forests through sustainable forest management by people participation intend to provide socio-economic and environmental values to the people. At CFDTC, there is a tissue culture lab for propagation and conservation of teak and some endangered indigenous wild orchids. 3. Teak Improvement Programme 3.1 Main Elements As many other forest tree improvement programmes, the main elements in the teak improvement programme are: strategies, tree populations, operation and management, research and development. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 20

24 3.1.1 Strategies Tree improvement strategies involve planning and execution for achieving general objectives, especially of long term breeding, propagation and conservation in the improvement programme. The formulation and development of an improvement strategy requires biological and technological knowledge including: genetic variation and gain, flowering biology, mating system, seed production, clonal propagation, planting techniques etc Populations Tree populations in an improvement programme consist of genetic resources, breeding, propagation and wood production. The genetic structures of these four populations are the core elements in the breeding programme. Due to the differences in their objectives, genetic structures, variabilities and long- term utilization, these four populations are usually established and maintained separately Operation/Management Operations and management in an improvement programme are mostly concerned with the availability of human resources, financial resources, infrastructure and organization, knowledge of the genetic parameters and reproductive biology of the species, information, technologies, etc Research and Development Research and development in an improvement programme is essential to solve certain key problems. Moreover, the development of appropriate technologies will assist and facilitate the breeding activities (e.g. pollen extraction and storage, flowering induction, etc.) and propagation operations (e.g. seed production, cuttings, tissue culture, etc.). 3.2 The Objectives The objectives in the teak improvement programmes are divided into short- and long-term objectives as follows: Short-term objectives include increased volume production per unit area of the plantation through the improvement of growth rate (e.g. diameter and height growth). Improved stem quality of trees in terms of stem straightness, stem, clear bole, or pruning capability; persistence of stem axis other desirable characters. Improved wood qualities e.g. wood color and density. Production of genetically improved seed (e.g. through the establishment of seed production areas and seed orchards) and vegetative propagules (e.g. through the establishment of clone banks) sufficient for planting programmes. Long-term objectives include establishment of long-term breeding populations for greater cumulative genetic gains of improved characters. Manipulation and maintenance of genetic variabilities of the breeding populations through as many generations as possible. Securing the supply of improved seed and/or planting materials of greater cumulative gain for planting programmes. 3.3 The Importance of High Quality Seed Seeds used for plantation establishment should be of high quality because seed quality has a direct impact on the successful establishment, tree growth and quality. The quality of seed consists of three components: Genetic Quality - inherent characteristics of the tree from which seeds are collected. Physical Quality - it is related to physical characteristics such as size, color, age, occurrence of cracks, pest and diseases etc. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 21

25 Physiological Quality - it is related to physiological characteristics such as maturity, moisture content, germination ability. Physiological quality is influenced by the handling, processing and storing of seed. It is dependent on the internal progress of the biological process of the seed and is not always easy to detect from visual inspection of the seed, but physiological quality can be revealed by germination test. 3.4 Establishment of Seed Production Areas (SPAs) Seed Production Areas (SPA) are plantations or natural stands where phenotypically superior trees are chosen and turned into seed collection areas, after removing inferior trees. SPAs can be classified into temporary and semi permanent types; the type used will be dependent upon the need for seed and the extent of good stands. A temporary area is established and managed so that a heavy seed crop is obtained, the seed trees are felled for timber and at the same time seeds are collected. This method can be used where stands acceptable as seed production areas are numerous, so that new seed production areas can be established to replace the older ones when they are harvested. The semi-permanent seed production area is operated on the principle that several crops will be harvested following the response to initial thinning before the seed production area trees are felled. (Note: SPAs are only interim in nature, so the trees can be harvested for timber.). The idea behind this is to initiate a tree improvement programme and at the same time, have a mean of getting good quality seed quickly for the plantations that are being established. Establishment of CSOs can follow, however, intensive selection of plus trees are vital as, the logging is always faster than our selection. Moreover, selection for commercial purpose will be mostly good and big sound trees, leaving behind mostly smaller and inferior trees Establishment Method of Seed Production Area The following steps are usually taken in the establishment of seed production area. (1) Choose good natural stands with high composition of the desired species or a good plantation with near full stocking and minimum deformed trees. (2) The stand must be old enough to produce seed. There is no specific age limitation in natural stand but very old plantations are not easy to manage and the response to thinning is minimal. (3) Choose phenotypically superior trees Mark the chosen trees with yellow paint and number the trees. Record must be kept in triplicate for the selected trees. (4) The size of area should be at least 5 ha. (5) It is best to retain 50 best trees of superior phenotype per acre (0.4 ha) but 20 to 30 trees per acre (50-75/ha.) after thinning, is acceptable. However, this will also depend upon the site quality and number of deformed trees in the plantation. (6) Thin out the inferior trees. (Note: When thinning out the inferior trees it is very important to be careful not to damage the trees left so as to avoid leaving degenerated trees as seed producers). Careless thinning is a most common mistake in the establishment of seed production areas. (7) Establish a buffer zone or an isolation zone or pollen dilution zone around the SPA. The zone should be about feet ( m) wide. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 22

26 3.4.2 Management of Seed Production Area (1) If the SPA is to be operated efficiently, vegetative materials under the seed trees must be controlled. After thinning, clean up the residue and the forest floor from weed. This is to prevent from fire and disease outbreak and to allow easy management. (2) Fertilizer will be used in conjunction with thinning to induce heavy flowering. (Note: Younger trees respond to fertilization more than older trees). (3) Pesticides sprays to control seed insects can be applied both aerially and from the ground which is sometimes not very successful. (4) Record of SPAs must be kept in triplicate Advantage of Seed Production Area (1) Seed collected from SPAs will have better quality than seed collected from seed tree method or better than that collected haphazardly. (2) When seed production areas are established in natural stands, the geographic origin of the parent trees are known, thus yielding seed from a suitable (known) source. A land race will be developed when the best individuals are selected from plantations. (3) Quality seeds can be collected which are well adapted and at a modest cost. 3.5 Teak Clonal Seed Orchards (CSOs) Although the SPA has many advantages, the establishment of CSOs is still essential, the core component in a teak improvement programme. In breeding populations, the CSOs create successive new breeding and propagation populations with greater cumulative genetic gains. In propagation populations, successive CSO produce larger quantities of seed with greater genetic gains compared with the SPA. Although Teak CSOs have long been established throughout the region in Asia, little is known about seed production capacity in the seed orchards. In Myanmar, the need for proper tree improvement programme was greatly debated at the initiation of the early 1980 s. Consequently, the first Clonal Seed Orchards (CSOs) were established at Moswe, Pyinmana Forest Division by the FRI in 1981, and the second CSO at Letpan-khon, Toungoo Forest Division, by the EPP in consultation with FRI in In 1998, the FRI has established a new Teak CSO with 25 clones which are collected from the selected plus trees. 3.6 Reproductive Biology of Teak Knowledge of specific reproductive biology is very important in the formulation of improvement strategies. This knowledge includes maturity and flowering, type of flower, flower initiation, development and structure, pollination mechanism, fruit setting, development and ripening, etc Flowering Teak starts flowering at 6-8 years after planting. However, the first flowering may be as early as 3-4 years and as late as years. Teak flowering starts soon after the growth flushing stage, i.e. in the middle of rainy season. The flowering time of this species, however, varies depending on the arrival of the rainy season. In Myanmar, flowering time usually starts in June-July and lasts until September. The Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 23

27 flowers occur in a large panicle and each panicle contains 1,200-3,700 flowers (Bryndum and Hedegart, 1969) and may be up to 8,000 flowers (White, 1991) Pollination time Although the flower buds start opening in the early morning, the pollination period begins in late morning and reaches a peak during midday, , and then declines thereafter (Bryndum and Hedegart, 1969; Hedegart, 1973). This is due to the light requirement for pollen ripening and receptivity. The flower usually opens for one day, pollen receptivity also lasts within that day; whereas the pollen viability may be up to 3 days after flowering (Egenti, 1981b) Pollination vectors Teak is a mainly insect-pollinated species but some wind pollination also occurs (Bryndum and Hedegart, 1969; Hedegart, 1973). A series of studies in Thailand and Nigeria showed that the percentage of fruit setting per flower panicle increases significantly with an increase in number of visits of pollinators (Hedegart, 1973; Egenti, 1981a). Bees, flies, butterflies and ants appear to be major pollinators Crossing or selfing species Teak is a cross-pollinating species (Bryndum and Hedegart, 1969; Hedegart, 1973). Under controlled pollination, the highest percentage of self-compatibility is only 5.5 % as compared with crossing which is as high as 60 % (Bryndum and Hedegart, 1969; Hedegart, 1973). Moreover, the selfed seeds are smaller in size and lower in viability and germination percentages than the crossed seeds (Bryndum and Hedegart, 1969; Hedegart, 1973). However, when germination percentage of routine or open pollinated seed is taken into account, the proportion of self-pollinated seed to cross pollinated seed in each seed lot may be as high as 30% (Bryndum and Hedegart, 1969). This is due to the lack of insects for cross pollination activity. In Papua New Guinea, Cameron (1966) reported similarly that the proportion of selfed seed from open pollinated seed orchards is expected to be very high, based on assumptions that cross pollinated seeds will occur only through insect activity and observations that an early flowering isolated seed orchard tree can produce a quantity of viable seed. Early results in isozyme studies in Thailand also indicated that there is a high possibility of selfing in teak seed orchards (Kaosa-ard, 1977, 1981) Fruit setting Although a massive number of small flowers occur throughout the flowering period of 4-5 months, only a small quantity of seed can be collected from each tree. This is especially with trees in plantations, SPA and CSO where the stem density is relatively high. This low fruit percentage is due primarily to: a) the low proportion of pollinators to flowers; and b) the short flowering and pollination periods of individual flowers. Based on this assumption, the production capacity and germination of teak seed can be improved through the increase of populations of insect pollinators in the seed sources Genetic Variation Provenance variation Teak occurs naturally in India, Myanmar, Thailand and Lao (along the northern Thai-Lao border) (Kaosa-ard, 1977, 1981). In Indonesia (in central and eastern Java and its neighboring islands), the species was long time (>700 years) introduced and through many generations of succession and distribution, it has been accepted as one of the natural sources (Kaosa-ard, 1981, 1986). Due to its wide range of distribution, Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 24

28 three main natural populations, i.e. the Indian, the Myanmar-Thai-Lao and the insular (Indonesian) populations, have been grouped according to their geographical differences (Hedegart, 1976). Within each population, a number of sub-populations are also divided such as the "dry interior", the "moist west coast" and the "semi-moist east coast" subpopulations of the Indian population (Keiding et al., 1986). Apart from natural populations, the species has been introduced since the 1800s and is well acclimatized in many countries in the tropics (FAO, 1957). A series of international provenance trials (75 provenances and 48 field trials) established in the early 1970s clearly demonstrated effects of provenances or seed source on growth, stem quality and health of this species (Keiding et al., 1986). Heritability values of certain characters at provenance level have been estimated to understand teak genetic parameters. Among the observed characters, diameter growth (dbh) and stem straightness and clear bole, persistence of stem axis and flowering habit (early and/or late flowering) are strongly inherited (i.e. h 2 (0.70) in this species (Harahap and Soerinegara, 1977; Keiding et al., 1986; Kaosa-ard, 1993). 3.7 Research activities ITTO project titled Ex-situ and In-situ Conservation of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F) to Support Sustainable Forest Management was formulated with the objective of initiating a Tree Improvement Programme effectively in Myanmar. Thus, the project is concentrated on the simple establishment of SPA with the community participation and development of that area together with preparatory work for more sophisticated tree improvement programme. The preparatory work consists of strengthening of tissue culture laboratory, plus tree selection, and establishment of provenance trials, clonal seed orchard, and hedge gardens. The major constraints in teak improvement strategies are low seed production, low plant percentage in nursery production and difficulty in controlled pollination. Supportive research and development in these areas are really required Research on seed production Priority research on seed production should be as follows: 1) Effects of environmental factors, e.g. climate prior to and during flowering period, soil fertility and fertilizer application, stand age and density, etc., on flowering and fruit setting. 2) Flowering biology in relation to seed production, e.g. flower initiation and development, pollination ecology, fruit growth and development, etc. 3) Effects of leaf defoliators, e.g. Hyblaea puera, on flowering and seed productivity. 4) Effects of insects feeding on flowers and young fruits on seed production. 5) Effects of hormones and other related substances on flowering induction and seed production. 6) Effects of pollination insects on seed production Research on nursery techniques Research and development priorities on nursery techniques: 1) Physiological dormancy of teak seed. 2) All existing seed pre-sowing treatment techniques are revised and/or retested. Promising techniques be further developed for large scale operation programme. 3) Nursery techniques, as transplanting and hardening techniques, i.e. to reduce growth competition and to improve uniformity of nursery seedlings. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 25

29 3.7.3 Research on vegetative propagation The strong current interest in vegetative propagation is justified by the outlined difficulties with seed production. An effective application of tissue culture and/or sprout-cutting of seedlings will support testing and selection in the breeding populations and may be an option for mass clonal propagation for the clonal planting programme. The possibility of mass production of tested individual clones will generally lift the possible performance level of material reaching plantation forestry in the form of clone mixtures in sets of; say 25 clones (Kaosa-ard, 1979). 4. Conclusion It is known that key elements of a tree improvement programme are gene resource population, breeding population, propagation population and wood production population. Insight of the selection system used for favored single species (i.e. Teak) in multi-species complex ecosystem, a cutting regime that always removes all teak trees above the prescribed girth limit, including the best trees, may in the long run result in genetic erosion. To secure valuable genetic diversity and functions, in-situ gene conservation is in urgent need to be protected and maintained for long-term breeding and utilization. Therefore, it is a timely reminder of the importance of the genetic conservation and initiation process of appropriate steps in order to maintain threatened genetic resources of teak and as a basis for future conservation and development activities. Plus tree selection is a basic tool used in tree improvement programme. Plus tree selection in any tree species population is simply "The selection of phenotypically superior trees" that would give better quality of regeneration and materials for breeding (Zabala, 1980). Plus tree is an outstanding individual, appeared distinctly superior to the average which occurs in natural stands, or in even-aged stands, combining as many desirable traits as possible, such as good stem form, straightness, long, clean and cylindrical bole, resistance to pests and diseases, etc. Teak has been artificially regenerated by: direct sowing of seed, seed broadcasting, seedling transplant and stumps (derived from seed). Traditionally, seed was collected from natural stands that are identified as seed bearers, but unfortunately these trees have become rare due to heavy felling practices in the past. Though clonal seed orchards have been promoted recently, the amount of seed produced is still below demand. Consequently, seed has been collected from genetically inferior parent trees, and this guides the increase of poor quality teak in plantations. Clone planting was not common up to the recent past because clonal cultivation materials were very difficult to obtain. Budding, grafting and cutting techniques have been successfully developed but applied only to a limited extent. These methods have been employed to multiply plus trees for clonal seed orchards. The successful development of tissue culturing of teak in Myanmar in the past 3-4 years has opened up new horizons for clonal plantations of teak in near future. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 26

