Country Capacity to Conduct Environmental Assessments in Sub-Saharan Africa

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Africa Region Environmental Assessment Working Paper No. 1 Country Capacity to Conduct Environmental Assessments in Sub-Saharan Africa Environment Division, Technical Department Africa Region The World Bank This paper has been prepared for internal use. The views end interpretations herein ere those of the authors end should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting on their behalf.

2

3 THE WORLD BANK AFRICA REGION Environmental Assessment work in^ Paver No, 1 COUNTRY CAPACITY TO CONDUCT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Environment Division Technical Department Africa Region World Bank February 15, 1991 This paper has been prepared for internal use. The views and interpretations herein are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting on their behalf.

4

5 PREFACE The use of environmental assessment (EA) to identify the environmental consequences of development projects and to take these consequences into account in project design is one of the World Bank's most important tools for ensuring that development strategies are environmentally sound and sustainable. Bank lending requires the environmental screening of all proposed projects and the preparation of separate EA reports for projects likely to have diverse and significant impacts. More limited environmental assessments are required for other projects. Increasingly, governments in Africa, especially those engaged in the process of preparing Environmental Action Plans, are also recognizing that EA is a basic tool for planning and evaluating future projects and ensuring that they are consistent with an environmentally sound development strategy. This working paper has been prepared by the AFTEN Environmental Assessment Team as a reference document for Bank staff and consultants who are assisting African governments to plan, manage, and evaluate project EAs, for Bank staff who are developing country environmental strategies, and for Bank staff and consultants who are assisting governments to develop local capacity to conduct and review EAs in the light of local development and environment priorities. The paper provides an overview of current capacity for environmental assessment of projects and programs in the countries of sub-saharan Africa. It looks specifically at the legal and administrative frameworks currently in place, and at the capacity of private sector groups such as consulting firms, research institutions, and NGOs. Finally, the paper describes current Bank initiatives to promote increased capacity for environmental assessment through the development of environmental data bases and training programs for local staff. The paper also includes country-specific annexes summarizing available information concerning lead environmental agencies, environmental laws and regulations, environmental data systems, national and local NGOs, national research institutions, and local consultants. Information presented in these annexes is drawn from internal Environmental Issues Briefs, country economic and sector studies carried out by the Country Departments, UNEP lists, information provided by the Legal Department, the EXTIE NGO data base, studies of private sector capacity carried out by contractors, and research on NGOs conducted by the World Resources Institute. The environmental scene in Africa is changing rapidly, and studies such as this one can only present the picture as it appears at one point in time. However, we hope that this paper will prove useful as a starting point for assistance toward strengthening local capacity for environmental assessment. ~ivibion Chief Environment Division Africa Region

6

7 COUNTRY CAPACITY TO CONDUCT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The Legal Framework for Environmental Assessment Participation in International Conventions and Agreements The Institutional Framework for Environmental Assessment Regional Framework National Framework Environmental Information Systems Private Sector Capacity Non-Governmental Organizations Research Institutions Consulting Firms Training Technical Assistance Bank Initiatives in Capacity Building for Africa Region-Wide Initiatives Country Level Initiatives ED1 Initiatives AFTEN Initiatives Conclusion

8 ANNEXES Annex Paee - Ango la Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cote d' Ivoire Dj ibouti Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Ma1 i Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe

9 COUNTRY CAPACITY TO CONDUCT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Introduction The World Bank's Operational Directive 4.00, Annex A, requires borrowers to prepare Environmental Assessments (EAs) for all proposed projects or project components that may have diverse and significant environmental impacts. This requirement poses particularly pressing problems in the case of sub-saharan Africa. The countries of this region generally have little experience in evaluating the environmental impacts of projects and programs, and often lack the institutional framework required to incorporate such evaluations in decision making on public and private investments. Furthermore, these countries often lack appropriately trained staff to carry out environmental assessments, and such assessments are further handicapped by the frequent lack of suitable and reliable data. Finally, the countries of sub-saharan Africa have only very limited capacity to implement environmental controls on development activities. In implementing the Bank's Operational Directive, a high priority must be given to evaluating the current capacity for environmental assessment in sub-saharan African countries and to strengthening this capacity wherever possible. This is important both from the Bank's own perspective, to enable borrowers to meet appraisal requirements with a minimum of external support, and also from the perspective of the African countries, to improve the environmental soundness and sustainability of project investment decisions. The purpose of this report is to assess what is currently known within the Bank about environmental assessment capacity in sub-saharan African countries and to review current initiatives in institutional strengthening. The report presents findings in summary form for the Region, followed by annexes giving detailed information for each country. The report and its annexes are intended for the use of Bank staff, borrowers, and consultants working with the countries of sub-saharan Africa in the preparation of environmental assessments. I. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT International awareness of the need for environmental assessment of development projects dates back to the Stockholm Conference on Man and the Environment in However, few African countries have followed up by making a serious commitment to develop local capacity for environmental assessment and to use such assessments in making investment decisions.

10 To the best of our knowledge, no country in sub-saharan Africa yet has a framework law requiring that Environmental Assessments be completed for all projects. (In contrast, some countries in the Asia Region, as well as many Part I countries, have enacted special laws in this area or have introduced environmental impact assessment requirements in the framework of general environmental laws.) Such a framework law has been prepared in Ghana as part of the process of preparing a National Environmental Action Plan, and is expected to be enacted as part of the process of implementing the NEAP. Other countries preparing such laws in the framework of NEAPs include Rwanda, Madagascar, and Lesotho. However, there are many examples of EA requirements to be found in sectoral licensing laws. The "Ghana Investment Code: and "Petroleum Exploration and Production Law," the mining sector regulations of Zimbabwe and Zambia, and the elaborate industrial licensing laws of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda are all good examples of this type of regulation. In other instances EA is not mandated by specific laws, but is undertaken as a part of well-established administrative practices and quasi-legal permitting procedures. For example, a number of energy sector agencies now make it a practice to conduct environmental assessments of major projects. By focusing only on the absence of framework laws, one may get the erroneous impression that there are no requirements for environmental assessment in the country. It is perhaps equally important to evaluate provisions in other parts of the legal system which serve a similar function. Industrial licensing laws, for example, can be very effective because they provide a direct link between EAs and the implementation of development projects. Under such laws, developers may be required to submit an EA to the licensing agency and obtain that agency's approval as part of the documentation required to secure an investment loan. Regulatory and permitting procedures can be effective in controlling private sector investment; indeed, unless they are implemented with care, they can be strong disincentives even for desirable initiatives. However, such procedures are less effective in relation to public sector projects, in the absence of strong framework laws requiring environmental assessments to be independently evaluated as part of the process of public investment decision-making. It is interesting to note that a demand for such laws is now arising spontaneously in each of the countries which have undertaken the preparation of a National Conservation Strategy or an Environmental Action Plan. Through legal consultancies sponsored as part of these Plans, draft framework laws are now being prepared within the Francophone (Rwanda, Madagascar) and Anglophone (Ghana, Lesotho) legal traditions. These draft laws, and the discussions which will be held about them, will provide important guidance for future efforts by other African countries with similar legal backgrounds.

