WINCH AND CABLE SYSTEMS

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1 WINCH AND CABLE SYSTEMS

2 FORESTRY SCIENCES Baas P, ed: New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy ISBN Prins CFL, ed: Production, Marketing and Use of Finger-Jointed Sawnwood ISBN Oldeman RAA, et ai., eds: Tropical Hardwood Utilization: Practice and Prospects ISBN X Den Ouden P and Boom BK: Manual of Cultivated Conifers: Hardy in Cold and Warm-Temperate Zone ISBN paperback; ISBN hardbound. Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Tissue Culture in Forestry ISBN Satoo T and Magwick HAl: Forest Biomass ISBN Van Nao T, ed: Forest Fire Prevention and Control ISBN Douglas J: A Re-appraisal of Forestry Development in Developing Countries ISBN Gordon JC and Wheeler CT, eds: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Ecosystems: Foundations and Applications ISBN Hummel FC, ed: Forest Policy: A Contribution to Resource Development ISBN Duryea ML and Landis TD, eds: Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings ISBN Manion PD, ed: Scleroderris Canker of Conifers ISBN Staaf KAG and Wiksten NA: Tree Harvesting Techniques ISBN Duryea ML and Brown GN, eds: Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success ISBN Boyd JD: Biophysical Control of Microfibril Orientation in Plant Cell Walls ISBN Findlay WPK, ed: Preservation of Timber in the Tropics ISBN Samset I: Winch and Cable Systems ISBN Leary RA: Interaction Theory in Forest Ecology and Management ISBN

3 Winch and cable systems by IVAR SAM SET Norwegian Forest Research Institute N-1432 As-NLH Norway SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. 1985

4 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Samset, Ivar. Winch and cable systems. (Forestry sciences) Includes index. 1. Winches. I. Title. II. Series. TJ1362.S ' ISBN DOI / Copyright ISBN (ebook) 1985 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Martinus NijhoffiDr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht in 1985 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

5 CONTENTS 1.0.! S.2.! ! : Page Preface Introduction List of symbols' The history of rope transportation From antiquity to the present The oldest equipment The evolution Fiber ropes and wire ropes The development of cable systems in Europe The development of winch and cable systems in the United States and British Columbia The development of winch and cable systems in Norway The factor of safety and lifetime of wire ropes The factor of safety The factor of safety and lifetime Bending of wire ropes The winch and the wire rope The pulling force and the speed of the winch Drum capacity Capstan and grooved pulley drives Braking the winch drum or the pulley Resistance from the load The weight of trees and stems Pull requirement during skidding Main, haul-back and hoist lines Salvage winch on a vehicle Ground skidding Uphill skidding Downhill skidding Skidding on horizontal surface Highlead skidding High skidding without haul-back line Highlead skidding with brakeable haul-back line Highlead skidding with a carrying wheel on the brakeable haul-back line Braking forces in the haul-back line Lateral skidding with single hoist line Lateral skidding with double hoist line and terrain block Skyline and carriage with double hoist line or hoist drum Anchors, spars and intermediate supports Anchors Green trees or stumps as anchor Earth anchor Rock bolt anchor Head spar and tail spar Guyline tension Spar tree Steel spar

6 Page Intermediate supports Four strut supports Two strut supports..., Single strut support..., Lines in long span Horizontal and vertical components of the tension Cable tension weight Elastic elongation of the cable Distributed load on the cable Unevenly distributed load Evenly distributed load from the weight of the cable The construction of a cable curve Cable tension during load transport, Concentrated load on the cable... : Cable tension and deflection due to both the cable weight and the concentrated load Simplified calculation of the cable tension Multispan skyline..., The length of the skyline, elastic elongation and pre-tension Equations for calculating the cable length The pre-tension of the cable Running skyline..., Line tensions due to the rope weight (q) and the load (Q) Line tension due to load resistance Total line tension due to Q, q in ST and Il (Il = efficiency) Power in the lines and transmissions The torque and the variation of the drum speed with an interlocked winch Measurement of cable tension Measurement by means of extensometer Tension measurement by means of watch and cable oscilliations The yarding crew Organization of the yarding crew Ergonomic work load Signal systems , Field telephone Short distance communication with radio...,..., Acoustic signals Arm signals..., The function of cable systems..., Cable skidding or cable transport., Underway and terminal function of cable systems Access roads and feeder roads..., Cable ways as access roads...,...,...,...,.181 Wire or wire rope for gravity transport...,.,., Stationary pendulum cable way...,,..,...,.,...,..,.,, The equipment...,...,...,,.,...,..,..,.,...,, The operational method,...,,...,..., The production...,... "..,.. "..,...,."..,...,.191