30 ANNEX 6 Perum Perhutani Teak Forst and Wood Working Industries Lukman Imam Syafii,Assistant Director, Planning, Perhulani, Indonesia Teak Tteak (Tectona grandis L.F.) is the world s premier hardwood timber. It is also commonly considered by ship builders and outdoor furniture manufacturer's to be the planet's most versatile, durable, and valuable hard wood. It is become more valuable because teak is a dense, coarse, close-grained hardwood. It contains high levels of resinous oils that allow it to be naturally resistant to moisture, repellent to insects, and impervious to the drying effects of weather. Teak also contains silica, a sand-like component which creates a density to the wood that allows it to also be resistant to fungal decay, water, rotting, warping, shrinking, swelling and many damaging chemicals. Due to its high economics value and the increasing demand, some countries in South America, Africa and Australia develop teak plantation, eventough there are only a few countries in the world that contain natural teak forests; Burma, Laos, India, Thailand, and Indonesia. Teak comes from a variety of regions and many scientists feel that certain regional elements contribute to the varying degrees of quality of plantation teak. And, Java Teak is one of the most famous teak wood for furniture in the world including in European market. Perum Perhutani produces m3 teak wood in 2008 from the teak forest area that managed based on sustainable forest management. About m3 of those go to the wood working industry. Perum Perhutani is not the only teak wood producer in Indonesia, there are also some teak forest in South East Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, Lampung and Teak Community Forest in some region in Java. The teak wood produced from this forest are mainly for home industry and domestic market. Teak Wood Industry Perum Perhutani operates forest product industries, namely Wood Working Industry in Cepu, Wood Working Industry Brumbung, and Wood Working Industry Gresik and 12 unit of Sawing Facilitiy producing among others : garden furniture (GF), housing components, veneer cut, TOP, parquet block, flooring. The Wood Working Industrie is not only produce garden furniture in grade A and B, but also indoor furniture, building material (i.e. solid doors, windows and flooring). The value of wood working industry is significant. For example, in 2008, about 20% of company income was contributed by wood industry. The market for wood working industry product spread out into domestic and internationally. Perhutani also actives in promoting its product by involve in both domestic and international exhibition like in Spoga (Germany) and Senzhen (China). To enhanching the market, all wood working industry unit as Business Management Unit has an authority to deliver export directly to the buyer in Asia, Europe, America, Australia, Middle East and other countries. As mention by Herry Purnomo, 2007, Indonesia has 2% world 20% 1% 24% 55% Graph 1.Comodities contribution to the Company Income in 2008 Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 27 logs Non wood Industry Wood Industry others

31 furniture (as one of wood industry product) trade share, as can be seen in graph below. Dealing with relatively small world market share above, Perum Perhutani is always improving the quality of the product and accommodating customer feedback, and also undertaking some activity of never ending to improve such as on time delivery services, good quality and accurate quantity, Graph 2. Market Composistion of Perum Perhutani Wood Industry Product All Perum Perhutani wood industry product is originaly come from legally sourced and some already certified. Perum Perhutani committed to apply the principles of Sustainable Forest Management in all regions aiming at achieving a Sustainable Forest Management Standard from Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) as the form of an international recognition. Perum Perhutani always yields environment friendly products of higher quality. Buying our product means that you play an important role, because the Perum Perhutani forest area has an essential function in Java and Madura, environmentally, socially and economically. This become more important since not less than 5,552 villages settle side by side with Perum Perhutani s forest area. Perum Perhutani environment friendly performs by involving an active participation of the community surrounding the forest area by the Collaborative Forest Management with the Community (CFMC) Program. Perum Perhutani commitment to reach its vision to become a management of sustainable forest that available for prosperity of the people, will optimistically realized by making the entire forest in Java green by It is because the support from the Forested Rural Community Association (LMDH), as the partner on CFMC. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 28

32 ANNEX 7 The Role of Plantation Teak in Myanmar U Zaw Win, CEC Member, Myanmar Forest Product, Timber and MarchentsAssociation(MFPTMA), Myanmar Introduction Among world teak, Myanmar teak, special and in a class of its own, has become renowned since the mid eighteen century. It has been known to be exceptionally suitable for shipbuilding, veneer, high class furniture & construction works, especially for decorative joinery. In Swedish & European boat industries, even through plantation teak from other countries are available at lower price, they cannot replace Myanmar teak due to the following reasons (Kaung Yin 1998). (1) Appearance or look is better with Myanmar teak. (2) Silica content is high in Myanmar Teak. (3) Resin content is high in Myanmar teak. The peculiarity of genuine teak is always referred to with name of the country of origin to signify its class; for example Myanmar teak, Java teak. Forest management in Myanmar In Myanmar, it has been officially recognized that scientific forest management started back in 1856, the earlier form of management are known to exist since the monarchial days, as substantiated by prescription of teak as "Royal property" & the age-old practice of girdling of teak trees. As a result of the proper application of the management system, Myanmar is only country which is still producing teak wood mainly from its natural forests. Export of teak in volume, value and average price were shown in Table (1). It indicates that export earnings increased from year to year but with a decreasing trend in average price. This is due to increasing volume of low grade teak. Both quantity and quality of Myanmar teak are going downward. This income generated by forestry was not because of quality orientation but because of quantity orientation. Table (1)- Yearly average price of teak Fiscal Year 2001/ / / / / /2007 Ton Teak Average Price (US$) Value US$million Source: CSO selected Monthly Indicator. Global trends in Forest plantation According to Global Forest Resources Assessment FRA 2000, forest plantation cover 187 million hectares, of which Asia accounts for 62%. The increase of the forest plantation area is estimated over the 1995 as 124 million hectares. The new annual planting rate is 4.5 million hectares globally, with Asia and South America accounting Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 29

33 for 91%. Forest plantation ownership is public 27%, private 24%, other 20% and not specified 29%. Figure (I)- World Forest Plantations Area Figure (II)- Predicted Contribution of Compared to Natural Forest Area Plantation wood to regional wood supply Source: FRA 2000 Source FRA 2000 Regional Forest Plantation Table(2)- Annual plantation rates &plantation by regions and specie groups Region Total Area (000h a) Annual Rate AcaciEucaly (000ha/ a ptus yr) Hev ea Tecton a Plantation Other Broad leaf Pinu s Other Conifer Unspeci fied Africa 8, , , , Asia 115,8 3,500 7,9 10,9 9,05 5,40 31,556 15,5 19,968 15, Europe 32, ,000 5 N/Central 17, ,4 88 1,297 America 3 40 Oceania 3, ,948 8 South 10, , , America World Total 187,0 4,493 8,3 8,31 17,8 9,88 5,716 37,3 20,743 53, % - 4% 10% 5% 3% 18% 20% 11% 29% Source FRA 2000 According to the species distribution, Teak account for 5% in Asia and 3% in Africa. World teak plantation area is 5,716,000 ha and 5,409,000 ha (about 94%) located in Asia; mainly in Indonesia, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Teak Plantation in Myanmar The plantation forestry is not really new to Myanmar and can be traced as far back as the year 1700 when teak was planted in the Paletwa area of Chin State (FAO 1956). Systematic teak plantations were established in 1856 by Taungya method. However plantation in those days were of very limited extent. Due to the increasing demand for timber and deteriorating situation of the natural forests a news venture on massive plantation forestry become essential. Past Teak Plantation Establishment in Myanmar In Myanmar, from 1856 to about 1896, experiments pertaining to teak plantation establishments were tried out on a limited scale by Conservators and Divisional Forest Officers who took an interest in teak. Starting from 1896, plantation establishments were systematically organized by the Forest Department. By 1926, Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 30

34 the total teak plantation area amounted to 100,000acres (40486ha). In 1942, it amounted to 113,000 acres (45749ha) (Champion, H and Osmaston F. Vol. IV., 1962). The total teak plantation area up to 2007 amounted to ha (see Table.2) although a substantial area was lost during the Japanese occupation in the Second World War, the insurrection, illicit logging and marketing, prolonged delayed thinning resulting in uprooted felled trees and irreparable soils loss, and the extensive bee-hole borer attack. The Present Myanmar Teak Plantation Situation In the early stages of Myanmar teak plantation development, teak plantation management was carried out on a manageable scale (Stebbings, E.P.,1926) and site was very meticulously selected, with adequate staff to implement the plantation establishment. Success was assumed in some way when timely implementation of tending operations was carried out in all stage of development and the detrimental effects of teak was somewhat curtailed. In the latter stages of development, when large-scale teak plantations were established through projects aided by the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank, failures began to set is due to inadequate staff and labour shortage, selection of vast areas of some unsuitable sites, resulting in untimely cultural operations, and accelerated erosion and site degradation thereby affecting the proper growth of the trees. Special Teak Plantation Programme Initiated by the Ministry of Forestry with the approval of the Government's Implantation Committee on special project, a special teak plantation programme was formulated by the Forest Department in The special teak plantation programme with a time span on rotation of 40 years is structured with a series of 8 consecutive phases. Each phase, with duration of 5 years, accommodates 20 plantation centres. Felling-cum-regeneration plan for the 5- year period is prepared for each centre and harvest by clear cutting with replanting. And it will commence at the end of a rotation of 40 years. To attain maximum production, it has clearly been instructed that the special teak plantations are to be located on sites with quality level no less than site quality II/III. Provided that the plantations are established on ideal locations of site quality I / II the Forest Department estimated that, after the year 2038, a sustainable annual production from the annually available 20,000 acres of special teak plantation would be as high as 1.8 mil m 3. Private teak plantation According to Myanmar forest law (1992), "A standing teak tree wherever situated in the state is owned by the state". In the past time establishment of teak plantation & extraction of teak is entirely done by Government. In the very recent time (2005) the government allow the local investors to establish teak plantation. This is the great opportunity for local entrepreneurs. Government leases the forest land to plant teak. The outturn of teak from plantation is shared between government and private in 20:80 ratio. Due to increasing demand & advanced technology in wood utilization, local entrepreneurs are planting teak to produce small & medium timber in short rotation for early economic returns. Because of the involvement of private sectors in the teak plantation investment, the sector can be expected to provide more contribution towards the nation's economic development and social progress than ever. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 31

35 Rotation of teak plantation Previously in Myanmar, there was no defined rotation period for teak plantation as after heavy thinning at the age of 40 years all plantations were treated as natural forests. It was assumed that teak usually took 100 years or more to reach 73 cm dbh, an exploitable size fixed under the MSS. Starting from early 1985, the adoption of an 60 years rotation for normal teak plantations mark significant changes from the old procedures. But CAI & MAI do not culminate as yet at the rotation age 60 years, they both seem to be still rising (Kyaw Tun 1993). The fixed rotation for special teak plantation is 40 years. Thinning regimes & intensity on Myanmar teak plantation Two types of thinning; mechanical and silvicultural thinning are generally practiced in Myanmar. The first two thinnings are generally mechanical each of which has an intensity of 50%. The first thinning and second thinning are normally done when stem height reaches 7.6m-9.1m and 12.2m-13.7m respectively, prior to the plantation with an initial spacing 1.8m x 1.8m. The third (silviculture) thinning is governed by average diameter of the crop. Basically, site, geographical range, weather and planting intensity influence the method, grade and time of thinning. Heavier grade becomes a standard practice and same instances even heavier extreme grade is applied in final thinning. (Ohn, 1995). Thinning operation were done irregularly in the past as the sanctioned strength & budget allocation were inadequate. Environmental Impact Teak plantation have been growing in Myanmar widely but there exists more or less an environmental impasse. Teak in any localized area are self destructive and induced excessive soil erosion and site deterioration. The major drawback of any forest plantation put under monoculture is the tendency of insect invasion into it and hence, there is no exception for teak plantations (Tin Tun 1998). It suggested that care should be taken in establishing teak plantation. The following points must be taken to minimize monoculture effects on environment. (1) Selection of the suitable site, soil and elevation (2) Use of good quality seed and good genetic stock. (3) Correct & timely thinning. (4) A block of simple plantation must not be larger than 100 ha, each be planted adjacent with each other in the same year. (5) Interplanting of soil-improving, agriculture plants & fast growing medium sized species as a secondary storey. (6) Taungya system is to be revitalized & promoted. Cost-Benefit Analysis With regard to teak plantation established in Myanmar, a preliminary study on cost-benefit analysis for special teak plantations has been carried out. The cost of establishing and maintaining special teak plantation were discounted back to the beginning of the rotation, i.e 40 years, and deducted from the sum of all receipts which have been similarly treated. The net present value(npv) of the investment is K 713,085 is on one-hectare site at a discount rate of 10%. The study reveals that special teak plantations could earn a maximum of 14.48% at the 40 year. The IRR therefore is 14.48% for special teak plantation. Benefit/Cost Ratio (BCR) is , meaning that for every K 1.0 invested, there is a return of K or a net return of K Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 32

36 Extraction of Plantation Teak In Myanmar, there are two main government departments, which are concerned for extraction of the plantation teak, Myanma Timber Enterprise (MTE) and the Forest Department (F.D). First, MTE cut-down the marked trees from the plantation and give proper logging according to the rules and regulations. These logs are then dragged to a certain place either by elephants or buffaloes. This place is called measuring point (MP) where the specification of the logs are inspected by FD and hammered on each and every log. From these measuring points they are transported and stored in a log depot. From these log depots they will be transported by trucks or rail, barge or raft by whichever is appropriate for final destination (Main Depots). Normal Extraction of teak from plantation Normally there are (4) times of thinning. The first and the second thinning are 100% mechanical. The thinning trees are not physically checked. These trees which fell on the thinning line shall be cut. However in the case of third thinning and forth thinning which are also called silviculture thinnings, physical conditions of the trees and stand structure are properly checked. Good trees are left behind and only the poor quality trees are cut off. Extraction of mature teak In the past after the final thinning(after 40 years), the trees left in the plantation are treated as those of the natural forest. The extraction and logging procedures are also the same as that of the natural forests. At the matured time, teak from plantation and natural forests are extracted together the exploitable girth limit is(6-6 ) at breast height. F.D girdled or give the Selective Felling (SF) marking. Future extraction from private teak plantation In 2005, with special permission from the Cabinet, private is allowed to do plantation of teak to extract and sell by themselves. Most of the private plantation were started in (2006) and the fist thinning will be done in the year (2011). All the weakpoints, which MTE has encountered in its plantation development, shall be studied and remedied. Private companies may quickly extract the thinning logs and can enjoy the taste of fresh harvest from their own plantations. Wood Quality of young teak High quality teak wood is normally produced from relatively long rotation plantation or from natural forest.(ie: over 80 years). Because of increasing teakwood demand, reducing the rotation age has been done widely.(ie 20,25,30 & 40 years). Young teakwood is produced from thinning & final felling at the end of short rotation. Mature teak wood (to be cut about years of age) mainly consist of heartwood, while younger one consist of bigger portion of sapwood. About 10 years old teak trees consists of 70% sapwood, while at years of age the wood almost has 50% of heartwood. Specific gravity of teak wood is lower in young teak. Yudodibroto (1985) reported that specific gravity of teak was as low as The mechanical strength of wood will be lower at about 30% on average. Trees harvested in shorter rotations and thinning trees have higher proportion of juvenile and tension woods, generally characterized by shorter fibers & elements, small diameter and thinner cells with higher fibrile angle. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 33