11 There are important legal issues to be considered in the context of EA for the countries of sub-saharan Africa. The role of customary laws and procedures for controlling the management of resources must be taken into account, as well as the provisions of existing formal law, which often reflect a colonial heritage rather than contemporary needs and priorities. In many states, the rules established under Islamic law must also be considered. The legal rights of indigenous groups to control the use of resources essential to their survival need to be protected, and provisions have to be established for appropriate forms of public participation in EA formulation and discussion. It is to be expected that EA will arouse a variety of conflicting views from members of different groups which stand to benefit or lose from proposed projects. Legal provisions must be made to ensure that all such groups have an opportunity to participate in EA discussions, and to provide appropriate systems for conflict resolution. Partici~ation in International Conventions and A~reements - Each of the 45 sub-saharan countries participates in two or more of the international conventions aimed at protecting the environment. The majority have acceded to more than six. All are signatories to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In addition, 23 have acceded to the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; 25 to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); 26 to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; 7 to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (RAMSAR); 4 to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and 6 are signatories to the more recent Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. A more comprehensive list of membership is given for each country in the Annex. In the last decade, cooperation between neighboring states in management of natural resources has increased, resulting in a number of important international agreements, e.g. the Agreement on the Action Plan for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Common Zambezi River System (1987), and agreements concerning the protection and development of marine and coastal environments in West Africa. Such agreements have clear implications for the responsibilities of states in conducting environmental assessments of projects affecting the zone of common interest. Though less clear, the linkages between international conventions and EA processes are also important. For example, the preservation of cultural heritage sites is an important requirement in EA. This is one of the subjects addressed by the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention, and it is possible for member countries to get assistance from UNESCO to help them in EAs that involve cultural sites of world significance. International conventions can potentially provide broad frameworks for the management of natural resources and harmonizing of environmental policies among sub-saharan countries, for example, through agreement on environmental standards in regional EAs. Regional agreements provide the

12 necessary framework for joint management of common resources such as international lakes, river basins, and coastal zones. International agreements are also capable of supporting the initiatives of regional institutions involved in one way or another in environmental management, e.g. IGADD, CILSS, SADCC. These potentials have not been fully exploited because many of the countries still lack the capacity to participate effectively in the programs of such regional institutions. So far, international conventions have largely failed to influence environmental policy on the national level in sub-saharan Africa. Due to their international character, legal complexities concerning enforcement continue to present major obstacles. In face of the growing global concern over environmental management, sub-saharan countries need to be assisted to improve their capacity to cooperate with international programs if they are to cope with present and future trends. Already there are a number of international efforts aimed at assisting countries to update and improve on their environmental protection legislation. Such assistance should also aim at helping countries to incorporate the principles and regulations contained in international conventions and agreements into domestic law. This will make it easier for the responsible national agencies to implement the agreements. Assistance should also aim at strengthening the national institutions which have been designated focal points for the administration of the conventions to which a country has acceded. 11. THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Regional Framework In December 1985, the first African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) was organized in Cairo by the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) in collaboration with the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the Organization of African Unity (OAU). This group of high level officials now meets every two years, and a permanent Secretariat is provided by UNEP. At its second meeting in 1987, AMCEN established an African Technical Regional Environment Group composed of all the national focal points. This Conference recommended the establishment of eight regional Technical Cooperation Networks, covering the following areas: environmental monitoring, climate, soils and fertilizers, water, energy, biodiversity, science and technology, and environmental education and training. Each network has a lead institution in each participating country, and the network lead institutions work together at a national level under the leadership of the national "focal point" institution. Six of these networks are now operational.

13 A major objective of this program is to foster regional cooperation and exchange on a technical level between African experts in different fields. This program of regional cooperation is managed by a Regional Coordination Unit for each network. The current RCUs are listed below: Environmental monitoring: Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), UNEP, Nairobi Climate: World Meteorological Office, Regional Office for Africa, Bujumbura, Burundi Soils and Fertilizers: Soil Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana Water Resources: Water Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt Energy: Renewable Energy Research Centre, Dakar, Senegal Environmental Education and Training: Institute of Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria National Framework Relatively few African countries have established environmental ministries (Uganda is perhaps the outstanding example). Some countries have renamed existing ministries to give explicit recognition to their environmental functions (Mauritania, Rwanda, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Togo, Gabon, Congo). Others have chosen to give environmental coordinating responsibility to interministerial committees placed directly under central planning authorities (Malawi, Madagascar, Lesotho). Still others have created environmental advisory bodies placed under one or another of the sectoral ministries (Ghana, Nigeria, Cote dlivoire). Most African countries have sectoral ministries charged with the management of natural resources, even if "environment" is not in the official title of these ministries. Some countries focus environmental responsibility on the ministries responsible for public health, for water and sanitation, or for commerce and tourism. Experience has shown that such sectoral ministries often have difficulty in playing the coordinating role required to properly manage EA for projects in different sectors. Because EA is closely linked to the evaluation of the costs and benefits of development projects and, more broadly, to the choice of country and sectoral development strategies, it is proposed that the Bank's approach to building institutional capacity for EA should focus on the central planning process in each country, taking advantage of whatever systems are already in place. Central planning ministries should have.the capacity to integrate environmental information in the evaluation of project proposals across sectors. This capacity may be obtained in one of

14 several ways: by creating an environmental unit in the planning ministry itself, by linking planning decisions to the recommendations of a project review unit located within an environmental ministry, or by developing such a unit as part of the secretariat of an interministerial policy making body where the significant line ministries are represented. The functions of such a unit or body should be to set the rules for EA, to review and approve EA reports on behalf of the government, and to advise the central authorities on appropriate actions to be taken during project implementation. It should not be responsible for designing, executing or supervising the execution of EAs; this responsibility should rest with sectoral agencies. As a complement to the creation of central planning capacity, it is equally necessary to strengthen environmental planning capacity in sectoral agencies. Thus, sectoral projects should take up broad environmental issues as part of the policy dialogue and should ensure that systems are put in place within the agency to conduct EA as needed of projects in the sectoral investment program. This implies attention to the institutional design of the agency itself, its training and technical assistance needs, and its relations with the private sector. Development of such capacity in sectoral agencies should be an important part of the action program proposed in sectoral EAs to be carried out for Bank-financed projects. Financial intermediaries in African countries present a special case, where institutional capacity for EA work is almost nonexistent at the present time. Progress is beginning to be made in some regional financial institutions (ADB, BOAD, BDEAC). Bank lending that is to be mediated through financial institutions in-country depends heavily on the capacity of those institutions to assess the environmental soundness of subprojects. Therefore, it will be important for such on-lending operations to include evaluation of current levels of capacity in the implementing institutions, as well as the environmental policy framework within which financial officers are expected to make lending decisions. Where such a framework is lacking, one of the most helpful ways to address the development of capacity in financial intermediaries will be to put in place a framework law and an agency that can set standards for the country, to which financial officers can refer in evaluating projects. For example, in Ghana, the Ghana Investment Centre refers project proposals to the Environmental Protection Council for approval. This system works, more or less, for large private investment projects which can be evaluated by EPC on a case-by-case basis, but it is too cumbersome for the approval of many small investment projects. Consequently there is a strong felt need for standards and simple rules of thumb by which financial officers can determine if investment proposals are environmentally sound. Development of such rules and standards will be undertaken by EPC as part of the implementation of Ghana's Environmental Action Plan.

