Surveillance for invasive wood borers and bark beetles in New Zealand

Transcription

1 Surveillance for invasive wood borers and bark beetles in New Zealand Eckehard Brockerhoff, Diane Jones, John Bain, Davor Bejakovich and Terry Donaldson Forest Research, Christchurch / Rotorua Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Agriquality

2 Invasive species / wood borers and bark beetles New Zealand - hotspot of biological invasions Vascular plants: 2,300 indigenous vs. 2,100 naturalised exotics Vertebrates: 155 indig. vs. 70 naturalised exotics Insects: : 20,000 indig. (?) vs. 1,100 exotics (many( benign ) Several forest pest insect incursions & establishments in recent years (lymantriids( lymantriids,, gum leaf skeletoniser,, guava moth) Wood Borers & Bark Beetles (WBBB) - globally among the most significant forest pests

3 Mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, P. contorta Source: < mountainpinebeetle.com> Dendroctonus ponderosae

4 Examples of invasive wood borers and bark beetles Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) - N. America Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) ) - China Brown spruce longhorn (Tetropium fuscum) - N. Am. Asian longhorned beetle & other Anoplophora spp. - N. Am. / Eur. Larvae/pupae in wood or bark (protected) WBBB travel particularly well High risk Photos: ALB website

5 Entry pathways Photo: via Joe Elkinton

6 Known ALB introductions (stars) / detections in warehouses Tauranga, 17 July 2003

7 Surveillance for wood borers and bark beetles Early-warning system for new pests detection Objectives (this paper): 1. Trapping programme using generic lures detection of established species efficacy at detecting previously established WBBB 2. Lessons from 50 years of quarantine interception records and known establishments of WBBB

8 1. WBBB Surveillance using funnel traps At high risk sites (ports, airports, devanning sites, etc.) Lures were general WBBB attractants (Phero Tech) Tested in California (Reay, Walsh, Hobson) Found to catch many problem WBBB Lures: Alpha-pinene + ethanol (1 or 2 reps per site) Frontalin + ethanol Ipsdienol Beta-pinene + ethanol (Control (blank))

9

10

11

12 Trapping results 2002/03 and 03/04 No new species detected! 2002/03: 292 traps - directly at high risk sites (few trees) beetles 13 Cerambycidae spp. (39% of specimens) 11 Scolytinae spp. (48%) 1 Platypodinae 0 Buprestidae 2003/04: 384 traps - near trees, near high risk sites 7992 beetles (25% Cerambycidae, 25% Scolytinae) Arhopalus ferus 1768 Hylurgus ligniperda 1082 Hylastes ater 699 Xyleborinus saxeseni 128 Phloeosinus cupressi 74 Next -> data from subset with control treatment (Nelson area)

13 Hylurgus ligniperda (Scolytinae) Mean catch per trap A N = 3275 Log linear analysis SAS PROC GENMOD D C B D 0 Alphapinene + EtOH Frontalin + EtOH Ipsdienol Beta-pinene + EtOH Control

14 Hylastes ater (Scolytinae) Mean catch per trap A N = 550 All other traps in 03/04 (N = 699): (alpha-p. / others) B B A B 0 Alphapinene + EtOH Frontalin + EtOH Ipsdienol Beta-pinene + EtOH Control

15 Arhopalus ferus (Burnt pine longhorn) Mean catch per trap A D N = 65 All traps in 03/04 (N = 1768): (beta-p. / alpha-p. / others) AB BC CD 0.0 Alphapinene + EtOH Frontalin + EtOH Ipsdienol Beta-pinene + EtOH Control

16 Effects of proximity to trees Trapping at ports = interception from containers, etc.? (pre-establishment) Trapping near trees to detect establishment? Trapping compromised by proximity to trees? (are trees outcompeting traps?) Trial: ca. 5 m ca. 20 m Mean catch of paired traps near vs. far from trees: Arhopalus ferus Hylastes ater Hylurgus ligniperda near trees 0.7 b 6.8 a 19.3 b far from trees 1.0 a 7.6 a 63.6 a