37 Natural grown teak Vs plantation grown teak There has been great interest on where the teak timber from planted is as good as natural grown teak. Person (1911 and 1913) carried out some tests to see the difference in strength between the natural grown and plantation-grown teak. His results are reproduced in Table 9. Table(9)- Strength of natural and plantation grown teak Natural or Plantation Locality MC (%) Bending Strength MOR (psi) Compression Parallel to grain: max. crushing (psi) Shear (psi) Natural Plantation Natural Plantation Zigon Zigon Malabur Malabur ,405 16,397 13,529 14,829 6,751 8,304 7,441 8,276 1,460 1,919 1,933 2,025 Person carried out a further study and he included test specimens from both hill and the plain sites. The results are reproduced in Table-10. Table(10)- Test Results of Natural and Plantation Grown Teak Properties Natural Plantation Plane Site 1. Shear 2. Compression Parallel to grain (psi) 3. Bending strength (psi) 1,608 6,474 16,150 1,402 6,026 16,038 Hill Site 1. Shear 2. Compression Parallel to grain (psi) 3. Bending strength (psi) 1,649 6,384 16,889 1,505 7,056 13,889 International In the plains, natural teak is stronger than plantation teak, whereas in hill areas plantation teak is a little stronger than natural teak, except in shear strength. Between the plains and the hill areas, natural teak from the plains seemed to be superior to that of the hill sites. In the case of plantation teak, the hill sites produced stronger teak. The difference between natural and plantation teak is rather small and there is no real difference. Processing and Marketing of plantation Situation The average price of raw from teak plantations are very low compared to the log price of Myanmar. In downstream young teakwood from the plantation cannot be substituted in the shipbuilding market. They may be able to substitute the garden & interior furniture. By using finger-jointing techniques, long floorings and boards can be produced. Lam-parquets, parquets, different types of floorings, moulding, furniture components, barrels etc: are produced and marketed from these small logs, Teak wood waste are even manufactured as particle boards in the international market. Situation in Myanmar In order to supplement the production of natural forests, vast areas of teak plantations have been established in Myanmar annually. Until now these thinning posts which came out from the plantation forests are sold out as product from plantation.. These posts are classified into the breast-height girth limits of & Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 34

38 and sold out in its own log-form. At present they are sold out in natural form. No processed young teak products has been exported. However, in the future these young aged teak and thinning posts must be sold out in processed form. Conclusion & Suggestion Myanmar teak is well all over the world and it has been able to maintain its market for more than a century. Due to dwindling supplying of teak from natural teak bearing forests and increased demand for its timber, harvesting teak from natural forests can no longer sustainable and a teak plantation is a must now-a-day. The following points are suggestions for the future of teak plantations. 1.Plantation Management (a) Appropriate silvicultural methods must be applied. (b) Good genetic stock must be used. (c) Suitable site should be chosen. (d) The size of plantation must not larger than 100 ha, each be planted adjacent with other in the same year. (e) Correct and timely tending operations, especially thinning should be done. (f) Soil-improving agriculture plant and fast growing medium size species or bamboo should be interplanted. (g) Toungya system is to be revitalized and promoted. (h) Much concerns on social-economic factory. (i) More incentive should be given for participating in planting teak of private sector. 2.Timber Extraction (a) To review and to modify the current extraction method to get a fresh thinning material. (b) Systemic piling and storage of pole and past, should be done. 3. Market and processing (a) Promoting of valued added teak for export and domestic market. (b) To encourage SMEs regionally, so as to promote utilization of young teak wood especially thinning post and pole. (c) Advanced technology in sawing, seasoning and processing of young teak wood should be introduced. (d) Market promotion and sale promotion for planted teak product should be arranged and market information network should be also organized. 4.Research needs (a) Improvement of timber quality, growth and yield of teak plantation. (b) Protection long term impacts and reducing environmental deterioration caused by teak plantation. (c) Full utilization of young teak wood. (d) To find advanced sawing, drying and processing technique for young teak wood. (e) Market study of young teak wood products It is strongly recommended to form a teak wood Task Force (TWTF)for a cooperative research programme. In conclusion we are in the opinion of that- the plantation in Myanmar is just aimed to act as compensatory for the natural forest, and lot of field research, under the cooperation of the Government. The private Sectors and the relevant international organization, are required to be made and as the same time, the extensive and intensive follow up to the findings of research must be executed without fail. Otherwise, we will not reach the stage of secondary processing to sell finished and semi-finished products of plantation teak. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 35

39 ANNEX 8 Investigation on Sapwood Content, Juvenile Wood Content and Growth Rate, Anatamical Characteristics, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Plantation Teak at Different Ages U Kyaw Win Maung, Assistant Research Officer, U Win oo Naing, Assistant Research Officer, Daw Cho Cho Myint, Research Assistant-2, Daw Zar Chi Hlaing, Range Officer,Forest Research Institute, and Prof. Win Kyi, National Consultant(Utilization) Sapwood Content, Juvenile Wood Content and Growth Rate of Plantation teak at different ages Zar Chi Hlaing and Prof. Win Kyi Introduction Plantation teak could not match old growth teak in terms of market prices. The best quality plantation teak price is lower than even that of the lowest grade old growth Myanmar teak (Keogh, 2008). This is due primarily to high sapwood content and high juvenile wood content in the timber obtained from the trees of young teak plantations. Sapwood content, juvenile wood content and growth rate are some of the basic properties in assessing the wood quality, especially for the timbers obtained from the trees of young forest plantations. Materials and Methods Twenty-five thinning poles from each teak plantation at ages of 14, 20, 25 and 30 years were collected. Ten thinning poles of different sizes were randomly selected from each of the different ages. It was done prior to the allotment of thinning poles to other studies. Two discs of 1inch to 2 inches in thickness were cut, one at the base and another at the top, of each of the ten selected poles. The widths of sapwood portions were measured accurately at the maximum diameter and the diameter crossing at the right angle of each disc. Then, calculations were made on the corresponding cross-sectional area of each disc. To get the conservative estimate, the juvenile period of the plantation teak trees tested in this study will be assumed as 10 years. Then, the widths of ten successive growth rings from the pith were measured at the maximum diameter and the diameter crossing at the right angle of each disc. Finally, average juvenile wood content of each of the tested poles was calculated based on the corresponding crosssectional area of the disc. To know the average rate of growth, total number of growth rings were counted at the minimum diameter and maximum diameter of each disc and the average values (growth rings per inch) for each age were calculated. Results and Discussion Average sapwood content and average juvenile wood content and the growth rate of the tested poles of four different ages are as followed. See figure (1) and (2). Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 36

40 Av SW content % & Av JW content % Av ring width (cm) Av SW & JW content % Av ring width (cm) yr 20 yr 25 yr 30 yr Age (yr) Av SW content % Av Jw content % 14 yr 20 yr 25 yr 30 yr Age (yr) Fig (1) Average sapwood content & average juvenile wood content of plantation teak different ages Fig (2) Average growth rate of the tested poles at at different ages Average sapwood content of the tested thinning poles of four different ages, 14, 20, 25 and 30, were found to be 48.3 %, 54.3 %, 40.1 % and 29.8 %, respectively. Thus, sapwood content decreased with increasing age except 20-year-old thinning poles. It was also found that, sapwood content of 14, 20 and 25 years old were higher than that of average size commercial logs which contain between 25 and 30 %. The average sapwood content of 20-year-old thinning poles was found to be higher than that of 15-year-old. This may be due to the effect of locality and site. The average juvenile wood content of the tested poles at four different ages of 14, 20, 25 and 30 were found to be 33.1 %, 22.9%, 19.9% and 19.4%, respectively. Thus, juvenile wood content decreased with increasing age up to 25-year-old. The average growth rate of 14-, 20-, 25- and 30-year-old plantation teak thinning poles were found to be 1.6, 2.9, 3.3, and 3.3 rings inch -1, respectively. Thus, rate of growth decreased with increasing age, up to 25 years of age. Conclusion Sapwood contents of 14-, 25- and 30-year-old plantation teak thinning poles are found to be decreased with increasing age. Thus, the amount of higher grade timber could be increased by using old-age plantation teak trees. To get the optimum age from this point of view, further study on teak plantations at different ages should be done. Juvenile wood content of the plantation teak decreased with increasing age up to 25 years. Juvenile wood content of Myanmar plantation teak tested in this study is higher than those of Ghana plantation teak. However, the juvenile period of Ghana plantation teak was taken as 4.5 rings, whereas the juvenile period of Myanmar plantation teak was assumed as 10 rings. So, further study on qualitative and quantitative characterization of juvenile wood should be conducted in order to determine the juvenile period of Myanmar plantation teak. The growth rate of plantation teak decreased with increasing age up to 25 years. Growth rates of plantation teak investigated in this study are faster than those of Myanmar plantation teak investigated in the previous studies. It is also faster than the optimum growth rate of Myanmar natural grown teak.further studies on growth rate and sapwood content of different ages at the same locality and site are needed in order to determine the optimum rotation of teak plantations from the view point of wood quality. Investigation on Anatomical Characteristics of Plantation teak at different ages Kyaw Win Maung Introduction Teak has gained a worldwide glory due to the attractiveness and durability of its wood. With its reputation, increasing market demands have being prompted the establishment of plantations within and beyond its native regions. In Myanmar, teak Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 37

41 plantation using "Taung Ya" method was initiated in 1856 (Pandey &Brown, 2002). In Myanmar reports indicated that teak plantation cover about 373,407 ha. in At present time, Forest Department has being endeavoring to establish the high-quality timber of teak plantations. Therefore, more knowledge about wood properties of plantation teak is necessary. Several studies of plantation teak from various aspects have been carried out in different countries. Moreover, in Myanmar various researches on natural teak and plantation teak have been carried out. However the research on the wood properties and anatomical structure of planted teak is still lacking. In this study, anatomical structures of teak wood of four different aged plantations from four different localities were observed. The aim of the present study is to investigate the wood properties base on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Material and Methods All the specimen included in this observation were collected from teak plantations with different ages and different localities. The ages of teak plantations are 14-year, 20-year, 25-year and 30-year respectively. 14-year-old teak plantation is located in Yedashe Township, Bago Division, 20-year-old in Oaktwin Township, Bago Division, 25-year-old in Lewe Township, Mandalay Division and 30-year in Thandwe Township, Rakhine State. One thinning pole was randomly selected from 5 thinning poles which were randomly selected for the investigations of anatomical structure, chemical properties and natural durability. Then, four specimens with 1½" thick discs including bark were cut at four vertical positions, at the base, at 6 feet, at 12 feet and 18 feet. For anatomical studies, the small blocks measuring 1cmx1cmx 2cm were boiled for softening and transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections, µm thick were cut by sliding microtome. The staining and preparation of microslide were carried out by using Jeffery s method (1917) with slightly modification. To study the individual elements wood tissue, the wood specimens were macerated using Franklin s method (1949). Observation 14-year-old plantation Teak General characteristics of the wood Sapwood and heartwood consist of % and % respectively; heartwood golden yellow turning pale brown, dull, odour present, strongly and characteristically scented when fresh; growth ring distinct; sapwood 4 rings and average heartwood 6 rings respectively; pores medium-sized, visible to the naked eye. Microscopic characters Vessels: Ring porous wood; 6-16/mm², few to numerous; solitary 73 %, in radial multiple of 2-4 and 27%; solitary pores rounded or oval, mean tangential diameter µm (range µm), medium-sized; mean length µm (range µm), moderately short; perforation plate sample, end walls transverse or oblique, one end or both end tailed; intervessel pits alternate, 5.31 µm, small, oval or elongated in shape; reddish-brown gum deposits present; tyloses abundant. Fiber: Medium-sized, mean length µm (range µm); mean fiber width 23.36µm (range µm), mean fiber wall thickness 4.36 µm, (range µm), thin-walled; septate; libriform; slit-like. Rays: Heterogeneous; 3-4 cell wide, (mostly 4); 5-10 /mm tangentially, widely space to fairly close; mean height of multiseriate rays is µm (range µm), very low,; mean width 35.92µm (range µm), medium-sized, and 5-72 cells high; ray vessel pitting 3.63 µm in diameter, small, oval or rounded or elliptical in shape. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 38

42 Axial parenchyma: Abundant, paratracheal parenchyma connecting vessel pores forming 5-11 seriate bands, initial and confluent; crystal absent. 200 m 100 µm 100 µm Transverse section Tangential section Radial section 20-year- old plantation Teak General characteristics of the wood Sapwood and heartwood consist of % and %; heartwood golden yellow turning reddish- brown, dull, odour present, strongly and characteristically scented when fresh; growth ring distinct, sapwood 7 rings and average heartwood 10 rings respectively; pores medium-sized, visible to the naked eye. Microscopic characters Vessels: Ring porous wood; 4-14 /mm², few to moderately numerous; solitary 72 %, in radial multiple of 2-5 and 28%; solitary pores rounded or oval, mean tangential diameter µm (range µm), medium-sized; mean length µm (range µm), moderately short; perforation plate sample, end walls oblique or transverse, one end or both end tailed, intervessel pits alternate, 3.13µm, small, rounded or oval; reddish-brown gum deposits present; tyloses present, Fiber: Medium-sized, mean length µm (range µm); mean fiber width 14.68µm (range µm) mean fiber wall thickness 4.38µm, (range µm), thin walled; septate; libriform; slit-like. Wavy fibers and helical thickening were found in 20-year-old plantation teak. Rays: Heterogeneous, 3-4 cell wide, (mostly 4), 3-7/mm tangentially, widely spaced to normally spaced, mean height of multiseriate rays is µm (range µm), extremely low, mean width µm (range µm), medium-sized, and 5-44 cells high, ray vessel pitting 3.75 µm in diameter, oval or rounded in shape.. Axial parenchyma: Abundant, paratracheal parenchyma connecting vessel pores forming 3-9 seriate bands, initial and confluent; crystal absent. 200 µm 100 µm 100 µm Transverse section Study Tangential on Utilization sectionof Plantation Radial Teak section Pre Project 39

43 25-year- old plantation Teak General characteristics of the wood Sapwood and heartwood consist of % and % respectively; heartwood dark reddish- brown, black stripe present, dull, odour present, strongly and characteristically scented when fresh; growth ring distinct; sapwood 8 rings and average heartwood 12 rings respectively; pores medium-sized, visible to the naked eye. Microscopic characters Vessels: Ring porous wood; 5-14 /mm², few to moderately numerous; solitary 79 %, in radial multiple of 2-5 and 21%; solitary pores rounded or oval, mean tangential diameter µm (range µm), medium-sized; mean length (range µm), very short; perforation plate sample, end walls oblique or transverse, one end or both end tailed; intervessel pits alternate, 4.69 µm, small, rounded in shaped; reddish -brown gum deposits present; tyloses present. Fiber: Medium-sized, mean length µm (range µm); mean fiber width 23.89µm (range µm), mean fiber wall thickness 4.20µm(range µm), thin- walled; septate; libriform; slit-like. Rays: Heterogeneous; 2-4 cell wide, (mostly 3-4), 4-8 /mm tangentially, widely spaced to normally spaced; mean height of multiseriate rays is µm (range µm), very low; mean width µm (range µm), moderately fine, and 6-56 cells high, ray vessel pitting 4.06µm in diameter, small, rounded or oval in shape. Axial parenchyma: Abundant, paratracheal parenchyma connecting vessel pores forming 3-7seriate bands, initial and confluent; crystal absent. 200 µm 100 µm 100 µm Transverse section Tangential section Radial section 30-year- old plantation Teak General characteristics of the wood Sapwood and heartwood consist of % and % respectively, sapwood pale yellow, heartwood dark golden- brown, dull, odour present, strongly and characteristically scented when fresh; growth ring distinct, sapwood 10 rings and average heartwood 16 rings respectively; pores medium-sized, visible to the naked eye. Microscopic characters Vessels: Ring porous wood, 4-18 /mm², few to numerous, solitary 73 %, in radial multiple of 2-5 and 27 %; solitary pores rounded, mean tangential diameter µm (range µm), medium-sized, mean length µm (range µm), moderately short; perforation plate sample, end walls oblique or transverse, one end or both end tailed, intervessel pits alternate, 5 µm, small, rounded or oval in shape; reddish -brown gum deposits present; tyloses present. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 40