15 Environmental Information Systems For the time being, the AMCEN Environmental Monitoring Network is coordinated by the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) office at UNEP's headquarters in Nairobi. However, it is intended that this function will one day be taken over by an African institution. In collaboration with FAO, the U.S. National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA), and UNESCO, UNEP has developed data on the African environment which is organized and managed through the Global Resource Information Database (GRID) in Nairobi and Geneva. Working with the U.N. Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the GEMS office is implementing in Africa an active program to support national level initiatives to monitor renewable natural resources and to foster sub-regional linkages between these initiatives. Reviews of environmental monitoring capacity have been carried out under this program in fourteen African countries, with four more underway. UNEP is also cooperating with UNDP to help develop national GRID programs in twelve African countries, through the provision of hardware (PCs), software (GIs systems), and training. This program is most advanced in Ghana, Lesotho, and Uganda, where national GRID systems have already been put in place. The next program will focus on CILSS countries (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso) and Cote dfivoire. This will be followed by work in Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania, and Mozambique. UNEP and other donors have also supported the establishment of two regional remote sensing centers, one in Nairobi and one in Ouagadougou. So far these centers have not had a significant impact on the development of environmental data and monitoring systems in member countries. However, they represent a resource which may be called upon in future to support national information systems and promote regional linkages. There are also regional data systems, including those supported by regional organizations such as CILSS, IGADD and SADCC. The need for national environmental information systems as a basis for monitoring environmental change and planning environmentally sound development strategies, as well as for supporting environmental assessment of projects, is another theme that systematically emerges from the National Environmental Action Plan process. It is worth noting that the Bank's own program on "Environmental Information Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa" now includes activities in Madagascar, Uganda, Nigeria, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Lesotho, all countries which are fully engaged in the NEAP process. Other countries, such as Benin, Cote dfivoire, Mali, Senegal, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zimbabwe, may be interested in joining the program. As with national framework laws for environmental assessment, national environmental information systems should build upon existing environmental data collection carried out by sectoral agencies. In many countries of sub-saharan Africa, different agencies are responsible for collecting environmental data, although they are not always given the resources needed to carry out these responsibilities. Data requirements

16 may need to be redefined so that the data collected and stored by sectoral agencies can be retrieved, compared, and interpreted at an appropriate scale for planning. Strengthening of national capacity for surveying, mapping, interpretation of data obtained by remote sensing, and comparative analysis of data through the use of geographic information systems (GIs), is an important element in building country capacity for environmental assessment. This element should be complemented by strengthening sectoral agencies as needed to carry out their part of the program. Private Sector Ca~acitv In assessing institutional capacity for environmental assessment, one should not focus exclusively on the public sector. Indeed, experience has shown that there is a surprising degree of capacity for environmental assessment in the private sector in Africa. Scientists in universities and research institutions have often been trained in environmental fields, as have some staff of private sector companies and consulting groups. There are a number of international and local NGOs active in environmental affairs, with the capacity to contribute in the design and execution of EAs as well as in the implementation of environmentally focussed projects. What remains is to find ways through which these private sector capacities can be mobilized in support of government efforts to meet EA requirements and to develop environmentally sound growth strategies. To learn more about private sector capacity to assist governments in carrying out environmental assessments, AFTEN engaged four international firms with extensive environmental experience in Africa to conduct field inventories of private sector capacity for EA in twenty-four Sub-Saharan African countries. While the focus of this work was on an inventory of the resources in each specific country, the reports also provided support for some general observations and conclusions about the private sector. These studies pointed out that it is difficult to estimate the degree to which local capacity for EA is under-utilized, partly because it is difficult to define what "local" capacity is. Conceptually, private sector potential should be considered under-utilized if international consultants from outside the country are engaged to do EA work when local expertise is available but not known. In this sense local capacity has not been greatly under-utilized in many countries. Zimbabwe may be an exception, where international consultants have been engaged on EA work that could have been adequately accomplished by local expertise. The skills split between different institutions may cause distortions in the assessment of local capacity. In a number of countries it is difficult to find consulting firms or private sector institutions with both management and technical expertise in EA. In universities, for example, technical expertise is often available but management capabilities are lacking. Since the two are mutually reinforcing, weakness in either one can adversely affect the overall performance of an organization.

17 The reports also pointed out that it may be misleading to review EA capabilities on a country by country basis. On its own a country may lack capacity but may have easy, convenient and economically viable access to expertise in neighboring countries. To get a full picture of capabilities such assessment should also be made in sub-regional and regional contexts. Factors which combine to make regional cooperation in EA potentially significant include: proximity between countries; shared environmental concerns; and membership in the same regional organizations. Institutions in one country sometimes have branches in other countries as is the case in the SADCC region. Assessments should take in account the fact that lack of capacity in the private sector does not (in all cases) necessarily imply that a country lacks capability to conduct EA. In countries where policy has been more conducive to growth of the public sector rather than the private sector the deficiency in the latter is compensated for by the high calibre capability in the former. It may be for this very reason that some governments have adopted liberal policies through which they release well qualified and skilled civil servants to take on short time consulting work with firms in the private sector. Counting public sector expertise as part of the private sector does not reflect a true assessment of the capabilities and strength of the latter. In the event of a sudden change of policy, e.g. if civil servants are withdrawn from the market, a serious vacuum in the private sector would be the consequence. It has been observed that public sector agencies which have the legal mandate for EX, e.g. lead environmental agencies, do not in most cases have the in-house expertise necessary to plan and conduct EAs. This undermines their capability to assist line agencies in scoping EAs and preparing Terms of Reference, their credibility in supervising EA execution, and their capacity to evaluate the reports which are produced by project proponents. It is particularly necessary that training and technical assistance be provided to such agencies in order for them to be able to properly manage the EA process. Following are more specific conclusions from the studies: Non-Governmental Or~anizations (NGOs) - It is difficult to evaluate NGO capacity where private coordinating bodies do not exist or are just beginning to function. Government offices responsible for coordinating NGO affairs primarily concern themselves with NGO registration procedures. - There is quite an impressive number of indigenous NGOs which are involved in environmental programmes and activities. They are, however, mainly action and project oriented and concern themselves with project implementation aspects. Their interest in studies as a major feature of EA are incidental, With some re-orientation it may perhaps be possible to