17 2. Interception records and known establishments WBBB Interception database: ca , 9620 records Known WBBB establishments: 11 Scolytinae (vs.( 50 in the US) 9 Cerambycidae 0 Platypodinae 0 Buprestidae Hylurgus ligniperda

18 Interceptions of exotic WBBB, ca Intercepted in wooden materials, timber, pallets, packaging, etc Scolytinae records 89% id. to genus, 67% id. to species 90 species (plus unidentified sp.) 2678 Cerambycidae records 86% id. to genus, 52% id. to species > 152 species 258 Platypodinae records 61% id. to genus, 14% id. to species Live specimens (lots! e.g., 82% of Scolytinae species) Comparison with US Port Information Network (PIN) database: 6825 records of Scolytinae (Haack (2001) Integr.. Pest Man. Rev. 6) database since 1985 (vs. 1950!) 74% to genus, 40% to spp. (vs. above) // 67 species

19 Interceptions of Scolytinae ( ) Number of records Ips grandicollis - (48 records, USA, Australia) Ips typographus (43 rec., Europe to Japan) Ips sexdentatus (6 records, Europe) Dendroctonus ponderosae (mountain pine beetle, 3 records, US) NOT established in NZ! Species rank Interception records have been misreported as established species

20 Interceptions (established Scolytinae) Number of records Amasa truncata (Aus.) Ambrosiodmus compressus (Aus.) Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Sub-trop.) Coptodryas eucalyptica (Aus.) Cryphalus wapleri (Aus.) Phloeosinus cupressi (N. Am.) Xylosandrus pseudosolidus (Aus.) (No interceptions!) Hylastes ater (Eur.) (36) Hylurgus ligniperda (Eur.) (30) Scolytus multistriatus (Eur.) (11) Xyleborinus saxesenii (Eur.) (6)? Species rank

21 Interceptions of Scolytinae (NOT established) Number of records Xyleborus perforans (205) (tropical) Note: no records from US Hylurgops palliatus (97) (Eur., secondary) Note: # 3 interception in US; established in US Pityogenes chalcographus (63) (Eur. / Asia) primary, major pest in Europe (spruce, also pine) Note: # 1 interception in US; established in Jamaica Species rank

22 Impact of exotic Scolytinae Most species only attack dead wood or phloem, and primarily that of their normal hosts (which are introduced to NZ) Generally, little ecological / economic impact Exceptions: Hylastes ater - girdling of seedlings in pine plantations - gradually being displaced by Hylurgus ligniperda Scolytus multistriatus - vector of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi,, the pathogen causing Dutch elm disease - beetle firmly established - disease eradication programme on-going

23 Interceptions of Cerambycidae ( ) Number of records Aridaeus thoracicus Bethelium signiferum Didymocantha obliqua (Established but no interceptions!) Anoplophora chinensis Anoplophora succedanea (1 - NOT established) Arhopalus ferus (30 - established) Species rank Callidiellum rufipennis (332 - NOT establ.) host: Cryptomeria Arhopalus rusticus (207 - NOT establ.)

24 Conclusions Influx of exotic WBBB is a serious biosecurity concern Threats to natural forests, exotic plantations, and exports Impact of introduced WBBB in NZ relatively minor (luck?( luck?) Trapping programme for early detection appears useful Interception records: Who s knocking on the door? Are invasions predictable? Weak relationship with propagule pressure Establishments are rare chance events (compared with interceptions) Important: Biology / Climate <=> / Presence of hosts Continuation of detailed WBBB quarantine data capture Global network of interception chat & exchange of data?

25 Acknowledgements Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry (Mark Ross & Brendan Murphy) AgriQuality New Zealand (Paul( Devine, Rick Irvine & many others) Ken Hobson & Steve Reay (information from earlier studies) Robert Rabaglia & Bob Haack (information on US programmes) Max Suckling, Peter Shaw & Roger Wallis (HortResearch) Funding MAF - Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry FRST - NZ Foundation for Research, Science and Technology