44 Fiber: Medium-sized, mean length µm (range µm), mean fiber width 23.33µm (range µm), mean fiber wall thickness 4.01µm(range µm), thin-walled, septate, libriform, slit-like. Rays: Heterogeneous, 2-5 cell wide, (mostly 3), 4-9 /mm tangentially, widely spaced to fairly close, mean height of multiseriate rays is µm (range µm), very low, mean width 45.97µm (range µm), medium-sized, and 6-66 cells high, ray vessel pitting 5 µm in diameter, rounded or oval in shape. Axial parenchyma: Abundant, paratracheal parenchyma connecting vessel pores forming 3-9 seriate bands, initial and confluent; crystal absent. 200 µm 100 µm 100 µm Transverse section Tangential section Radial section Discussion All the general characteristics such as growth rings, colour, texture, grain, odour and luster of specimen studied are observed to be closely similar to each other. Their general characteristics are shown in table 1. Vessel distributions of all specimens are ring porous. Tyloses are present in all spemen, however they are abundant in only wood sample from 14-year-old plantation teak. Black stripe are found in ray cells of heartwood specimens in 25- year-old plantation teak from Lewe Township. The porosity of teak is ring porous. In this observation the quantitative microscopic characteristics is studied to be closely similar shown in table 2. The percentage of heartwood is less then those of sapwood in 14-year-old and 20-year-old plantations. However the percentage of heartwood is greater than those of sapwood in 25-year-old and 30-year-old plantations. Fig.1. Fig.1.Comparison on percentage of sapw ood and heartw ood of four different ages of plantation teak 80 percentage SW HW SW HW SW HW SW HW SW 14 HW 20 SW 20 HW 25 SW 25 HW 30 SW 30 HW year As observe in this study, all vessel pore diameter is not sharply varied from each other. The smallest average vessel pore diameter is found in the 14-year Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 41

45 old specimen and largest vessel pore diameter in the 20-year-old specimen. The shortest vessel length is found in 25-year-old specimen and the longest vessel length is found in 20-year-old specimen. Fig.2. There are slightly variation in the fiber length in this study the shortest fiber is observed in the 25-year-old specimen and longest fiber length is in 20- year-old specimen.fig.3. Ray width is found to be slightly different from each other. The narrowest ray width is found in the 14-year-old specimen and broadest ray width in the 20 years old specimen. Fig.2. Comparison on vessel diameter and vessel length of four different ages of plantation teak Fig.3. Comparison on fiber length of four different ages of plantation teak micronmeter vessel diameter vessel length micronmeter Fiber length year year Conclusion According to the observations in this study, the general characteristics and microscopic characteristics of the tested plantation teak of different ages were found to be closely similar to each other. It can conclude from this observation that the percentage of heartwood portion is greater than sapwood portion along the trunk of above 25 -year- old plantation. In less than 25-year old plantation, the heartwood portion is lesser than sapwood portion along the trunk. Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Plantation Teak at Different Ages Khin Maung Sint, Cho Cho Myint INTRODUCTION Teak has been reputed as a king of timber for centuries and is unrivalled in durability and dimensional stability (Bhuiyan et al, 2004). It is also prized for its attractive figures. Moreover, teak is also strong enough as a structural timber. So, it is a versatile timber best suited for ship and boat building, house building, and many types of furniture including cabinets (Oteng-Amoako, 2004; Akwasi, 2004). Due to its versatility, durability and dimensional stability, it has been one of the most sought after hardwoods in the international market (Katwal, 2004). Although teak plantations have been extensively established in Myanmar, no work has been done on wood properties of plantation teak of different ages, which are basic requirements to the utilization potential of plantation teak and by comparing them with those of natural growth teak, it is possible to analyse variations in properties between the two groups. Material and Method Ten trees were designated for investigation of physical and mechanical properties. Each tree (log) for physical and mechanical tests was divided into three equal bolts of about m long. From the base of every bolt, two disks of 75 mm thick were cut and used for physical tests. The rest portions were for mechanical Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 42

46 tests. The bolts were sketched on the end and machined to produce sticks of size 3 cm x 3 cm in cross section. Then, the sticks were portioned into parts for green and air-dry mechanical tests. Those for air-dry tests were stacked in a pile for free circulation of air. Those for green tests were immediately used to prepare specimens. Mechanical properties were tested following designations in BS 373:1957. The moisture content of air-dry test specimens was about 8% when tests were done. Thus, the properties were adjusted by the well-known formula, Log S3 = Log S1 + (M1-M3)/(M1-M2) Log (Log S2- Log S1), where S1 is strength at moisture content M1, S2 is strength at moisture content M2 and S3 is the strength at adjusted moisture content M3 (Wilson, 1932). Results and discussion Modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending Lewe and Oktwin plantation teak possesses higher MOR than Thandwe and Yetashe teak. The analysis of variance shows that Thandwe and Yetashe teak has significantly lower MOR than Lewe and Oktwin teak, while there is no significant difference either between Lewe and Oktwin or Thandwe and Yetashe. This holds true for both green and air-dry conditions. At air-dry condition (about 8% MC), the difference between Lewe and Oktwin teak becomes significant. Within a tree, MOR has no definite trend, i. e., neither increasing nor decreasing with height, even though base bolts seem to have somewhat higher MOR in most cases. However, statistical analysis confirms that MOR does not change significantly along vertical direction. In horizontal direction from pith (1) towards sapwood (3), MOR increases towards heartwood (2) and then increases again or remains constant towards sapwood. It holds true for every height. In accessing the effect of moisture content upon MOR, it increases with moisture decreasing. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending As in MOR, Lewe teak stands at first position in modulus of elasticity, followed by Oktwin, Thandwe and Yetashe. The effect of locality, section and woodzone are significant on MOE and so also is the interaction effect between locality and woodzone. These significant differences are valid for both green and air-dry conditions. With regards to locality, Lewe and Oktwin teak significantly differs from Thandwe and Yetashe, but the difference is significant neither between Lewe and Oktwin nor between Thandwe and Yetashe. In contrast to MOR, MOE increases with height in almost all woodzones and at all localities, but the significant difference is only valid between top and base bolts. In horizontal direction, it always increases with increasing distances from the pith. The innermost woodzone (1) possesses a significantly lower MOE than the two others, between which there is, however, no significant difference. Fiber stress at proportional limit in static bending (FS@Pl) At green condition, Lewe and Oktwin plantation teak has the same fiber stress, which significantly is significantly higher than those of Thandwe and Yetashe teak. No significant difference is observed either between the first localities or between the last localities. The stress is neither increasing nor decreasing with height along the tree and does not significantly differ among sections. From pith towards sapwood in radial direction, the stress increases constantly at any height of the tree.as in green Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 43

47 condition, the fiber stress at proportional limit significantly differs among localities and woodzones at air-dry condition. Lewe plantation teak has the highest stress and is significantly different from other localities. Compression Parallel to Grain Maximum crushing strength As in above properties, maximum crushing strength is also the highest in Lewe plantation teak and the lowest in Yetashe teak. At green condition, Lewe and Oktwin plantation teak significantly differs from Thandwe and Yetashe in MCS, but there is no significant difference either between Lewe and Oktwin teak or between Thandwe and Yetashe teak. In most cases, the butt log lower MCS than the upper portion, but there is no significant difference among sections. In horizontal direction, MCS increases with increasing distances from the pith. At air-dry condition, the effects of locality, section and wood zone on MCS are significant. Except between Thandwe and Yetashe teak, the significant difference holds true for any combination of localities. MCS increases with height and significantly differs between butt and top sections. In horizontal direction, MCS increases from juvenile wood to heartwood, and again decreases towards sapwood. Heartwood is significantly different from other zones, but there is no significant difference between juvenile wood and sapwood. Fiber stress at proportional limit in compression parallel to grain test The fiber stress at proportional limit significantly differs among localities and woodzones at both green and air-dry conditions. At dry condition, the effect of section becomes also significant on this stress. As in other properties, Lewe and Oktwin teak has significantly higher than Thandwe and Yetashe teak at green and air-dry conditions. Compression Perpendicular to Grain Fiber stress at proportional limit in compression perpendicular to grain test This strength is the highest in Oktwin plantation teak and the lowest in Thandwe teak. At green condition, except between Lewe and Yetashe teak, the significant difference exists between any other pair of localities. Fiber stress decreases with height along the stem, and the butt section significantly differs from others in this strength. At air-dry condition, Lewe and Oktwin teak has significantly higher fiber stress than Yetashe and Thandwe teak, but there is no significant difference between either Lewe and Oktwin teak or Yetashe and Thandwe teak. Along the stem, the stress decreases towards the middle portion, and then increases towards the top. In general, the stress increases from pith towards sapwood. Hardness It is the highest in Lewe plantation grown teak, followed by Oktwin, Yetashe and Thandwe, respectively. This property is especially important in utilization as parquet flooring. CONCLUSION Lewe and Oktwin plantation teak can be compared to natural growth teak of Myanmar in modulus of rupture and fiber stresses, but has lower modulus of elasticity and maximum crushing strength. Natural growth teak is, however, higher than Thandwe and Yetashe teak in almost all properties (except side compression fiber stress at proportional limit) (Table 1). Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 44

48 As the materials used for this investigation were green-felled, the properties of plantation teak were, thus, compared with those of natural green felled teak. At the same moisture content of 14%, all plantation teaks are lower than natural green felled teak in MOE and MCS by 11% to 24% and 12% to 26%, respectively (Table 2). Bhat et al. found that the proportion of juvenile wood assessed at breast height of 20 years old plantation teak stem can amount to % (2001). The juvenile wood in Yetashe (14 years old) and Oktwin (20 years old) teak can thus be up to 100% high and is found to have 76% and 83% of the MOE of natural green felled teak, which is in agreement with the fact that the MOE of juvenile wood is 85% of mature wood value (Bhat et al., 2001). Plantation grown teak is obviously lower than naturally grown green felled teak in hardness, especially in side hardness which is even less than 50%. But, some properties are found to be higher in plantation teak than natural growth teak e.g. fiber stresses at proportional limit in compression tests. Table(1) Comparison of properties of plantation teak and natural growth teak Properties Plantation teak Natural growth teak* Lewe (25yrs) Oktwi n (20yrs) Thandw e (30 yrs) Yetashe (14 yrs) Girdle d Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 45 Green felled MOR (Static bending)(nmm -2 ) MOE (Static bending)(nmm -2 ) FS@PL (Static bending)(nmm -2 ) MCS (Axial compression)(nmm -2 ) FS@PL (Axial compression)(nmm - 2) FS@PL (Side compression) (Nmm - 2 ) Hardness (Side) (kn) Hardness (End) (kn) Note: Properties given in Table 1 are at 14% MC and are adjusted to 14% MC for plantation teak. In this research, the analysis of data revealed significant differences in wood properties of plantation teak of different ages, but despite lowest values in the youngest teak from Yetashe, the best properties were not observed in the oldest plantation teak from Thandwe. The highest properties were possessed in Lewe and Oktwin teak of 25 and 20 years. Table 2: Properties of plantation teak as a percentage of natural green felled teak Properties Lewe (25 yrs) Oktwin (20 yrs) Thandwe (30 yrs) Yetashe (14 yrs) MOR (Static bending) MOE (Static bending) FS@PL (Static bending) MCS (Axial compression) FS@PL (Axial compression) FS@PL (Side compression) Side Hardness End Hardness

49 According to AS 2878, plantation teaks and natural growth teak can be grouped as follows: Natural growth teak (girdled) : SD5 or higher Natural growth teak (green felled) : SD5 or higher Lewe plantation teak : SD6 Oktwin plantation teak : SD6 Thandwe plantation teak : SD6 Yetashe plantation teak : SD7 In AS 2878, grouping is based on three properties at 12% moisture content: MOR, MOE and MCS. The MOE of plantation teak is markedly lower than natural growth teak, which brings it down to lower classes SD6 or SD7. Based on results obtained from the tests, there are significant differences in strength properties among plantation teak. Although these variations are probably due to the effect of ages, geographical variations can also contribute to these variations as the oldest Thandwe teak possesses significantly lower properties than younger plantation teak of Lewe and Oktwin. In comparison to natural growth teak, plantation teak will be classed into lower strength groups although some properties are found higher in plantation teak, which should be taken into consideration for the promotion of plantation teak utilization. As most researchers stated that significant differences were observed among plantation teak and natural growth teak in natural durability and anatomical structures while specific gravity and strength properties are not significantly lower in plantation teak. With the results in hand, the rotation for plantation teak will be dependent upon locality, provenance and intended utilization of products. For example, the rotation of plantation teak for Lewe Township can be limited to 25 years if the final products are intended to use in furniture, but there can develop some cracks in the products because of high amount of juvenile wood. It is also recommendable to execute investigation on technical properties of plantation teak at different ages within localities, from which the effects of localities, ages and their interaction on properties can be analyzed. Investigation on Physical Properties of Plantation Teak at Different Ages Win Oo Naing Introduction Although teak plantation have been extensively established in Myanmar, no research has been done on physical properties of plantation teak of different ages, which are basic requirements to the utilization potential of plantation teak. Materials and Methods Each poles was divided into three equal bolts of about 6-7 ft long. From the base of every bolt, two disks of 3-inches thick were cut and used for physical tests. Six samples for determining specific gravity, volumetric shrinkage and longitudinal shrinkage, six samples for radial shrinkage and six samples for tangential shrinkage were prepared from two disks which were cut from each bolt. Samples were cut from the portions which were close to the periphery of the heartwood (if it is possible) in order to exclude the juvenile wood. Therefore, there were 180 samples for specific gravity, volumetric and longitudinal shrinkage, 180 samples for radial shrinkage and 180 samples for tangential shrinkage for each age. Each and every sample were marked carefully according to the age, their pole number and vertical position of the pole. Size of the specimens and testing procedures were in accordance with the standards given in ASTM D (Anon, 1965). Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 46

50 Results and Discussion Some physical properties, moisture content (MC), specific gravity, longitudinal shrinkage, radial shrinkage, tangential shrinkage volumetric shrinkage together with the dimensional stability of the tested poles at different ages were given in Table(1), (2), (3) and (4). Data on dimensional stability were obtained by dividing the tangential shrinkage by radial shrinkage since it is a ratio of tangential shrinkage to radial shrinkage. Average green specific gravity ( basic specific gravity ) of 14 -,20-,25- and 30- years old plantation teak thinning poles were found to be 0.518, 0.591, and 0.544, respectively. Fourteen-year-old thinning pole showed the lowest basic specific gravity whereas 20- year-old showed the highest basic specific gravity. Thus, it could be concluded that, basic specific gravity of the tested poles are not influenced by the age. Compare to the natural grown teak, basic specific gravity of 20-year-old thinning poles (0.591), which has the highest specific gravity among the four different ages, is very close to those (felled green and girdled) of Zigon, Myanmar, and also close to the specific gravity of the other localities. Since, specific gravity is an indicator of strength or quality of a timber species it could be concluded that plantation teak of three different ages 20, 25, and 30 years investigated in this study are not inferior to the natural grown teak of Myanmar and India. Longitudinal shrinkage (green to oven-dry) of 14-, 20-, 25- and 30- year old teak thinning poles were found to be 0.3 %, %, %, and %, respectively. Thus, it can be seen that the youngest poles (ie.14-year-old) has the highest longitudinal shrinkage. However, longitudinal shrinkage of 20-, 25-, and 30- year old thinning poles are not different. Longitudinal shrinkage of wood is generally quite small. Average values of green to oven-dry shrinkage are between 0.1 and 0.2% for most species of wood. Reaction wood and juvenile wood tends to shrink excessively lengthwise (Anon, 1974). Thus, high longitudinal shrinkage obtained in this study might be due to the presence of high juvenile wood content. Unfortunately, data on the longitudinal shrinkage of natural grown teak of Myanmar and India as well as data on those of plantation grown teak of other countries were not available. Average radial shrinkage (green to oven- dry) of 14-, 20-, 25-, and 30- year old were found to be 2.3%, 2.7%, 2.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. The youngest poles showed the lowest radial shrinkage, contradict to the results of longitudinal shrinkage. It can be seen that, radial shrinkage of 20-, 25- and 30- year old were similar. This is also in agreement with the results of longitudinal shrinkage for 20-, 25-, and 30- year old. Average tangential shrinkage of plantation teak at different ages 14-, 20-, 25- and 30- years were found to be 5.2%, 5.2%, 5.0% and 5.6%, respectively. Twenty-five year old plantation teak has the lowest tangential shrinkage whereas 30-year-old plantation teak has the highest tangential shrinkage. Thus, tangential shrinkage of the tested poles of different ages are not influenced by the age. Tangential shrinkage of the poles studied in this research were found to be higher than those of plantation teak from other countries and natural grown teak of Myanmar. Tangential shrinkage is one of the most important criteria in assessing the quality of timber species. It is the major factor which can influence the dimensional changes of a wood product in use because almost all of the lumber used in daily practice are flat-sawn (ie tangential cut) lumber. In terms of tangential shrinkage, plantation teak tested in the present study were inferior to natural teak from Myanmar as well as plantation teak from other countries. Dimensional stability of plantation teak of different ages ranged between 1.84 to Thirty -year old has the highest dimensional stability whereas 25-year- old has the lowest dimensional stability. Comparing with plantation teak from other countries, dimensional stability of the tested poles from the present study were found Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 47