18 cultivate interest in project-specific EAs in which they see immediate action at the end of the EA process. The prospect of cultivating their interest in abstract studies such as regional EAs where links between EA and action are not clear is remote. - In only a few isolated cases were NGOs found to have technical capability to effectively participate in Ms. Indications are that it will take a long time for them to develop the necessary technical skills. - Although local NGOs may lack technical expertise for EA work, they are well placed to facilitate local participation in the EA process. It should be appreciated that while it is fairly easy to acquire technical capacity through training, it is not so simple to develop skills for involving communities in EA. In this respect therefore NGOs serve a not easily substituted function. - It will be more pragmatic to involve NGOs in EA processes on the basis of their knowledge of local conditions and their connections with grassroots leadership and communities rather than as a source of personnel for the day to day execution of an EA study. - The importance of the distinction between indigenous and international/foreign NGOs has been unnecessarily exaggerated. In reality this distinction does not have important practical significance. It may be more useful to base the distinction on realistic criteria such as whether it is the local people or expatriates who actually manage a particular NGO. Many of the so called foreign/international NGOs employ African technical cadres with skills relevant to EA work. Classification based on the broad distinction (i.e. indigenous vs. foreign/international) is misleading and can result in exclusion of often highly qualified indigenous personnel whom the better paying international NGOs are in a position to attract. Research Institutions - Compared to NGOs and consulting firms, research institutions are fewer in number but more widely known and easier to locate. - Due to poor coordination between government agencies, parastatals, other public and private sector agencies, research institutions are not very much aware of applied research needs and priorities. Academic research, with which institutions like universities are more familiar, has therefore received more attention although it has only limited immediate practical use. There are indications that given the opportunity, research institutions are interested and would enthusiastically participate in practical environmental studies such as those needed for EA. This type of research agenda would substantially enhance EA capacity in many countries of the region.

19 - It should be appreciated that involvement of research institutions in EAs, if not properly planned, may end up only improving the technical skills of individuals involved in the work. It does not necessarily improve the institutional capacity for management of the EA process. It is the management capabilities for EA which are most conspicuously lacking in the countries of the region. Consultina Firms - Legislation which requires EAs (i.e. which makes it mandatory that EA be completed for some types of projects) has a positive influence on the demand for environmental services of local consulting firms. In this respect legislation is an important factor in building local capabilities. - Private sector capacity for EA is primarily found in local consulting organizations. Their present capacity can be substantially enhanced if governments introduce policy and incentives aimed at increasing their share in the local market, e.g. by giving them priority in awarding contracts. - It is difficult to sustain, develop and maintain environmental services of private consulting firms in a small country due to market limitations. - Increased demand for EA is likely to spark off a trend in which engineering consulting firms (which are comparatively better organized in a majority of countries) will branch into FA. This is likely to speed up the process of capacity building in the private sector. - Most local consulting firms have at least some of the required technical skills for EA work. However, they often lack management skills to organize and carry through an EA process from the beginning to the end. Therefore, in evaluating the capabilities of local firms, it is useful to make a separate evaluation of their management capabilities and their technical capabilities. - For some time to come, the participation of established and experienced international consulting firms may be needed to design, supervise and manage EAs in which local firms lacking in management capacity are involved. This can be conveniently organized through joint ventures between local and international consulting firms. - To facilitate joint ventures, governments should design Terms of Reference and criteria for the selection of contractors that will ensure utilization of available local technical skills and at the same time allow access to supervisory and management skills of international firms.

20 - In some countries, excessive government interference may inhibit the development of capacity in private consulting firms to manage and carry out Ms. In a number of countries of the region, development of local capacity in the private sector has been constrained by archaic government rules and regulations. Governments should be persuaded to remove or at least mitigate obstacles that impede creation, growth and successful operation of local private organizations. - Demand for EX services is not uniform among countries. It depends inter alia on the speed of development and the size of the economy of individual countries. It may not be sensible to build up a large capacity for EX (e.g. through training, technical assistance, local initiatives etc.) in a small country. Instead it may be more pragmatic and effective to facilitate access of such a country to EX capacity in a bigger neighbouring country within the same sub-region. - Due to variations in demand it is appropriate to arrange EA training for groups of countries (sub-regions). Besides being costeffective the arrangement will facilitate exchange of information on EX procedures. It also promotes useful personal contacts between individuals from different countries. - It might not be possible to increase EX capacity in most countries to a level at which it can be done to international standards in the near future. The demand for EX in a number of Sub Saharan countries is still low and private sector institutions may not find it economically worthwhile to substantially develop EX capabilities beyond present levels. Training, even if started immediately, will take a long time to pay off in terms of increasing country EX capacity. No satisfactory mechanism for implementing community participation in the EX process has yet been found. - In a small country, training and EX capacity can be substantially strengthened based on one major development. - It is important to identify EX areas in which the country is weakest and design training programmes that will address them first. In most countries the capacity to synthesize results presented by technical experts, make appropriate recommendations, and integrate findings in policy decisions is lacking, as are management capabilities for EX. Training in these areas.should be a priority. Technical Assistance - Compared to universities and research institutions, private sector consulting firms have less need for technical assistance to develop their capacity. They will respond rapidly to market stimuli.

21 - Mechanisms for technical assistance should include: development of university consulting skills (especially EA management); support to enable individuals in universities to attend courses in EA in developed countries; support for technical experts to go to universities in the region on secondment; and support for country and regional workshops/conferences. - Technical assistance should focus on institutional strengthening for existing agencies e.g. by training staff already in institutions. Only in exceptional cases should technical assistance be provided to establish new institutions. - Extra care should be exercised in designing technical assistance in respect of NGOs. It does not seem appropriate to attempt to develop technical capacity for EA in the local NGO community. NGOs will develop their own capabilities for EA in response to overall demand, but more importantly in connection with how EA fits in their overall objectives. Whereas the need for conducting EAs is widely recognized, the range of possibilities for implementing the studies and the process is not well understood in Sub-Saharan Africa. Country capacity will improve if it is appreciated that different organizations in the private sector can be used for different purposes in the EA process. NGOs are well suited for functions that relate to community participation, universities have high potential for research required in EA work, and consulting firms can provide the management skills. To combine and coordinate these efforts is the major challenge. The prospect of joint ventures, which also provide the opportunity to tap into international expertise, offers a promising solution. Region-Wide Initiatives BANK INITIATIVES IN CAPACITY BUILDING FOR AFRICA The Long-Term Perspective Study for Sub-Saharan Africa identified capacity building--in both the public and the private sector--as a key area of intervention in order to move from the present condition of crisis to one of sustainable growth. It particularly stressed the need for strengthening the policy analysis and economic management capabilities of governments. It also suggested that decentralization of decision-making and improved public participation, including expanded use of local NGOs, professional associations, and consultants, would be essential parts of this process of capacity building..the Region has responded to this recommendation by proposing an African Capacity Building Initiative (ACBI). This program focuses on the development of capacity for public policy analysis and economic management by supporting centers of excellence at selected regional training institutions, by strengthening existing national universities and research