7 7 Page loa l !' Movable pendulum cable way The equipment The operational method The production Twin cable systems with circulating carriages The equipment The operational method The production Single cable system with circulating main line and carriages Cable cranes as feeder roads Yarding production cycle with cable cranes Theturncycle The chokers and the rigging... " Chokers for automatic unhooking Collecting loads from small timber Collecting loads from big timber The chasing...' The landing Yarding and loading in one operation Yarding and conversion in one operation Continuous main line system. The mono cable Lasso cable conveyors The equipment The operational method Nansei mono cable The equipment The operational method Steyr thinning-paternoster... ; The equipment The operational method Cable cranes with top mounted yarders Downhill yarding. Gravity inhaul systems The equipment The operational method Uphill yarding. Gravity outhaul systems Mobile yarders with tower Yarders with. swing boom for uphill yarding Uphill cable crane yarding combined with tractor skidding Double haul-back line as skyline The production Cable cranes with yarders at valley station The yarders The operational methods Carriages with hoist tackle Carriages with single hoist line The production Cable cranes with all round mobile yarders The chassis Tight skyline systems Carriages with hoist winch '"

8 ~ Page The production Mobile towers and yarders The yarders The carriages The production Running skyline systems Tractor mounted double-drum winch with clutches and brakes Endless main and haul-back lines Interlocked winch with slipping clutch variation Interlocked winches with planetary drives Interlocked winches with hydrostatic drive Interlocked winches with belt variators Supports for cable cranes with running skylines Yarding cranes The yarding production The rig up work of cable cranes The planning Layout of the road network The access roads The feeder roads The terminals The location of the cable cranes The planning method Rig up tools Yarder mounted auxiliary winches Guyline drums Straw line drums Rig up drums - rig up spools The rig up line method Separate rig up winches The straw line method The spar tree Pre-rigging The rig up work Light cable cranes Light cable cranes for ground lead yarding Light cable cranes for downhill yarding with top mounted winch Light farm-tractor mounted cable cranes for downhill or uphill yarding Light farm-tractor mounted cable cranes for uphill yarding and gravity outhaul Medium sized cable cranes Traditional standing skyline cable crane Radio controlled standing skyline cable cranes Running skyline cable cranes Steep uphill yarding with running skyline Steep uphill yarding with standing skyline (gravity outhaul) Highlead yarding with large yarders Time consumption for rig up work Light cable ways and cable cranes Medium sized cable cranes

9 Page Large cable cranes with mobile towers Balloon logging Examples on aerostatic and aerodynamic lift Helicopter Airships Hybrid vehicles The Piasecki Helistat The Cyclo-Crane The history of balloon logging The gas and the balloon envelope The equipment The natural shape balloon The yarder Transfer vehicle Landing machines The bedding area Balloon size for yarding 2 m 3 /load The operational method The turn cycle Main and haul-back lines with double-drum yarder Inverted live skyline and main line with double-drum yarder Balloon running skyline with 3-drum yarder Main and haul-back lines with two single-drum yarders One main line and two haul-back lines with 3-drum winch (Japanese system) The dimensions, productivity and some economic aspects of cable crane yarding The cable crane dimensions The productivity..., Some economic aspects A simple method for the calculation of machine costs The energy consumption The law of discontinuous evolution Litterature Index... : Example 1. Example 2. Example 3. Example 4. Example 5. Example 6. Example 7. Example 8. Example 9. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONS Factor of safety in a wire rope Factor of safety of a rope which is bent around a sheave The pull and the power of a winch The torque, speed and pull of a winch The acceleration and retardation distances of a cable crane The drum capacity The pull and the torque of a capstan The pull of a groove wheel pulley The load on the bearings of a groove wheel pulley due to the tackle effect Example 10. The pull of and the load on the bearings in a groove wheel pulley Example 11. Heat generation caused by braking a winch or a capstan Example 12. The braking length of the cable way... 75