51 to be higher than those of Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Papua New Guinea. However, they were found to be lower than that of Honduras. Similarly, in comparison with the natural grown teak, dimensional stability of plantation teak of different ages were found to be higher than those of Myanmar and Central Provinces of India but lower than those of Malabar and Central Puri of India. Conclusion Basic specific gravity of Myanmar plantation teak of different ages studied in this research were found to be lie between those of plantation teak from other countries. Based on basic specific gravity, it could be concluded that plantation teak of three different ages 20, 25 and 30 years investigated in this study are not inferior to the natural grown teak of Myanmar and India. Longitudinal shrinkage of the youngest plantation teak (14-year-old) shows the highest among the tested plantation teak. Longitudinal shrinkage of plantation teak of different ages were found to be higher than that of the normal wood. Radial shrinkage of the tested plantation teak of different ages were found to be lie between those of plantation teak from other countries whereas they were found to be higher than those of natural grown teak from Myanmar and India. Tangential shrinkage of plantation teak investigated in this study were found to be higher than those of plantation teak from other countries and natural grown teak of Myanmar and India. In terms of tangential of tangential shrinkage plantation teak tested in the present study were inferior to natural teak from Myanmar as well as plantation teak from other countries. Dimensional stability of plantation teak tested in the present study were found to be higher than those of natural grown teak of Myanmar and plantation teak from other countries except Honduras. Table(1) Average Some Physical Properties Plantation Teaks at Different Ages Year (yr) Season ing MC (%) Sp.gr Density (Kg/m³) Shrinkage ( Green to Oven-Dry) Longitudi nal Radi al Tangenti al Volumetri c (%) Dimensi onal Stability (%) (%) (%) 14 Green Air-Dry Green Air-Dry Green Air-Dry Green Air-Dry Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 48

52 ANNEX 9 Wood Quality of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.)from Shop Rotation Plantations and Home-garden Forestry practices in India P.K. Thulasidas and K.M. Bhat, Division of Wood Science & Technology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India Introduction India, with an approximate area of 3,287,000 km 2 comprising 29 states and 7 union territories, is the seventh largest country in the world. The population recorded for the year 2001 is just above 1.1 billion with 72.6% of rural population with an annual growth rate of 1.6% during (CIA, 2001). According to the National Commission on Agriculture, the total industrial wood requirement in India in the year 2000 is 64.4 million m 3. The demand-supply gap is widening even at the present low per capita consumption as the shortage of industrial wood estimated for the year 2000 is 47 million m 3. Changing pattern of wood supply and implications of timber quality Teak has been identified as one of the most important tropical hardwood species in the international market for production of high quality timber from fast growing plantations of the tropics under sustainable forest management The everincreasing demand for teak timber has resulted in large scale plantations, both within and outside its range of natural habitat (Monteuuis and Goh, 1999; Bhat, 2000). Now with the acceptance of farmers/small land holders in the model of industrial wood supply in many countries, viz. Malaysia, Thailand, India, Brazil and Costa Rica, shorter rotations of years are being tested and advocated for veneer and sawlog production for relatively quick returns (Ball et al. 2000). Size (diameter and length) and timber quality are the two critical factors affecting the price of teak logs besides market and other factors. Teak Plantations and home garden forestry in India Teak plantations at present represent more than half of the total plantation area of high quality timber especially in the central and southern geographical regions of India. Teak plantations have become important to help fill the gap between demand and supply of teak wood. With the changing pattern of industrial round wood supply, within the framework of National Forest Policy (MoEF, 1988), trees grown outside forests (ToF) especially in homesteads and farmlands play a significant role. With the total ban on clear felling of natural forests imposed in 1987, the vast area of degraded land/ farmland and agricultural land available outside forests are promoted for raising plantations to meet the demand for industrial round wood to the increasing population pressure. Evidently, ToF will be increasingly recognised as an important element in industrial round wood production. For instance, in Kerala State, India, of the total annual production of 11.7 m 3 of wood for the year , State forests including plantations accounted for only 9.5% of industrial wood supply, in contrast to 75% by home-gardens including estates (Krishnankutty et al., 2005). With regard Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 49

53 to teak, substantial contribution was from forests (52%) while import accounted for 15% and home-gardens and private estates together contributed 33%. Quality concerns of planted teak Teak is a large deciduous tree exhibiting distinct ring porosity, growing normally up to m in height, thrives best in fairly moist, warm, tropical climate with an annual rainfall ranging between mm. To fulfill the growing demand and stall the depletion of natural stands, teakwood is increasingly supplied to the international market from short-rotation plantations established in various countries. Among the many desirable properties of teakwood, one important requirement of end-users in fast-grown teak is the maximum volume of heartwood with a minimum of the less durable sapwood but with adequate specific gravity/density and strength. Heartwood proportion is one of the parameters of log or wood property that directly influences timber price and economic returns from teak plantations. Longer rotations generally produce better quality timber and should therefore earn higher market prices. But longer rotations also mean longer gestation period for return on investments. However, shorter rotations of years for both veneer and sawlog production for relatively quick returns are now being practiced in many tropical countries of the world (Ball et al., 2000). Recent investigations on wood quality of plantation and homestead teak Recent investigations in Kerala, India (Bhat, 2000) indicated that faster growth is correlated with higher proportion of heartwood yield in juvenile trees. Furthermore, selection of provenance and individual trees for faster growth are not likely to adversely affect the strength for solid wood uses. Selection of individual trees within certain provenances is often advantages and offer new avenues in breeding programmes (Bhat and Indira, 2005). Faster growth in plantation-grown teak in Nilambur at age 8-years increases the heartwood percentage, however, density was not affected (Bhat, 1995). In teak, heartwood percentage increased with growth rate of trees with increasing dbh and the effect of growth rate on the heartwood-sapwood ratio seemed to decline with age, resulting in negligible differences between fast- and slow- grown mature trees within an age range of years (Bhat, 1995, 1998a). He recorded 87.8% heartwood in 65-year old teak with a narrow sapwood width of 1.4 mm (Table 1). Table 1. Heartwood content and sapwood width variation among with different age groups of teak in plantation and home gardens. Age Home garden teak 35 -yrs Wet site Dry site Heartwood % Sapwood thickness, cm 58.3 a 65.0 b 72.8 c 85.1 d 87.8 d 70.6 c 64.1 b 1.9 a 2.5 a 2.2 a 1.7 a 1.4 a 2.9 a 2.2 a Note: Cell values differing by a letter in the superscript in each row are significantly different at P Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 50

54 The recent research findings indicate that the juvenile wood of teak is not so inferior in density and strength as to make it unsuitable for structural uses. The maturation age is attained at about or 25 years (Bhat 1998; Bhat and Indira 1997; Bhat et al ) in Indian forest plantations especially Nilambur sites The studies on the utilisation of teak thinnings indicate that juvenile wood could be used for furniture making although some defects such as blisters, cracks and knots merit attention in training the manufacturers (Sutopo 1992). Because of its moderate weight, appropriate strength, dimensional stability, durability, good working and finishing qualities was well as desired figure (colour, grain and texture), teak is recognised as the best timber for manufacture of furniture and cabinet making in India. Moya (2001) found that basic density did not increase considerably with increasing age in 9-year-old teak growing in a wet site (3500 mm per year) of Costa Rica. Density of 13, 21 and 35 year old teak from short rotation plantations and 35-yr old home garden teak did not differ significantly (Bhat,1995; Bhat et al., 2001; Thulasidas and Bhat, 2009) (Table 2). This implies that timber quality is not affected if rotation age is reduced to years from the traditional years. Table 2. Density variation among different age groups of teak from Nilambur and home garden teak Age, yrs Home garden teak 35 -yrs Wet site Dry site Density, 632 a 626 a 600 a 643 a 640 a 600 a 645 a Kg/m 3 Note: Cell values differing by a letter in the superscript in each row are significantly different at P Mechanical properties of fast-grown teak clearly indicate that bending and compression (parallel to grain) strength of 21-year-old wood are superior and those of 13-year-old wood are almost similar to mature timber of years (Table 3). Table 3. Strength property variation among the four age groups of teak from Nilambur. Age 13 yrs 21 yrs 55 yrs 65 yrs Density, Kg/m a 626 a 643 a 640 a MOE, N/mm a b a a MOR, N/mm a 134 b 104 a 100 a MCS, N/mm 2 49 a 56 b 51 a 59 b Note: Cell values differing by a letter in the superscript in each row are significantly different at P year old plantation teak and the same aged home-garden teak also showed non-significant differences (P=0.05) except for the dry site teak where MCS higher probably due to high air-dry density (Table 4). Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 51

55 Table 4. Comparison of mean air-dry density, strength values MOE, MOR, MCS parallel to grain and microfibrillar angle (standard deviations in parenthesis) of 35-year-old home-garden teak with the same aged plantation teak from Nilambur. Properties Home garden teak Plantation teak Air-dry density, kg/m 3 MOE, N/mm 2 MOR, N/mm 2 MCS, N/mm 2 Wet site 649 a (0.05) c (1847.7) d (17.97) e (6.6) Dry site 691 b (0.05) c (1107.5) d (10.5) f (4.08) 631 a (0.02) c (1203.8) d (5.5) e (2.7) MFA o 13.0 (1.6) 12.5 (1.1) 12.5 (1.1) Note: Cell values differing by a letter in the superscript in each row are significantly different at P As many of the findings on plantation teak are promising, some aspects of the timber quality such as strength, durability and preservative treatment of sapwood, as well as quality standards/grading rules for fast grown short rotation teak merit due consideration in R & D programmes as they directly influence the market value of the timber. For instance, bending stiffness (modulus of elasticity) of 5-year-old juvenile wood from farm plantation had much lower bending stiffness (lower by 20%) (Table 5) although the values of specific gravity, maximum bending and longitudinal compressive stress did not differ much from the standard teak values (Bhat et al. 2000). Table 5. Comparison of mean values of wood properties of 5-year old trees of intensively mnaged plantation with standard values of mature teak. Property Fast-grown teak with high input Standard teak Diameter at breast height, cm Heartwood % Sapwood % Modulus of rupture N/mm Modulus of elasticity, N/mm Maximum compressive stress, N/mm 2 Air-dry density, Kg/m (Source: Bhat et al. 1999) Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 52

56 The mechanical properties (static bending and compression parallel to grain) of 35-yr old teak from plantations and home gardens did not differ significantly implying good stability of timber and the values are averages for standard teak (Thulasidas et al., 2007). Conclusions Teak appears to have the greatest potential as a hardwood for sustainable forest management (SFM) in the tropics to meet the demands for quality products. The recent results discussed in the foregoing account suggest that small and short rotation timber, though different, is not so inferior as to reject it in the manufacture of high value products such as veneer, joinery, furniture, etc. Advances in processing technologies allow the use of smaller and younger trees. The optimum utilisation demands among other things: Intensive management (silviculture and genetics) techniques to enhance log size and reduce timber defects for increasing market value of the timber. The challenges of plantation technology are: genetic improvement, novel biotechnology as well as high input site management (shorter rotation, fertilisation, irrigation, wide spacing/thinning, pruning, etc.) practices that can modify tree form and wood quality. Improved processing (conversion, preservation, drying, manufacture of reconstituted high-value products) technology including revision of grading rules/quality standards for teak plantations. Utilisation of plantation thinnings, harvesting small timber in the manufacture of value-added products such as finger-jointed structures (which must be acceptable to architects and building designers), decorative veneer, panel/composite products, furniture components, handicrafts/ toys/ souvenirs as well as potential new products to meet societal needs. Optimising technologies to a great variety and combination of situations of producer countries will be another challenge for significant gains in processing efficiency and utilisation of small dimensional timbers. As sawlog production is expected to be very critical in many developing countries, especially for high quality solid wood uses, these recent findings have far reaching implications for timber management. Some aspects of timber quality such as figure (colour, grain, texture), natural durability, preservative treatment of sapwood, as well as quality standards / grading rules for teak from fast growing plantations merit due consideration in R & D programmes as they directly influence the market value of the end products. Attention should be focussed on low-cost mechanisation in general and the fingerjointing, glulam and peeling and ultra-sonic veneer grading techniques in particular for the improved utilisation of small dimensional teak timber from plantations. It is important to identify research partners with lead institutes of different countries at regional level to undertake collaborative research, training and technology transfer activities to solve problems facing the use of small dimensional teak timber through TEAKNET and organisations like IUFRO Div (Teak Wood) Working party. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 53

57 ANNEX 10 Perspective on Some Wood Properties and Utilization of Teak Plantaion Thinning Robert A. Natividad,Chief Science Research Specialist,Forest Products Research and Development Institute(FPRSI),Department of Science and Technology College, Laguna, Philippines Introduction Tectona grandis which is commonly known as Teak, is an introduced species in the Philippines. It is mostly grown in government reforestation projects (Florido and Sadie 1989). Extensive plantations, some stands have been established since 1930 or earlier, could be observed in Ilocos Region and provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Cebu and Los Baños, Laguna. Teak private plantations are found in 6 regions of the Philippines with various ages (less than 10-yr old to harvestable). However, the total hectarage of Teak plantations in the country is not known because these are mixed with other tree plantation species. Initially it has fast and vigorous growth but slows down after the 50 th year wherein growth will be very slight. At rotation of 80 years the average growth increment is 2.5 m 3 /ha/yr. The average growth increment at 50 yr rotation is 4m 3 /ha/yr but at shorter rotation, 6 to 18 m 3 /ha/yr. Methodology Sawmilling Thinning log samples for sawmilling were harvested and transported to FPRDI by J&E Realty Corporation from their tree plantation in Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro. A total of 19 log samples with an average diameter of 13 cm (range 8-19 cm), average length of 1.32 m (range 4 to 5 ft) and gross volume of 0.35 cu m (160 bd ft) were used in the project. The log samples were scaled using the Brereton method: V = D 2 L Where: V = gross volume (cu m) D = average log diameter (cm) inside bark of big and small L = length (m) Physico-mechanical Property Testing Six (6) logs of teak plantation thinnings were sampled as source of specimens for physical and mechanical properties testing at the FPRDI Material Properties Evaluation Division. These have the same age and origin as those used in the sawmilling study. For physical properties, a 152 mm thick disk was cut from the log ends. The remaining portion was sawn and reprocessed for mechanical properties specimens. The ASTM Standards for Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber (ASTM D143) was used for various properties testing. End-Use Classification Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 54