22 institutes, by creating government policy units or "think tanks," by providing fellowships for advanced study abroad, and by strengthening local consulting firms, professional associations, and other NGOs involved in economic analysis and policy work. Thus, the Bank will have an important role to play in setting the agenda for training in public policy and economic management and in strengthening the capacity of the proposed centers of excellence. Clearly, this agenda should include environmental policy and the incorporation of environmental costs and benefits in public investment decisions. Countrv Level Initiatives In addition, each of the Country Departments in Africa Region has initiated programs to promote the development of capacity in African countries to address environmental issues. The major element in this strategy is Bank support for the preparation of National Environmental Action Plans (NEAPs). The NEAP process provides a framework for integrating environmental considerations into a nation's economic and social development strategy. NEAPs are initiated and carried out in each country through a participatory process that involves government agencies, local authorities, civic groups, research institutions, national NGOs, and other private sector groups. The process is supported by a group of international partners in each case, in which the Bank has often but not always played a leading role. NEAPs have been completed in Mauritius, Madagascar, Lesotho, and Seychelles, and are nearing completion in Ghana, Rwanda, and Burkina Faso. Work on NEAPs is well under way in Guinea, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Uganda, and similar work is starting in Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Burundi. Country dialogue which is expected to lead to NEAP work in the near future is presently going on in Cote drivoire, Central African Republic, Kenya, Somalia, Mali, and Niger. Other countries, such as Tanzania, Botswana, and Zimbabwe, have chosen to complete National Conservation Strategies before embarking on a wider NEAP process. NEAPs take in and build upon previous work accomplished by countries under such programs as Tropical Forestry Action Plans, National Conservation Strategies, Anti-Desertification Plans, and so on. In the Francophone countries of West and Central Africa, the Bank's assessment of critical environmental issues has focussed on natural resource management (NRM), and the strategy to address these issues has consequently focussed on building capacity in the sectoral institutions responsible for NRM. This approach is congruent with the legal and institutional structure of these countries, where environmental management responsibilities are largely assigned to NRM ministries (Eaux et Forets). It is also consistent with the fact that in these countries the major environmental issue is the destruction of tropical forests. The result has been a series of projects designed primarily to strengthen country capacity to manage natural resources. Such projects are already in place for

23 Central African Republic, Cote d'ivoire, and Guinea, and are in preparation for Togo, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, and Gabon. It is envisaged that many of these projects will also provide support for NEAPs. In addition to assisting the development of capacity for natural resource management, the Bank is assisting the development of capacity for managing the environmental problems of urban growth and industrial development in the Francophone countries of West and Central Africa. The Environmental Management project (Abidjan Lagoon) in Cote d'ivoire is one example of a project which deals proactively with environmental issues outside the agriculture and forestry area. Other examples are found in the urban projects for Guinea and Cameroon and urban projects in preparation for Benin, Cote dlivoire, and Togo. However, more work needs to be done to integrate the environmental work being accomplished on sector-specific issues into a coherent environmental strategy for the countries. The Eastern Africa Department plans to assist National Environmental Action Plans in all of its countries, focussing on one each fiscal year. An NEAP has already been completed for Mauritius, and one is well under way for Uganda. An Environmental Program in preparation for Somalia could also support such an initiative. Discussions are underway with the Government of Kenya to determine the best way in which the Bank can support environmental initiatives in that country. The Bank is also preparing a Wildlife Management and Conservation Project for Kenya that will assist in implementing some key environmental objectives. The countries of East Africa's Lake Region and the Indian Ocean may be the most advanced in terms of preparing National Environmental Action Plans, with plans completed for Madagascar and Seychelles, well advanced for Rwanda, and starting up in Burundi. Drafting of EA legislation and setting up interministerial coordinating bodies with secretariats attached to central planning ministries have been part of the process in both Rwanda and Madagascar. This country group also includes countries that present very special environmental issues, including island countries (Comoros) and desert enclaves (Djibouti). However, clearly the most important country in which environmental concerns need to be addressed is Zaire. A preliminary assessment of Zaire's environmental policies, programs, and institutions has been conducted, with particular attention to EA requirements and capacity. This study was being followed up with further evaluation and training of Zairian staff and potential local consultants. Zaire now intends to pursue preparation of an environmental policy and action plan, giving priority to building local capacity for environmental assessment. This initiative may be supported under the forthcoming Environment Project for Zaire. With two inactive borrowers (Liberia and Sierra Leone) and two small countries (Guinea-Bissau and Sao Tome and Principe) among the West African non-francophone countries, Bank support for environmental assessment has focussed on its two major borrowers, Ghana and Nigeria. Under the NEAP for

24 Ghana, environmental impact assessment procedures will be established, standards will be developed for air, soil, and water quality, and environmental monitoring systems will be put in place. The Bank plans to support this initiative through a technical assistance project which will strengthen Ghana's Environmental Protection Council to undertake the management of these tasks. Nigeria has recently created a Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), with a mandate to establish environmental standards and regulations and to evaluate project proposals. Economic work on national environmental policies in Nigeria has been completed and will be supported through a technical assistance lending operation which will, inter alia, help to build capacity in FEPA to carry out its EA mandate. State Environmental Action Plans will be prepared in the context of future Multistate Agricultural Development (MSADP) projects for Nigeria. Guinea Bissau has initiated its own Environmental Action Plan through the preparation of a National Conservation Strategy with support from IUCN. It is also about to prepare a Tropical Forestry Action Plan. Bank assistance to Guinea-Bissau will focus on bringing these initiatives together to form the framework of a comprehensive Environmental Action Plan. The Sahelian countries present a particularly acute environmental challenge. This challenge was initially defined in terms of drought and desertification, and several of these countries (as well as others) have, with the support of the U.N. Sudano-Sahelian Office (UNSO) and other donors, developed Anti-Desertification Plans. Pilot programs to improve land and natural resource management under the control of local communities are already underway in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal. The Bank is supporting preparation of NEAPs in Burkina Faso and the Gambia, with strong interest in NEAPs also being expressed by Mali and Niger. Institutional issues related to environment will be addressed through these Plans, as well as through a series of agricultural lending operations focused on improving natural resource management in Sahelian countries. Three of the Southern African countries (Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) have drafted National Conservation Strategies, and one (Lesotho) has prepared an EAP. All of these plans call for the establishment of environmental institutions and the implementation of an EA process. However, none of these countries has yet found a way to make these recommendations effective. Tanzania is currently undertaking the preparation of a National Conservation Strategy. Zimbabwe has strong environmental laws and procedures implemented by sectoral agencies, and is establishing an environmental monitoring unit in the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Ongoing country economic work on Malawi is addressing environmental issues, including institutional capacity for environmental assessment. The capacity of the National Research Council's Environmental Secretariat is being strengthened through Bank assistance for the preparation of an EA for the Malawi Energy I1 project.