10 10 Example 13. The braking power of a fan brake Example 14. The braking power of a fan brake on a cable crane Example 15. The braking force of a band brake Example 16. The reduction of the braking force in a band brake with opposite direction of rotation Example 17. The pull of a salvage winch Example 18. Maximum pull on sloping terrain Example 19. The slope angle when the load sliding downhill Example 20. The main line pull of one and two drum winches with or without carrying wheel on the haul-back line Example 21..The braking force in the haul-back line during lateral skidding Example 22. The drawbar pull when ground skidding or high skidding the load with the butt end or the top end forward... " Example 23. The maximum tension when anchoring in a green stump...,.97 Example 24. The bending force on a spar tree caused by an angle in the skyline Example 25. Guyline tension Example 26. The elastic elongation of a cable Example 27. Simplified calculation of cable tension Example 28. The length of a cable shoe Example 29. The calculation of cable tension, length of the cable, elastic elongation and pre-tension of a skyline cable Example 30. The tension in a running skyline Example 31. The maximum tension in a running skyline during uphill transport Example 32. The maximum pull during uphill running skyline transport when the load approaches the landing Example 33. The tension in a running skyline caused by load resistance and weight of the load and cables... ".153 Example 34. The measurement of cable tension by means of stop watch

11 II PREFACE The book is a civil engineering handbook on winch and cable systems. The handbook may be used as textbook for university studies in civil engineering and forestry and as the basis for studies in schools on a technical level. It should be a useful reference book for construction engineers, civil engineers, logging engineers, foresters and leaders of operational activities under difficult terrain conditions. The content in the book is based on more than 35 years experience with practical winch and cable operations. As a leader of the Norwegian Institute of Forest Operations, the author has carried out research work in this field since The Institute is the owner of yarders, winches, cable cranes etc., and with its own cable crews the Institute operates as a contractor in its own research forests as well as in other state or privately owned forests throughout Norway. The research work also includes other cable crane operations in Norway and other countries. As the leader of the Joint FAO/ECE/ILO Study Group on Mechanized Forest Operations the author studied cable operations in most of the Eastern and Western European countries. As president of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations the author visited most forest countries in the world. Information from research and practical cable crane operations were collected. The handbook is based on material on winch and cable systems used in Japan, New Zealand, Soviet Union, Central Europe, Northern Europe, Eastern United States, Western United States and British Columbia. The author has substantial experience as a cable crane worker, leader of cable crews and planner of cable crane operations. The combination of theoretical knowledge and global experience on cable operations has been of great help in the preparation of this book. The handbook comprises the statics and dynamics in cable systems. The main part of winch and cable systems and methods available in the world have been discussed. Most of the pictures, drawings, calculations etc. in the book have been done by the author. Many colleagues, research organizations, companies and manufacturers have contributed with pictures or figures and with other background material. They are credited in each case. Karin Westereng has typed the text. Solveig Heggen and Harriet Ask Kihle have made most of the drawings. Magnus Gartland has helped with the editing and corrections of the text. Charles N. Mann, US North West Forest and Range Experiment Station, Seattle, has checked the terininology, Margaret and Ola Sf!J7hagen have corrected and adjusted the English text. Herewith I am thanking all the organizations, institutions and persons who have given valuable help in connection with the preparation of this handbook. Special thanks to Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers and to A.C. Plaizier for their help in connection with the publishing of this book. Ivar Samset Professor Dr. Norwegian Forest Research Institute 1432 As-NLH Norway December 1984

TREE HARVESTING TECHNIQUES

TREE HARVESTING TECHNIQUES FORESTRY SCIENCES Baas P, ed: New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2526-7 Prins CFL, ed: Production, Marketing and Use of Finger-Jointed Sawnwood. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2569-0