58 Data on the physical and mechanical properties of older Teak trees previously tested at FPRDI were gathered for comparative evaluation of results. The mean values of strength and related properties were classified based on the Guidelines for Improved Utilization and Marketing of Tropical Wood Species and Strength Grouping of Philippine Timbers devised at FPRDI and from which recommended end uses were derived. Prototype Product Development The sawn lumber samples were applied with prophylactic treatment and stock piled for air-drying at the FPRDI Sawmill Laboratory for processing into prototype products. To accelerate drying these were kiln dried at the FPRDI furnace-type lumber dryer for 4 days using KDS III. The final moisture content (MC) attained was 14% based on moisture meter reading. After kiln drying the lumber were taken to the Machining Laboratory for resawing, planing and cross-cutting to required dimensions for prototype product fabrication. Results and Discussions Sawing Characteristics Logs of Teak plantation thinnings are classified as easy to saw using a conventional high speed steel bandsaw blade. No significant blunting of the sawtooth and change of blade were observed during the sawmilling operation. Lumber Recovery and Sawing Pattern The sawmilling of Teak plantation thinnings resulted in 55% average lumber recovery where about cu m (86.17 bd ft) of lumber were produced from cu m ( bd ft) of log samples. In terms of bd ft/cu m recovery, this translates into a lumber recovery factor (LRF) of bd ft/cu m of log although some log samples have fluted or tapered form specifically those from butt portion or log cut from the base of the tree bole. The lumber production cost was about P4,060/m 3 (P9.60/bd ft) with estimated gross profit of P6,084 per month or P73,008 per year. The profit is considered low and it was recommended that the conversion of thinnings into lumber can only be an option if the price of lumber goes up to at least P5,088/m 3 (P12/bd ft). Otherwise, thinning operation for the species studied could be done when the trees to be cut reach at least 15 cm diameter insofar as lumber production is concerned. Lumber Quality The presence of live or tight knots on the surface of the lumber can be regarded as decorative feature specifically for making table tops, cabinets and paneling. However, some dried lumber containing (pith soft and thin-walled cells at the center of the log) exhibited mm long end-splits at both ends. This lumber defect is common to young or juvenile timber particularly with fast-growing trees due to growth stresses In 47-yr old Teak log samples, the grade yield of exportable lumber, No. 1 common and better grade, is 63% based on the NHLA Standard Lumber Grading Rules (Table 1). Based on the quality of kiln dried and dressed lumber (S4S) Teak is considered as a premium furniture stock with respect to recoverable clear face cuttings (Natividad 1990). The average recovery and sizes of clear face cuttings commonly used for furniture stocks (No. 2C and better grades) is presented in Table 2. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 55

59 Table 1. Green lumber grade yields of 47-yr old Teak in relation to diameter class Diameter Lumber grade yield distribution (%) Lumber tally Class (cm) FAS No.1 C No.2 C No. 3 C BG (bd ft) Tectona grandis Average Source: Natividad (1990) Table 2. Average dimension and percentage recovery of clear face cuttings for furniture stocks from 47-yr old Teak. Recoverable clear-face cuttings Average recovery per Lumber grade Average width (mm) Average length (m) lumber (%) FAS No. 1C No. 2C Source: Natividad (1990) Physical Properties The comparative physical and mechanical properties of Teak thinnings wood samples from the J&E Realty Corporation tree plantation and 47-yr old Teak studies earlier at FPRDI. The average mean MC at test of Teak plantation thinnings is The mean relative density of teak thinnings is and the mean volumetric shrinkage from green to oven-dry is 9.41%. Based on the Guidelines for Improved Utilization and Marketing of Tropical Wood Species (FORPRIDECOM 1980) the relative density and shrinkage of both species are within the acceptable and preferable range values, respectively, for furniture and cabinets. Mechanical Properties Based on the Strength Grouping of Philippine Timbers for Various Uses (Tamolang et al 1995), teak is classified under medium strength (C3). Tabulated below are the minimum values of parameters per strength group from where the strength classification was based: MINIMUM VALUES/GROUP PROPERTY UNIT High Moderately High STATIC BENDING Modulus of Elasticity Compression Parallel-to- Grain Maximum Crushing Strength Compression Perpendicularto- Grain SHEAR PARALLEL-TO- GRAIN Relative Density (MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) Medium Moderatel y Low Low (C1) (C2) (C3) (C4) C5) Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 56

60 Prototype Products These include turned table legs, wood parquet and glue-laminated panels. Tungsten carbide-tipped blades were used for cutting while polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was used as an adhesive for assembling the parquets and panels. Moreover, the gluelines of the panels were reinforced with dowels (dia = 10 mm) to improve glue bond strength. The products were coated with polyurethane (3 coats) at FPRDI after proper sanding ( grit sequence) and application of non-grain-raising stain and sealer. Adhesion performance was rated high and finished very well with clear finishes such as polyurethane and nitrocellulose lacquer. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Results of the project show favorable attributes on the wood quality of 7-yr old teak thinnings. It is classified as easy to saw into lumber and lumber products for specific end uses. Lumber yield during sawmilling is quite high provided appropriate equipment and sawing pattern are used. Other processing characteristics such as machining, gluing and finishing are also rated good because teak is among the premium tropical hardwoods having an important niche in the wood industry insofar as general construction and furniture are concerned. Based on wood density and strength grouping of Philippine timbers, 7-yr. old teak falls under medium strength class (C3) and is suitable for general framing, paneling, medium grade furniture and cabinets. Based on the premise of this investigation the following are recommended for efficient processing of the above species and to achieve optimum financial returns: 1. The conversion of thinnings or small-diameter logs into lumber requires appropriate machinery and sawing pattern. The main considerations in deciding the sawmilling system involve great emphasis on high production rates to reduce processing costs per unit of lumber output. 2. If possible, the Saw-Dry-and-Rip (SDR) lumber processing system should be employed to control warping. If unable to adapt with the SDR system to minimize warping, the conventional sawmilling system can be used but the logs should be bucked to shorter lengths depending on the end products. Sawlines on the log cutting pattern should be placed about 25 mm away from the pith to control lumber end-splits. Whenever possible, pre-drying must be applied (before kiln drying by using proper drying schedules for the species). This slowly relieves wood stresses and minimizes development of drying-related defects (i.e. severe warping, end-splits, collapse, etc.) and at the same time shorten the period for kiln drying operation. 3. The high proportion of sapwood compared to heartwood in the products necessitates preservative treatment of lumber stocks to prevent fungal and insect damage. 4. Depending on the market situation, forward integration such as production of semi-processed and finished product should be considered in establishing a mill for higher value added products and broader market base. Another option is to assess the profitability of thinnings conversion into laminated products or composite boards if there is a sustainable volume of raw materials. 5. A more detailed appraisal on the harvesting, processing and utilization of thinnings from the J & E Realty Corporation tree plantation is necessary before any investment decisions are made. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 57

61 ANNEX 11 Investigation on Drying Behaviors and Natural Durability of Plantation Teak at Different Ages U Aung Sow, Assistant Research Officer, Daw Cho cho Win, Research Assistant-2, Daw Lwin Lwin Aung, Research Assistant-3, Daw Su Su Hlaing, Research Assistant-3, Forest Research Institute and Prof. Win Kyi, National Consultant(Utilization) Drying Behaviour of Plantaion Teak atdifferent Aung Soe, Su Su Hlaind and Prof. Win Kyi Introduction Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most well known timbers of the world. The oldest teak plantation had been established in Myanmar about in year Teak plantations established up to 1906 totaled 24,282 ha (Anon, Forest Department 1999). The establishment of teak plantation over an area of 324,000 ha will have been completed at the end of the 40-year rotation. At the end of 2008, special teak plantations amounted to 89,100 ha. Materials and Methods Ten thinning poles of different sizes from each age, 14, 20, 25 and 30 years, were randomly selected. Mid-girth and length of each pole were measured and recorded. Each pole was cut into three 6-foot (1.83 m) bolts. Then each bolt was cut into 1-inch (25 mm) thick boards of different widths in Forest Research Institute sawmill. The widths of the boards varied from 2 inches to 6 inches ( mm). Each board was marked carefully according to their locality, pole number, height and horizontal position from the pith. To observe the amount of sapwood portion, photos of the boards of different ages are shown in Plates (1), (2), (3) and (4). Finally, the boards from each age were equally divided into two groups, according to their corresponding heights and horizontal positions. The boards consisted in Group I were for air-drying tests and those in Group II were for kiln drying tests. Air Drying Tests The boards for air drying test were stacked properly in the air-drying shed at Forest Research Institute, Yezin. The boards from each age were stacked in one pile, thus, there are altogether four different lumber piles. The length and width of each lumber pile were 6 feet (2 m) and 4 feet (1.3m), respectively. Three sample boards were placed in each lumber pile in order to estimate the drying rate and to examine the drying defects. Each and every sample board was weighed once a week and the current moisture contents were estimated. To know the drying defects occurred in the tested boards, each and every board will be examined carefully at the end of the air drying tests. Kiln Drying Tests To estimate the first kiln drying schedule for each age, The Quick Drying Test (Terazawa, 1965, 1976) was carried out. Eight sample blocks of size (100 x 25 x 200 mm) for each age were cut from the corresponding boards which are free from knots and decay. Then, sample blocks were dried in an oven at a temperature of 103 ± 2 C. Two drying defects, check and deformation occurred in each of the tested blocks were Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 58

62 examined carefully at one hour interval. At the end of the drying test, i.e. after attaining the oven-dry weight, each block was cut at the center, in order to observe the degree of honeycombing and cross-sectional deformation. The results obtained from Quick Drying Tests for each age are given in Table (7) together with the schedule codes. Results and Discussion Total volume of thinning poles, total number of boards and total volume of lumber together with the corresponding outturn percentage for each age are given in Table (1). Table (1) - Total volume of poles, lumber and outturn percentage Age (yr) Total vol.of poles Total No.of Total vol.of lumber Outturn percentage (ft 3 ) boards (ft 3 ) Average Air Drying Test To observe the drying rates and seasonal variation of moisture contents, air drying curves of each age are also shown in Figures (1), (2) and (3). The average initial moisture contents of the sample boards of 14-, 20-, 25- and 30- year-old are found to be 44.1 %, 39.6%, 35.4% and 34.8 %, respectively. And the corresponding average final moisture contents attained at the end of the tests were found to be 9.4%, 10.6%, 8.6% and 9.0 %, respectively. However, the average minimum MCs attained for 14- year-old and 20-year-old were found to be 7.3 % and 8.7%. Similarly, the average minimum MCs attained for 25-year-old and 30-year-old were found to be 7.5% and 7.4%, respectively. At the end of the air drying tests, each and every board was examined carefully in order to check the drying defects occurred. No surface checks, no end checks and no signs of warping and distortion were found. No discoloration and no signs of decay were also seen. In this study, all tested boards were found to be free from warping. Kiln Drying Tests The results obtained from Quick Drying Tests for each age are given in together with the schedule codes. According to the kiln drying curves shown in Figures (4) and (5), the drying rates of 14- and 25-year-old lumber were found to be faster than those of 20- and 30-year-old lumber at the initial stages of drying. The drying rates were found to be slow after attaining MC around 20 %. Each and every one of the tested boards from each age was examined carefully. No drying defects such as surface check, end check and warping were found. No fungus attack and insect attack was also seen. However, slight discolouration was observed in some of the boards of different ages. Conclusion Plantation teak lumber of 1-inch (25 mm) thick can be air-dried without occurring objectionable drying defects, during the winter and summer time in Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, to attain a moisture content below 10 percent. Air drying of plantation teak lumber is favorable in the middle part and upper part of Myanmar. One-inch (25 Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 59

63 mm) thick plantation teak lumber can be kiln-dried without occurring objectionable drying defects to attain 10 percent moisture content within 60 to 108 hours. Drying behavior of plantation teak with different ages of 14, 20, 25, and 30 years is not significantly different. Air drying and kiln drying of timber obtained from plantation teak with different ages of 14, 20, 25 and 30 years can be done easily without occurring objectionable drying defects. Results of Quick Drying Test Year Grading of defects Deformatio n Initial Check Intern al Check Estimated Condition Initia Initial Final l WBD DBT DBT ( C ) ( C ) ( C ) Initial moistu re conten t (%) Estimat ed Drying Time (days) Schedule Code * 3-4 D 44/W D 44/W D 44/W D 53/W 43 Fig (1) - Air drying curves of 14-year-old and Fig (2) - Air drying curves of 20-year-old 25- year-old plantation teak plantation teak Fig (3) - Air drying curves of 30-year-old plantation teak Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 60

64 Fig (4)- Kiln drying curves of 14-year-old and 25-year-old plantation teak Fig (5)- Kiln drying curves of 20-year-old and 30-year-old plantation teak (1) - Sapwood portion (2) Sapwood portion (3)- Sapwood portion (4)- Sapwood portion Of 14-year-old board of 20-year-old boards of 25-year-old boards of 30-year-old boards Investigation on Natural Durability of Plantation Teak at Different Ages Cho Cho Win, Lwin Lwin Aung Introduction Teak, because of its outstanding technological properties, is one of the most preferred timbers in the world. Some of its characteristics play a key role in defining the suitability of this timber species for specific end-uses. One of the most commonly cited characteristics of teak wood is its natural durability. It offers very good resistance to weather, termites and decay, which means that it can be used externally without any treatment, increasing its commercial value. Teak (Tectona grandis) is commonly accepted as one of the most durable wood species in the world. It was recorded that on some dry sites, it had lasted for more than 700 years. In contact with the ground, it can remain serviceable for more than twenty-five years because of the natural preservatives present in the heartwood. The extractives present in the heartwood are believed to be mainly responsible for teak durability. However, it is without a doubt that the quality of teak extracted from plantation cannot compare with the quality of teak extracted from natural forests. Fast growing and high yielding forest plantations are becoming an important source to increase wood productivity. For fast growing species, a relative short rotation period and the Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 61

65 wood quality may be lower than expected. For outdoor construction, variation in durability is still of great importance. So it is desirable to initiate research on properties and wood durability, to improve utilization of plantation teak. In this study, natural decay resistance of plantation teak at different ages (14, 20, 25 and 30 years) was determined by using Laboratory Decay test. The objectives of this study are - (a) To study the decay resistance in relation to their respective age. (b) To study the variation in durability between trees and within trees. (c) To evaluate the utilization potential of plantation teak. Materials and Method Materials Fourteen years old plantation teak tree from Saiya Reserved Forest, Yetashe Township; 20- year-old from Kabaung Protected Forest, Oktwin Township; 25-year-old from Minbyin Reserved, Leway Township and 30-year-old from Thandwe Reserved Forest, Thandwe Township were collected. Five thinning poles of different sizes were randomly collected from each age for the determination of natural durability. To study the variation in durability within different height, every tree of each age was cut into three 1-foot bolts, one from the base; one at 6 feet and the other at 12 feet. To evaluate the variation in durability from pith to sapwood, each bolt was divided into three wood zones, such as sapwood, outer heartwood and inner heartwood. Sample blocks of size (12.5 x 12.5 x 25) mm 3 were prepared. Five samples from each zone were used for the natural durability determination. Thus, there were 45 blocks (5 x 3 x 3) from each tree, 225 samples (45 blocks x 5 trees) for each age and totally 900 samples for four ages. Both ends of each block were coated with lacquer thoroughly to restrict the fungus infection from the ends. S. commune is a common decay fungi species attacking logs in service and storage. Although S. commune shows low decaying capacity, s. commune s abundance under field condition may later lead to deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of the wood being attacked (Eusebio & Banatin, 1965). So, this fungus species was used for this study. This fungus specimen was cultured in PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) media kept in the room temperature and it was identified at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The laboratory decay test was designed to determine the natural durability by using Schizophyllum commune Fries. Among the laboratory decay tests, agar-block test was used. Method of Analysis Determination of weight loss percent The following formula was used in order to determine the weight loss percentage of each sample. (COD Wt FOD Wt) Wt Loss (%) = X 100 COD Wt Where, COD Wt = Calculated Oven Dry Weight FOD Wt = Final Oven Dry Weight To estimate the calculated oven dry weight of each of the test blocks, the following formula was used. I Wt x 100 COD Wt = (100 + MC %) Where, COD Wt = Calculated oven dry weight of test sample I Wt = Initial weight of test sample Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 62