25 Environmental concerns are also important in Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia. In both Angola and Mozambique, the problems of urban and regional environmental management are being addressed through the preparation of lending operations that will strengthen environmental monitoring and management systems. In Mozambique, the capacity to manage environmental assessment, including local participation, in rural areas, is also being strengthened through the preparation of a rural restructuring project. Swaziland also faces important environmental management decisions and needs to develop more institutional capacity. ED1 Initiatives In addition to these Regional initiatives, the Bank's Economic Development Institute (EDI) has conducted regional workshops in Latin America and North Africa in environmental assessment for policy makers and project managers. Additional workshops are planned for Sub-Saharan Africa based on the use of regional resources. In addition, ED1 is supporting the preparation of resource and training materials related to the economic analysis of environmental issues in Africa. ED1 also plans to strengthen capacity for environmental training in six regional "centers of excellence" identified by the AMCEN Environmental Training Network (ETNET). Five of these centers are in sub-saharan Africa (the other one is in North Africa). The initially selected centers were: - University Institute of Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria - Institute of Environmental Studies, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal - Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Khartoum, Sudan - Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - Department of Biological Sciences/Center for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe - Faculty of Science, University of Assiut, Aswan, Egypt A joint EDI/AFTED/IUCN mission visited five of these centers, as well as Moi University in Kenya and the Regional Soil Conservation Units in Kenya (for IGADD) and Lesotho (for SADCC), to prepare a program for strengthening these institutions in the area of environmental management. The proposed program builds on the concept of networking among the institutions involved, supported by twinning with similar institutions in developed countries and by technical, financial, and management assistance mobilized by EDI. The program would include EA training.

26 It is expected that each institution will develop specific areas of excellence and that all will draw from an Africa-wide pool of potential clients. Because of the lack of response from Tanzania, the Institute of Resource Assessment at the University of Dar es Salaam was replaced by the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, as one of the six centers to be strengthened. ED1 initiated these activities by sending ten African environmentalists from the above listed institutions, as well as from the University of Botswana, to the two-week Seminar on Environmental Impact Assessment held at the Center for Environmental Management and Planning (CEMP), University of Aberdeen, in July A complementary initiative concerns the ED1 program to strengthen institutional capacity for management development in agriculture and rural development in Anglophone Africa. This program is a collaborative effort between ED1 and the University of Alberta (Canada)'~ African Management Project, supported by CIDA. It is a program for training of trainers. The present agenda for this program does not specifically include EA, although it does address the management of common property resources. However, it would be possible to introduce EA concerns related to agriculture and rural development projects, if this is identified as a priority by participants. AFTEN Initiatives The AFTEN EA team has undertaken a major program to strengthen country capacity for environmental assessment in sub-saharan Africa, both to help countries improve the environmental soundness and sustainability of investment decisions, and to enable borrowers to meet project appraisal requirements with a minimum of external support. This program is intended to complement other AFTEN initiatives that provide support for National Environmental Action Plans and national environmental information systems. The program also takes into account initiatives from other parts of the Bank that would strengthen regional training institutions and provide a forum for regional debates. First, consultant services have been provided to assist governments directly in the development of EA processes in Burkina Faso, Cote d'ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Zaire, Malawi, Lesotho, and Uganda. In addition, support for the development of EA processes was provided in Rwanda and Madagascar in the context of Bank support for the EAPs in those countries. Country priorities were established first on the basis of the anticipated workload of EAs for Bank projects, and secondly on the basis of providing support to NEAPs that have identified a need for EA assistance. The specific kind of support depends, of course, on country circumstances, and the program is planned in close collaboration with the respective country teams. Secondly, field inventories of private sector capacity (research institutions, NGOs, consultant firms and individuals) were conducted in 28 African countries. The purpose of these studies was to identify existing, underutilized resources in the private sector which could be called on by

27 governments to carry out environmental assessments. The inventories also served to identify Africans who could serve on international environmental panels or could provide technical assistance in countries other than their own. Copies of the reports have been distributed to the Country Officers and the Resident Representatives for each country, and additional copies can be obtained on request from AFTEN. The conclusions of the studies are summarized in this paper, and country specific findings on local NGOs, research institutions, and consultants have been incorporated in the country specific annexes to the paper. Thirdly, AFTEN has prepared regional guidelines on community participation and involvement of NGOs in carrying out EAs in the Africa Region. These regional guidelines are partly based on the results of a consultation with African NGO leaders which was convened by AFTEN in Washington in June 1990, to seek advice on appropriate methods of securing local participation in EAs in African countries, as well as on the early experiences of Bank staff and consultants in designing and executing EAs. These regional guidelines are also coordinated with the more general guidance on the same subject which has been prepared for the Bank's Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. The guidelines are primarily intended for the use of Bank staff who are assisting borrowers to set up processes for local participation in project EAs; however, they may be of direct interest to borrowers and consultants as well. A regional seminar to introduce the guidelines will be held in March Fourthly, AFTEN is preparing a program of EA training for borrower staff through regional workshops which will be planned and executed in collaboration with EDI. The first workshop, which will serve staff from the countries of Southern Africa, is planned to take place in Botswana in May We anticipate conducting similar workshops, based on the materials developed and the lessons learned from this pilot experience, in locations serving the other five country groups in FY 92. The proposed training will develop practical capacity at the middle management level in borrower agencies to screen projects, "scope" environmental issues, prepare Terms of Reference, identify local sources of expertise, ensure public participation, review EA reports, implement mitigating measures, and design environmental monitoring systems. Thus it will complement the proposed high-level policy analysis and economic management training activities, which will take place mainly in regional training institutions. Finally, it has been proposed to establish World Bank Environmental Advisory and Capacity Building Services in three regional centers (Nairobi, Abidjan, and Harare). This proposal would essentially decentralize AFTEN services, enabling greater use of African experts in support of Bankfinanced activities and more rapid and flexible response to individual country needs. One purpose of this program would be to support the development of country capacity for EA through training and technical assistance provided directly to Borrowers. It is hoped that support for this program will be mobilized in the very near future.

28 Conclusioq Contrary to common perceptions, countries in sub-saharan Africa do have some capacity to address environmental issues and specifically to prepare environmental assessments of projects. In most cases, however, this capacity is fragmented among many groups, in both the public and the private sector, and is only infrequently brought to bear on development decision-making. Most countries will require assistance (1) to establish a legal mandate for environmental assessment, (2) to develop institutional capacity to coordinate and review EAs on behalf of the country, (3) to strengthen sectoral agencies to manage and evaluate EAs for specific projects and programs, (4) to develop and implement national environmental information systems in support of EA work, and (5) to promote the development of private sector capacity to design and conduct EAs in research institutions, local consulting firms, and NGOs. A number of Bank initiatives have been designed to assist African countries in this process. The fundamental goal of these initiatives is to empower the African people to assume greater control over the process of economic development, by mobilizing local resources, promoting local participation, and establishing locally appropriate criteria for sustainable development decisions.

29 A N N E X E S

30

31 1. ANGOLA Ma1 or Environmental Issues ; Lack of safe water supply, poor sanitation in urban areas, disease epidemics e.g. cholera, typhoid, yellow fever. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministry of Agriculture. UNEP Focal Point: Direccao Nacional de Conservacao da Natureza, Ministerio de Agricultura. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities; Instituto Nacional de Planificacao Fisica. Environmental Laws and Reeulations: Participation in International Conventions & Aereements: Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitorine: To be improved under forthcoming Lobita-Benguela Corridor Rehabilitation Project. National and Local NGOs: ACORD/Angola; Biomass Users Network; CRS/Angola Research Institutions and Local Consultants: Agricultural School at Tchivinguiro. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Capacity; Unknown.

32 2. BENIN Soil degradation; soil erosion; depletion of forests, vegetation, fisheries, wildlife; recuperation of onchocerciasis; urban population growth; watershed management; land tenure; pollution. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Rural Development and Cooperative Action. UNEP Focal Point: Ministry of Rural Development and Cooperative Action. Other Public Aeencies with Environmental Responsibilities: National Environmental Committee, Ministry of Plan and Statistics (Commission nationale chargee de la lutte contre la pollution de la nature et l'amelioration de l'environnement); Direction generale de l'amenagement du territoire et environnement, Ministere des travaux publics, de l'amenagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme; Direction des eaux, forets et chasse, Ministere des fermes d'etat, de l'elevage et de la peche, Ministere du developpement rural et de l'action cooperative; Direction de l'administration du territoire, Ministere de l'interieur, de la securite publique et de l'administration territoriale; Direction de l'urbanisme et de l'habitat, Ministere de l'equipement et des transports; Direction de la protection sanitaire nationale, Ministere de la sante publique; Direction des industries, Ministere des finances et de l'economie. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Code Minier (1983); Code Forestier (1987); Loi sur la reglementation de la protection de la nature et de l'exercice de la chasse (1987); Code de l'hygiene publique (1987); Code de l'eau (1987). participation in International Conventions and A~reements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water ( ); Convention for Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (9.1.78); Phyto- Sanitary Convention for Africa (1.4.74); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage ( ); Convention Relating to Intervention on High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production 6 Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural 6 Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 6 Flora ( ); Intl. Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships 1973 ( ); Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1.4.86); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority & the Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ).

33 Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Direction du Plan dletat, Ministere du Plan et de la Statistique; Centre National de Teledetection et de Surveillance du Couvert Forestier, BP , Cotonou; Centre National dlagropedologie (CENAP); Institut National de Cartographie (INC). National and Local NGOs: Manitese; Association Orukutuku; Association des Groupements IFE; Association des Ecologistes du Benin (ECOLO-BENIN); Association pour la Sauvegarde de llenvironnement et le Developpement (ASED); Centre dlinformation de Recherche et dlaction pour la Promotion des Initiatives Paysannes; Centre Inter-Communautaire pour llenvironnement et le Developpement Rural (CICEDER); OKOU; ACORD/Benin; AFVP/Benin; CRS/ Benin; Centre Panafricain de Prospective Sociale Research Institutions: Universite nationale du Benin; Benin Centre for Scientific Research (lecturers from faculty of Agronomic Sciences U.N.B. work as researchers with this center); National Centre for Agro-Pedological Studies; Regional Action Centres for Rural Development (CARDERS) play active role in extension operations/public awareness; Dept. of Geography & Regional Planning, U.N.B.; Laboratoire du College Polytechnique Universitaire (CPU). Local Consultants: Ayita M. Baelo, Centre Beninois de Recherche Sci. et Tech., ecologist; Kolawole S. Adam, U.N.B., cartographer; Michel Boko, U.N.B.; Roger Diiman, CBRST, fish biologist; Henri H. Soclo, U.N.B., marine organic geochemist; Christian Dossou, ecologist; Kouassi C. Noumon, Dir. Bureau d'etudes, hydrographer; Firmin Adiahossou, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques, UNB; Aristide Adialene, BP 06 Cotonou, agroforester; Georges A~baoun~a, Directeur des Eaux et Forets et Chasses, BP 393 Cotonou; Akpovi Akoegninou, Dept. Biologie vegetale, UNB; Sylvestre Fandohan, BP 406 Parakou, agronomist; Vincent J. Mama, Centre Natl. de Teledetection et Surveillance du Couvert Forestier; K. Benjamin Sounde, Directeur de la Recherche Agronomique; Victor Adlakidle, UNB, BP 1470 Porto Novo, botanist; Bachir Ouloude, urbanist; Nestor Atindehou, agronomist; Tchabi, UNB/FSA, ecologist. Consulting Firms: Le Service Hydrographique du Bureau dletudes du Port Autonome, Cotonou. Current Efforts at Im~roving Cauacitv: Benin is planning to initiate an Environmental Action Plan with Bank support. A Natural Resources Management Project with particular focus on natural forests and watersheds conservation/management as well as land tenure issues is under preparation with World Bank assistance.

34 3. BOTSWANA Major Environmental Issues: Scarcity of water resources; unsustainable grazing methods; inefficient land tenure system and traditional practices leading to soil degradation; wildlife conservation; indigenous people. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Local Government and Lands. UNEP Focal Point: Ministry of Local Government and Lands. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs; Ministry of Agriculture; Department of Wildlife and Natural Parks; Department of Town and Regional Planning; Botswana Development Corporation (BDC) commissions EIAs. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Mines and Minerals Act 1976; National Policy for Rural Development 1973; National Policy on Land Tenure 1985; Fauna Conservation Act; National Parks Act; Forests Act; Fish Protection Act; Agricultural Resources Conservation Act; Atmospheric Pollution (Prevention) Act Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Agreement on the Action Plan for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Common Zambezi River System ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and monitor in^: Monitoring use of natural resources and use of chemicals carried out by the National Conservation Strategy Secretariat; Rangeland ecology monitoring established under Land Management and Livestock project. National and Local NGOs: Kalahari Conservation Society; IUCN (Botswana); National Museum of Botswana; Lutheran World Relief pesearch Institutions: Department of Environmental Studies, University of Botswana; National Institute for Development Research.

35 Local Consultants: Mr. Joseph M, Letsholo, Dept. of Town & Regional Planning, expertise Urban Planning; Prof. H.J. Cooke, U. of Botswana, expertise Desertification Control; Dr. Susan Rinardse, Dept. of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, P.O. Box 022 Gaborone, Botswana, expertise Soils, Remote sensing, Desertification; Kumaroth Devan, M.A. Jones, Gerald M. Sewula, Christopher Wilkinson: all of U. of Botswana, Consulting Firms: Aqua Tech/Environmental Consultants Ltd.; Economic Consultancies/Swede Plan - use external EIA consultants; ECOSURV; Environmental Services Botswana; Knight Piesold (formerly WLPU Consultants); Mendeleo; Natural Resources Services Ltd.; Sir M. MacDonalds & Partners - intl. firm but assembles national EIA teams for specific projects; Snowy Mountain Engineering Co. - Australian company which puts together teams of local experts for EIA; Social Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis Corp.; Wellfield Consulting Services Ltd. Current Efforts at Im~rovina Ca~acitv; A State of the Environment report was published for Botswana in Work continues on refining the draft National Conservation Strategy.