66 MC % = Moisture Content Percentage of test samples Evaluation the results The percentage weight loss in the test blocks provide a measure of the relative decay susceptibility or decay resistance of the samples. Natural Durability of wood is rated from very durable to non- durable according to the percentage reduction in mass loss of the fungal attack (European standard NF EN guidelines). Average Weight Loss (%) Description of Durability Rating Durability x 5 Very Durable 1 5 < x 10 Durable 2 10 < x 20 Moderately Durable 3 20 < x 30 Slightly Durable 4 x > 30 Non-Durable 5 Source: ANFOR (1994) Results and Discussion The percentage weight losses in the test blocks provide the relative decay resistance. The mean weight losses of the test blocks exposed to the selected decay fungi are given in Table (1), (2) and (3). In order to clear reveal the difference between the weight loss of different ages, statistical analysis was also carried out by using Statistica and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using Univariate Test of Significance for weight losses. Mean weight losses of tested samples at different ages are also shown graphically in figure (1) and (2). Table (1) Natural Durability of Plantation Teak at Different age Age (year) Average MC (%) Average Weight Loss (%) Durability Class Description of Durability 14 year Durable 20 year Durable 25 year Durable 30 year Very Durable In Table (1), it can be seen that the average weight loss (%) of 14-year-old plantation teak, 20 year-old plantation teak and 25 year-old plantation teak were 5.642, and respectively. According to natural durability classification, they lie in Durability class 2 (Durable). The average weight loss (%) of 30-year-old plantation teak was and it lies in Durability class 1 (Very Durable). Table (2) Radial Variation in Weight Loss (%) Age (yr) Sapwood Outer Heartwood Inner Heartwood (Juvenile) Average Durability Class* ANFOR (1994) According to Table (2), it can be found that the weight loss (%) of sapwood for 14 - year-old plantation teak was 5.978, that of outer heartwood was and that Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 63

67 of inner heartwood was 5.639, respectively. The weight loss (%) of sapwood for 20 - year-old plantation teak was 6.243, that of outer heartwood was and that of inner heartwood was 7.117, respectively. For 25- year -old plantation teak, it was found that the weight loss of sapwood was 7.076%, that of outer heartwood was 4.399% and inner heartwood was 6.502%., respectively. For 30 year old plantation teak, it was found that the weight loss of sapwood was 3.196%, that of outer heartwood was 2.783%and that of inner heartwood was 1.829%., respectively. ANOVA for weight loss also showed that there was significantly different in radial variation except 14 year-old plantation teak. Table (3) Vertical Variation in Weight Loss (%) Age (yr) Base Middle Top Average Durability Class* *ANFOR (1994) According to Table (3), it can be seen that basal portion show the highest weight loss among the three portions. The top portion has the lowest weight losses. However, ANOVA for weight loss showed that there was no significantly different in vertical variation. Results showed that the inner heartwood of plantation teak was less resistant to S. commune attack than the outer heartwood. According to ANOVA on weight loss showed there were significant difference among wood zones at p < 0.05 level. However, there were no significant difference weight losses among the portions. In this study, out of 900 plantation teak wood samples from different ages, subjected to the S. commune fungus, 13.3% were rated as very durable, 38.7% were durable, 42.8% were moderately durable and 5.2% were non durable. Significant differences were observed in the degree of fungal attack on plantation teak, depending on ages. The percentage weight loss of the 14, 20, 25, and 30-year-old plantation teak were 5.638, 5.474, and respectively. Leithoff et al. (2001) compared the durability of plantation teak from Panama with old growth timber from Myanmar. While the plantation teak specimens showed mass losses between 32% and 43%, the old - growth or natural grown teak samples experiences only 2.3% to 12.3% mass losses. The natural durability of plantation teak can vary substantially from one tree to another. According to table (1), it was found that the natural durability of plantation teak is Class 1 (Very durable) or Class 2 (Durable). Gille Schaix, and Nadine Amusant, (2007) reported that wood from natural forests is in durability class 1 (Highly durable) or 2 (durable), in some cases, plantation teak vary between class1 to class 4 (slightly durable). Therefore, it can be summarized that according to the findings plantation teak trees at different ages are not necessarily inferior in wood durability compared to the natural teak. Studies of 22-year old teak in Brazile also demonstrated that teak at both these ages had decay resistance comparable to that of naturally grown teak (Laming and Sierra-Alvarez, 2000). It was found that different result can be obtained with different decay test. Similarly, Win Kyi-2 (1989) stated different results may be obtained with different test fungi. Kokutse et al (2006) also reported that the degree of fungal attack on teak wood depending on fungal species. In testing decay resistance of Tologese teak, it was found that up to 20% mass loss was caused by Antrodia sp: and Coriolus versicolor. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 64

68 Resistance to attack by Pycnoporus sanguineus and Gloeophyllum trabeum was greater, with a mass loss of 0-7% for the former and % for the later. 7 Vertical Variation in Weight Loss (%) 8 Radial Variation in Weight Loss (%) Weight Loss (% ) Base Middle weight Loss (% ) Sapwood 1 0 Top 1 0 Outer Heartwood 14 year 20 year 25 year 30 year Age (year) 14 year 20 year 25 year 30 year Age (Year) Inner Heartwood Figure (1) Vertical Variation in Weight Losses Figure (2) Radial Variation in Weight Losses Table (4) Comparison the weight loss (%) among different localities Teak Weight Loss (%) Different Locality Inner Heartwood Outer Heartwood Sapwood Coniphora olivaceae Coriolus versicolor Coniphora olivaceae Coriolus versicolor New Gueinea 1 ( year) Indonesia (14 year) Myanmar(168 year) Myanmar (NF) Panama (PL) Togolese Kerala (5 year) Kerala (13 year) Kerala (21 year) Kerala (55 year) Myanmar(14 year) Myanmar(20 year) Myanmar(25 year) Myanmar(30 year) Rudman, P. et al. (1967), 2 Kokutse, A.D. et al (2006), 3 Bhat, KM & EJM Florense (2003), 4 This research Conclusions In this research, the analysis of data revealed significant differences in natural durability of plantation teak of different ages. It can be concluded that the highest durability was possessed in 30-year-old plantation teak. Natural durability of plantation teak at different ages varies from class 1 (Very Durable) to Class 3 (Moderately Durable). In this research, only laboratory decay test was done. So, further investigation with different decay tests and with different fungi should be carried out. No research work has been done on termite resistance attack of plantation teak. Thus, termite resistance test on plantation teak at different ages and different localities should also be carried out. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 65

69 ANNEX 12 Value Added Products Production and Marketing of Teak U Aung Myint, Manager, U Pum Khen Thang, Assistant Manager and U Htun Htun Oo-2, Assistant Manager, Myanma Timber Enterprise, Myanmar 1. Introduction The amount of raw material required for wood is regularly increasing year by year all over the world. The increasing demand must be supplied by one way or another available. So, 36 tropical countries including Myanmar have been establishing teak plantations to fulfill the increasing demand. 2. Long term Investment and Qualities of Teak Long-term Investment Establishing teak plantation is a long-term investment and selling intermediate yield of thinning poles is also a faster return on the investment. The natural teak is a gift given by the nature. However, a planted teak tree needs a lot of investment such as much money, labors and time to become a tree. So, the planted teak can be costly. It can be economically more profitable only when all teak trees including the younger ones are sold at a high price. To achieve this, value-added wood products should be manufactured by using advanced technologies. Qualities of Natural Teak and Plantation Teak Since thinning poles have large portion of sapwood and wide annual rings due to fast growing rate at the juvenile stage, the wood color and figure are not attractive as well as the portion of heartwood is also small. In flat sawn scantling wide annual ring may raise, long cutting scantling may twist and curve, wood color is not attractive. Quality of a teak tree varies depending on the soil, climate and other factors of the region where it grows (K.M. Bhat & P.B Priya, India, 2004). Since the teak trees growing in the dry areas have greater sawing outturn, resistance to insects and termites, black stripes appearance, compactness of annual ring and heartwood, and veneering capability, they are usually specified as Special Quality Class. Also, it is found that the high prices can be obtained in the market (e.g. teak logs from Gangaw, Pakkoku, Chin State and Kalay Extraction Agencies). Therefore, the planted teak of good quality can be available based on the factors such as planting of genetically sound seedlings, soil and climate of the region where they were planted and extending length of rotation. Figure 1- Different price in the same grade of Myanmar natural Teak Different Price in the same grade of Myanmar natural Teak Price (US $) ND 3RD 4TH SG-1 SG-2 Quality Special US$ First US$ Second US$ Third US$ Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 66

70 3. Value-added Products Production from Plantation Teak 3.1 Value Added Products Production Condition in Myanmar In Myanmar, according to market oriented economy the government has invited both domestic and foreign entrepreneurs to import the technology and investment. It has a good response form entrepreneurs of domestic and abroad. Nowadays, most of government's factories are operating with joint production scheme. No. 6 Furniture Factory of Myanmar Timber Enterprise, which jointed domestic private company (Phyo Si Thu Co., Ltd.), has been producing finished products from the teak thinning poles. It is found that generally the private entrepreneurs cannot extensively produce finished products except exporting round logs. Therefore, it is learnt that Myanmar has not much experience of processing the planted teak to produce the finished products. So, it can be said that the study on utilization of planted teak is a challenge for the future. 3.2 Stages of end-used Products Production (a) Conservation of Storage of Raw Material (b) Logging of Thinning Poles (c) Sawing Thinning logs (d) Outturn percentage To get high outturn percentage and exportable products from young plantation teak, it must be used high processing technology and good qualification of all the inputs. Therefore, to obtain economic success in plantation teak process; (a) The qualification of the inputs is a key (b) Quality control is essential (c) Down stream is a must for the future (d) Marketing is for success. 3.3 Requirement of Machines and Technology Production of timber finished products is being undertaken both manually and mechanically by the Myanmar Timber Enterprise. Because of the long life span of some machines, inaccuracy, more requirement of manpower, and decrease of product quality are being faced. The suitable medium-sized machines that can produce required quality and quantity of the finished products demanded by the market should be used. It is necessary to apply the appropriate technology already existing and to carry out invention and innovation as well. 3.4 Requirement of skillful labors Sufficient salaries and wages may promote skill and interest of the workers in their works. Production capacity may decline by hiring cheap workers. To obtain skillful workers with high capacity, training should be conducted in cooperation with learning. 3.5 Requirement of hardware fitting materials It is necessary to internally produce hardware fitting materials such as glue, hinges, screws, sofa, linens, and metal. 3.6 Requirement of quality control in every stage of production It is necessary to control quality in every stage from harvesting to production of finished timber products. It should be noticed that only if fresh cuts are available, Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 67

71 good quality finished products can be produced and wastages will be lessened in the processing. Provided that finished products will be rejected Loss of time, labours and invested money in addition to decreased production can be occurred. 4. Market Situation Teak wood production and prices Over-exploitation may destroy the forests and deplete the natural resources. Therefore, India and Thailand banned harvesting of their natural teak from the natural forests in 1982 and 1989 respectively. That is one factor which can decrease the supply of the natural teak. The export prices of Myanmar logs are also increasing. Figure 2- Average Teak Production in Decades Teak Average Annual production by Decade 800 (000 cubic meter) Teak Log Year Source: U Win Myint, A Study on Myanmar Wood Industry and Timber Market. Whenever the price of raw material (Thinning Poles/Post) increase, teak raw materials using companies face some difficulties because of a high cost and a low price of their products. Teak thinning post and pole price of Myanmar Timber Enterprise are as follows. Figure 3 Teak thinning post and pole price of Myanmar Timber Enterprise Teak thinning Post and Poles price of Myanmar Timber Enterprise US $ per Ton Post Poles Year (Source: MTE) Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 68

72 According to the table the price of raw material (Thinning Poles/Post of plantation teak) increases in every financial year. The Value-added Products Thinning poles less than 2 feet in girth are used to produce laminate products. Then, by overlaying teak veneers on the laminate products, very nice table tops and many kinds of floorings can be made. If design pattern, precision of handling, and surface furnishing are very excellent, good price can be obtained like the furniture products made of the natural teak. Due to the natural beauty and convenient use, the teak furniture is being purchased in the market not because of cheap price. (Dr. Antoine Bassili, International Consultant to Furniture Industry). When the finished products are sold, the prices may vary depending on types of products, design, brightness of color and texture, precision of workmanship, and convenient usage. It is used to sell the finished products at the prescribed prices. Generally, the sawn timber and semi finished products are sold at the prescribed prices. It can earn more income by only selling more tonnage of timber. Therefore, some businesses selling the semi finished products could not earn the income covering the prices of raw material prescribed by the Myanmar Timber Enterprise. Hence, it is important to produce ready-made value-added products when producing the finished products. End-use Product Market As for Myanmar, it is still well-known with natural teak of good quality. It is urgently needed to penetrate the international market by value-added finished products such as garden furniture and various kinds of floorings. There will be a market for Myanmar teak furniture or Myanmar teak flooring without discriminating between natural teak and planted teak. As most of the teak furniture markets belong to Thailand and Indonesia, Myanmar is currently faced with difficulties such as market competitions (U Shwe Baw, Retired Managing Director of MTE). However, the market always comes to those who are efficient Figure 4- Major Myanmar Timber Markets Figure 5- Myanmar s major ( ) export market for timber products( ) Market distribution of Myanmar Teak (by value) Export share of Myanmar Timber Products ( ) Market share % (by volume) Bangladesh 7% EU 1% Thailand 8% Vietnam 6% Others 9% China 11% India 58% China India Thailand Bangladesh EU Vietnam Others Middle East, 2% Europe, 22% Malaysia, 1% North America, 10% Japan,3% Singapore,1% Parkistan,1% Other,3% China,7% Vietnam, 1% India,38% Thai,9% Hong Kong,2% India Thai Hong Kong China Vietnam Parkistan Singapore Japan Malaysia Europe Middle East North America Other (Source: U Win Myint, A Study on Myanmar Wood Industry and Timber Market) (Source: Challenges and perspective for development of wood Industries in Myanmar, Dr.MYo Thet, MFPTMA) Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 69

73 5. New Employment Opportunities and Availability of Developmental Benefits As the era changes, logs are now carried by using modern transportation vehicles instead of using by rivers and streams. Although the modern transportation system can reduce time and wastages, it is too expensive. Although teak thinning poles are cheaper than teak logs, the costs of transportation and handling charges are not cheap significantly. When the raw materials are transported to the saw-mills mostly located in Yangon from the extraction site, the transportation charges are very costly. Because, the still existing saw-mills were constructed with an intention to the big logs (Dr. Kasio, FAO 2007). If the thinning poles are sawn by using these sawmills, a plenty of wastages will occur. Hence, if primary processing of small logs can be carried out near the plantation sites, thinning poles with good quality can be obtained and transportation cost will also be cheaper. As the sawmill having outturn 40% capacity, the transportation cost will be 1,000 lakh kyats for 1,000 tons of logs, rawmaterial with the rate of one lakh kyats per ton. However, if the primary processing can be undertaken near the plantation sites, only 400 tons of sawn-timber need to be transported. Consequently, 600 lahk kyats can be saved and the required machines can be purchased and invested with the help of this money. Besides, the job opportunities that will appear in the regions will give a great assistance to the integrated development. 6. Conclusion Applied technologies and a lot of money are need to be invested from establishment of teak plantation to production of finished products. It is impossible for private entrepreneurs to change and operate another business leaving a large amount of economic inputs. Hence, it is necessary to provide the private entrepreneurs with appropriate technology as well as investments so that they survive, and succeed forever. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 70

74 ANNEX 13 Current Status on Wood Based Industries in Myanmar Daw Khin May Lwin, Research Officer, Daw Zar Chi Hlaing, Range Officer, Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar Introduction The government is taking measures to introduce the market-oriented economic system in the nation for national development. In the process, in order to contribute towards the development of the private sector as well as the perpetual existence and sustainable development of timber extraction, the Ministry of Forestry is making efforts for enabling the national entrepreneurs to run teak farming by their own. Natural Teak Forest in Myanmar The coverage area of Myanmar forests extends to 27,151,000 hectares (67,877,500 acres) and occupies 41.3% of the entire country. It grows naturally in the southern part of Kachin State, watershed areas of Chindwin and Ayeyawady Rivers, Shan State, Magway Division, Bago Yoma, Mon State, Kayin State, Taninthayi Division and upper Ayeyawady Division. Teak Plantation in Myanmar Myanmar has established teak plantations since the year 1700 and launched teak plantations through highland planting methods in Bago Yoma mountain ranges in The Forest Department has expanded the scope of afforestation of teak plantations with speed since Including the special teak plantations planted in The number of teak plantation acres has reached more than 830,000 up to 2004 in Bago, Magway and Sagaing Divisions and Northern Shan State. In Average annual planting rate of teak alone is about 12,000ha over the decade, 1984 to The total area of Teak plantations in Myanmar covers 384,152 ha, including 36,946 ha planted before World War II and 347,222 ha planted after Independence in Details are provided in Table 1. Table 1. Area of Teak Plantations in Myanmar Area (ha) 36,930 1,230 1,229 6,067 4,425 13,037 53,665 58,950 53,899 63,463 67,718 23, ,152 Year Total Source: Forest Department, Myanmar, 2007 Teak Production in Myanmar Under the Myanmar Selection System (MSS), Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) for teak is limited to about 179,000 trees of prescribed girth limit and above. In terms of Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 71

75 volume, it is around 600,000 m 3. The girth limit at breast height (1.4 m) is 2.3 m in good teak forests and 2.0 m in poor (dry) meters teak forests. Table 2. Teak log production ( to ) Cubic meter Year Source: Myanmar Timber Enterprise 2007 Teak Export The status of teak logs and teak conversion export from to for government sector is as shown in the following Table (3). Some information on teak export products for Private sector between fiscal year for ( to ) are in Table (4). Table 3. Myanmar Teak Export ( to ) by Government Sector No. Year Teak logs Teak Conversion Ton Value( US$ millions) Ton Value( US$ millions) Total Source: Myanmar Timber Enterprise (2007) Table 4. Export of Teak Products from ( to ) by Private Sectors No. Year Teak Conversions Teak Furniture Ton Value( Value( US$ US$ millions) millions) Ply wood Value( US$ millions) Total Source: Myanmar Timber Enterprise (2007) Wood- based Industries in Myanmar The MTE currently possesses 91 sawmills, 5 plywood factories, 5 furniture factories and 2 moulding factories and the private sector has 258 sawmills, 5 plywood mills, 1479 re-cutting saw mills and 1588 small finished product factories throughout the country. Main Teak Products of Myanmar Wood- based Industries Currently produce the main finished teak products of Myanmar wood-based industries are rough sawn, T&G, parquet, lumparquet, scantling, decking, furniture, Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 72

76 garden furniture, board, door, figure joint, veneer & plywood. The export share of Myanmar Timber Products in are shown in Table (5). Table.5 Export Share of Myanmar Timber Products ( ) Item Log Plywood Molding Furniture Conversion Bamboo & Rattan Other Shear % Source: Dr. Myo Thet, MFPTMA, Main market of Myanmar Timber Products As demand for teak in countries, India is biggest market and the Thai and China are greater than other export share countries. (Table.6) Table.6 Market Share of Myanmar Timber Products by Value ( ) Country India Thai Hong Kong China Vietna m Pakista n Singapo re Japan Malaysi a Europe Middle East North Americ Other Total Market Share% Source: Dr. Myo Thet, MFPTMA, Conclusions The prime requisition of current wood based industries in Myanmar are capital input, investment in industries, new technologies, skill labour, sufficient raw materials and up-grading saw mill to reduce the wastage for plantation teak products production. There is a need for improved production methods and design, which would use technologies such as finger-joint, glue-lamination and even additives to overcome the size and the limitations of some physical properties of the plantation teak. Recommendations Market research will be required for the development of plantation teak market. Further researches are needed for drying, durability and processing technique for young plantation teak wood. In the long term, high quality plantation grown teak, the plantations should be managed in such a way that they are capable of producing this quality in the future. Improvements in the quality of sawmilling were thought (by interviewed with some people) to be required in some mills. Myanmar wood based industries should also try to produce in specialization products such as wooden home furniture production in Malaysia and outdoor and carved furniture in Indonesia. Some wood-based products Garden furniture Furniture Outdoor flooring Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 73

77 ANNEX 14 Brief Project Proposal Formulation U Win Myint, Assistant Director, Forest Research Institute, Yezin, Myanmar Regional Efforts on the Utilization of Plantation Teak to Sustain Supply of Value-added Teak Wood in International Market ITTO Project Proposal (Draft) PROJECT CONTEXT- Cont inuat ion of pre-project (end Sep 09): Study on the utilizat ion of plantation teak Addressing shortage of natural teak supply Testing of wood properties of different age class different utilization Technical needs for the wood-based industry 1 2 Target area Bago Yomas Yangon 3 Stakeholder group Characteristics Primary stakeholders Local community (SPA establishmen t) Plantation workers (nursery & hedge garden) Wood-based industry workers Landless, work on ad-hoc basis Landless seasonal workers Casual workers, shiftingjob for better income Problems, needs, interests Poor and need regular income Poor, lack capital, and need regular income Low income, better salary Potentials Have local knowledge and good at forest work Have local knowledge and ability to do strenuous job Have mi nimum experience in industrial work Involvement in the project Members of IG group. Establishment and management of SPA and seed collection Establishment of hedge garden and nursery work As permanent workers in wo od based industry 5 Stakeholder group Secondary stakeholders Co mpa nies Initiation in investing in plantation teak plantation investment (MFPTM) Wood-based industries/ Furniture manufactures (MFPTM) Do mesti c consumers Characteristics Problems, needs, interests Small & medium size industries, Preference for natural teak, not used to utilization of plantation teak Potentials Lack of Can provide technology and sufficient skilled staff, in vestment, long term increase investment market for timber produced Scarcity of raw material, need to install suitable modern machines/tools Scarcity of timber, high price of wood products Can provide facilities to process plantation teak, secured employment, increase production Consume and utilize plantation teak, Cheaper Wood product, Involvement in the project Plantation teak producer Down stream processing, producing value added products Consumers Promoters of utilization of plantation teak6 Stakeholder group Characteristics Problems, ne eds, interests Secondary stakeholders Forest Managing Department/ natural forests Great pressure on natural forest for teak production, establishment of quality teak plantation Potentials Have capacity for management of teak plantation, Plantation teak production reduces pressure on natural forests Involvement in the project Project implementing agency 7 Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 74

78 Stakeholder group Characteristics Problems, needs, interests Potentials Involvement in the project 2 nd Step Effect Problem Tree Effect Development Objective Tertiary stakeholders Local people Residing near the forests but not directly involved in project activities Suffer from deteriorated environment Awareness of Proenvironmental environmental conservation, conservationists, Support project potential goal by their consumer of participation, plantation teak 1 st Step 3 rd Step Cause Key Problem Cause Specific Objective Outputs 4th Step Activities District Law Policy makers and Peace Restoration Council, (Local authorities) Conflicting interest for other land uses Support Administratively political assist in the commitment, project smoothproject implementation implementation Sub-cause Sub-cause Sub-cause Sub-cause 8 10 Solution Tree Example: Development objective Development objective Problem tree Frequent bus accidents Key problem Specific Objective Drivers are not careful enough Bad condit ions of vehicles Bad conditions of roads Causes Outputs Outputs Solution tree Activities Activities Activities Activities Frequency of accidents considerably reduced Specific objective Drivers drive carefully Vehicles are kept in good conditions Road conditions are improved Outputs Output s Address the direct cause of the key problem Actual direct result of project implementation Be measurable quantity, quality, time and space Be achievable with the available resources Not be confused with activities Be time bound Each outputs has a corresponding set of act ivities 13 Activities A complex act ivity prohibit accurate budgeting and scheduling. Activities should be broken down sufficient ly to allow an accurate estimate of the resource inputs Be able to transform inputs into outputs 14 Indicators Indicators should be SM ART Specific: to avoid differing interpretation Measurable: to allow monitoring and evaluation of the implementation Appropriate: to adequately address the problem Realistic: achievable and meaningful Time bound: with a specific time for achieving it Strategyof Intervention Development objective: Specific objective: Out put 1. Out put 2. Logical Framework Matrix Veri fi able Indicator Means of Veri fi cation Key assumptions Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 75

79 Effects Supply of quality teak from the natural forests is in shortage Problem tree of the project Natural teak forests are overexploited Solution Tree of the project Development Objectives Supply of quality teak from the natural forests is supplemented by plantation teak Natural teak forests are conserved Key problems 1 Quality of 2 3 plantation teak is low Domestic processing and value added industry for plantation teak is under developed Trade and markets for plantation teak products is unaccomplished Specific Objectives 1 To produce good quality plantation teak 2 Domestic processing and value added industry is developed 3 Trade and markets for plantation teak products is accomplished Key problem 1 Quality of plantation teak is low Specific objective 1 Quality of plantation teak is good Causes Outputs SPA existed in Bago Yomas are not productive Sub-causes Hedge gardens and nurs erie s a re needed Quality seeds and plantlets are not produced Insufficient capacity to pr oduc e quality plantlets Local community pa rticipa tion is inefficient 100 ac of SPA established in Bago Yomas Activities 10 ac of Hedge gardens and 2 nurseries are established Quality seeds and plantlets are pr oduced Capacity to pr oduc e quality plantlets increased Local community is actively participated in establishment of SPA and nur ser ies Improper site selection and improper treatment SPA Establis hme nt of Hedge garden and nurs eries is not systematic No seed collection and proper storage Inadequate training, workshop s are organized for both staff and local communities Local community is not sensitized and mobilized to participate in the establishment of SPA and nursery Appropriate SPA is selected and thinned Sites are selected and grafted/cutti ng plantlets are planted Seeds from SPA are collected / systemati cally stored and di stri buted Training, workshop s are organi zed for both staff and l ocal communities SPA and nurseries are handed over to the community after establis hment SPAs are not well demarcated and pr otec ted Hedge gardens are not well demarcated and pr ote cted La ck of s oil analysis and fertilizer application Nurseries for pr opagation of cuttings/ graftings are needed No propagation Study tours incountry / overseas for local communities l and staff are needed La ck of inc ome generation -IG group 19 SPAs are well demarcated and protected Hedge gardens are well demarcated and protected Soi l is analyzed and fertilizer application is done 2 nurseri es are establis hed Budding s/ c utti ngs with clones from plus trees are produced/ dis tributed Study tours incountry / overs eas for local communities and staff are conducted Income generation - IG groups are formed 20 Specific objective 2 Outputs Domestic processing and value added industries for plantation teak are developed A primary processing machine and multiple wood working machine purchased and installed Activities Study tour/ survey on suitable primary processing and multiple woodworking machines is organized Primary processing and multiple woodworking machines purchased and installed Technical level multiple wood machine operators are trained Trainings on operation of the machines are conducted Samples of value added products are produced and exhibited for raising awareness 21 Specific objective 3 Outputs Activities Network on export of value added products is established Regional partners for the network are contacted Workshops/ seminars among network members are organized Trade and markets for plantation teak products is accomplished Utilization of plantation teak as raw material for production of value added products is widely accepted Local/ International extensions on value added products conducted Permanent show room for value added products established Participated in international trade fare/ exhibitions Exchange visits between participating countries organized 22 Strategy of intervention Development obj ectives 1. Natural teak forestsare conserved 2. Supply of quality t eak from the natural forests is supplemented by plantation teak Specific obj ectives 1. To produce good quality plantation teak Out put ac of SPA established in Bago Yomas Logical Framework Measurable indicators Impact indicators Outcome indicators Plantation using quality seeds/ Plantlets increased 100 ac of SPA established in Bago Yo mas Means of verificat ion Key assumption 23 Stra tegy of intervention Output ac of Hedge gardens and 2 nurseries ar e established Output 3. Quality seeds/ plantlets are produced Output 4. Capacity t o produce quality pl antlets incr eased Output 5. Local community is actively participated Logical Framework Measurable indicators Impact indicators Means of verificat ion Key assumption 24 Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 76

80 ANNEX 15 Closing Remarks by U Shwe Kyaw, Director General(Retired), Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry Good afternoon-distinguished Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, U Shwe Kyaw Director General(Retired) Forest Department The workshop has passed four days including one day-visit to some woodbased industries in Yangon and now it is coming to its end very soon. On first two days of paper-reading session altogether 9 papers have been presented with a wide coverage, dealing with plantation teak, from conservation of desired genetic material, making successful plantation and assessment on wood properties to its potential use for wood-based industry and market situation. It was noted that all the papers include a great deal of information and are able to draw much attention and interest from the participants. Furthermore, yesterday visit for wood-based industry in Yangon could help participants understand the present state regarding utilization of plantation teak in Myanmar. During the four days of workshop, we shared a lot of information on the development of the utilization of plantation teak. These, I believe will contribute enormously to enhance the utilization of plantation teak.i am very much delighted that we could recommend the important points to formulate a new ITTO project proposal on the development of the utilization of plantation teak. On behalf of the Ministry of Forestry (MOF), I would like to express my appreciation to the participants from India, Indonesia and Philippines; also to the local participants of retired senior foresters and the participants from the departments and enterprise under Ministry of Forestry (MOF), Myanmar Forest Product and Timber Marchant Association (MFPTMA) and Forest Resources and Environment Development Association (FREDA), for their presence and active deliberations to the workshop. I wish to note with regret the absence of our friends from China and Malaysia who have planned to attend this workshop and hope to see them in future workshops of their kind. Special thanks are also due to the ITTO and CFC for the financial support to convene this workshop. Ladies and Gentlemen, It is impossible to acknowledge individually or thank adequately all who have engaged in this workshop. I would like to take their opportunity to thank the staff of the Forest Research Institute (FRI) and Central Forestry Development Training Centre (CFDTC) in particular to Director Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw of FRI who have been instrumental in organizing this workshop. I wish you all physical and mental well-being and for our friends from India, Indonesia and Philippines may your journey back home be a safe and happy one. Thank you very much. Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 77

81 ANNEX 16 Discussion Photos Excursion Study on Utilization of Plantation Teak Pre Project 78

82 Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Development of Plantation Teak Utilization in the ASEAN Region