36 4. BURKINA FASO Maior Environmental Issues: Population pressure exceeding carrying capacity; loss of soil fertility; desertification in the north; limited surface water resources; occupational health problems due to gold mining in the north. Lead Ministry for Environment; Ministere de l'environnement et du tourisme. UNEP Focal Point: Direction generale des eaux et forets, Ministere de l'environnement et du tourisme. Other Public A~encies with Environmental Responsibilities: Comite national de lutte contre la desertification (CNLCD); Cellule de coordination du programme national de gestion des terroirs villageois, Ministere du Plan; Ministere de llagriculture et de l'elevage. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Textes portant reorganisation agraire et fonciere, partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Convention on Fishing & the Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention Establishing a Permanent Inter State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel ( ); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority & the Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitorinq; Direction Generale des Eaux et Forets. National and Local NGOs: BNSONG (Bureau National de Suivi des ONG) is a government NGO office that acts as liaison between the government and in-country NGOs. SPONG is a volunteer NGO umbrella organization. About 120 NGOs are listed with the national NGO office, of which about 30 are local; many of these are active in environmental affairs at the village level. Africare/Burkina; ADRA/Burkina; ACORD/Burkina; Association Canadienne dlaide a 1'Enfance; AFOTEC/Burkina; AFVP/Burkina; Association Le Point Mulhouse; Association pour le Developpement de la Region de Kaya; Association pour le Developpement de la Region de Toma; Association des Voluntaires Laics Italiens; Bureau dletudes et de Liaison; Caritas Burkinabe; CRS/Burkina;

37 Centre d1etudes Economiques et Sociales de l9afrique de llouest (CESAO); Centre Ecologique Albert Schweitzer; Comite de Developpement de la Region de Yako; Comite Francaise contre la Faim (CFCF); Communaute International des Laics Volontaires; Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises; Federation des Eglises et Missions Evangeliques; GRED/Burkina; IARA/Burkina; Institut International pour le Developpement des Peuples; LWR/Burkina; Organisation contre la Faim et pour le Developpement des Peuples; Oxfam/Burkina; Plan de Parrainage International; RADI/Burkina; Programme de Solidarite pour le Developpement dans le Sahel (Solidarite Sahel); Save the Children/Burkina; Six-S/Burkina supports village level NGOs (Naams); SOS Sahel; UNICOS/Burkina; World Relief International; World Scout Movement. Research Institutions: National Statistical Institute; Burkinabe Geographical Institute; Institute for Research in Biology and Tropical Ecology; Burkinabe Energy Institute; Institut Pan-Africain pour le Developpement; Regional Center for Remote Sensing; University of Ouagadougou; Institute of National Sciences and Rural Development (ISN/IDR). Local Consultants: Joseph P. Okanq, Director of Training, Regional Centre for Remote Sensing (RCT); Jacques Parnot, RCT; Nouh A. Sow, RCT; Dr. Alfred Traore, Director of Institute of Natural Sciences and Rural Development (ISN/IDR); M. Alfred, Ministere du Plan, expertise in NGO activities; Bamabara Kasimi, SPONG, expertise in Sahel information systems; Toure Abdullahi, SPONG, expertise in information systems; M. Ouedraogo, Secretary-General SPONG, expertise in information systems. Consulting Firms: BERA, BP 1169 Ouagadougou, expertise in infrastructure/environment; BERCO, BP 5616 Ouagadougou, expertise in infrastructure/socia1 sector; CEARD, BP 6098, expertise in social sector; GRADES, OlBP 1452 Ouagadougou 01, expertise in agriculture, social sector, environment; SIGNUR, BP 525 Ouagadougou, expertise in agriculture, social sector, environment. Current Efforts at Im~roving Capacitv; An EAP is in preparation. It includes proposals to develop procedures and capacity for EA in the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. The latter recently developed a draft Code and proposes to establish an agency Bureau des Etudes d'im~act to control and supervise EAs. A Tropical Forestry Action Plan is also in preparation for Burkina Faso.

38 ll Direction generale de l'amenagement, des eaux et des forets, Ministere de l'agriculture et de l'elevage; Direction generale de l'energie, Ministere des travaux publics, de l'energie et des mines. 5. BURUNDI Maior Environmental Issues: Rapid population growth; overgrazing; deforestation; soil erosion; loss of swampland; poor management of protected areas. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere de l'amenagement, du tourisme et de l'environnement. UNEP Focal Point: Institut national pour l'environnement et.la conservation de la nature. Environmental Laws and Re~ulations: Mining and Petroleum Law, Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural 6 Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring; Not known. National and Local NGOs: Solidarite Paysanne; AFVP/Burundi; AVLI/Burundi. Research Institutions: Institut de recherche agronomique et zootechnique (IRAZ); Institut des sciences agronomiques; Universite du Burundi; Institut geographique du Burundi (IGEBU). Local Consultants: Audace Kabavanda, engineer in tropical 6 sub-tropical agriculture; Gaspard Ntakimazi, hydrobiologist; Egide Nzolibwami, hydrogeologist; Venant Baratakanwa, Ministere du Plan, environmental chemist, B.P. 2800, Bujumbura.

39 Consultine Firms: DUCOREX-CONSULT, natural resource management; G.K.W.-CONSULT, environmental consultant engineers; SHER, Societe pour l'hydraulique et l'equipement rural; SOGES, management, organization and engineering consultants; SOGEAC-SARL, financial and natural resource management. Current Efforts at Im~rovine - Ca~acitv: Burundi will prepare an EAP with Bank support as part of the Second Agriculture Sector/Environment Project.

40 ; Direction des eaux et forets, Ministere de l'agriculture; Direction de la faune et des parcs nationaux; Comite national de l'homme et la biosphere (MAB); Mission dlarnenagement et de Gestion des Zones Industrielles (MAGZI); Mission dlamenagement et dletudes des Terrains Urbains (MEATUR); Centre de Recherches et dletudes des Travaux Publics (CRETP). 6. CAMEROON Maior Environmental Issues: Rapid deforestation; risk of pollution from petroleum production operations; ecological damage to marine environment; environmentally related diseases arising out of poor water supply and sanitation; poor management of protected areas, e.g. National Parks. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere du Plan et de llamenagement du Territoire. UNEP Focal Point: Direction de l'amenagement du territoire et de l'environnement, Ministere du plan et de l'amenagement du territoire. Environmental Laws and Repulations; Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint (7.6.60); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage ( ); Convention and Statute Relating to Development of Chad Basin; African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage ( ); Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage (7.3.83); Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (3.9.81); Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( ); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority & the Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of Marine & Coastal Environment of West & Central African Region (5.8.84); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); International Tropical Timber Agreement ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring: No information.

41 National and Local NGOs: Association des Clubs des Amis de la Nature (ACAN); AFOTEC/Cameroon; AFVP/Cameroon; Centre pour le Developpement Autocentre (CEDAC); Presbyterian Rural Training Centres; CARE/Cameroon; Pan African Institute for Development recently inventoried 76 local NGOs for UNDP, only a few of which have an environmental focus; Comite Camerounais de Biosciences; ENVIROPROTECT; Centre de Promotion de la Sante de Tokombere; Europe-Tiers Monde (Belgian NGO); Research Institutions: Institute of Training and Demographic Research; Centre Universitaire de Dschang, Ecole Nationale Agronomique; Direction des Projects Agricoles (DPA); Centre Geographique National (CGN); Institut des Sciences Humaines; Institut de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (IRGM); Institut de Recherches Medicales et d'etudes des Plantes Medicinales (IMPM); Institut de Recherches Agricoles/Centre de Recherche Forestier (IRA/CRF); Universite dfyaounde; ORSTOM; Ecole de Faune; Centre de Recherche sur le Sol et le Sous - sol. Local Consultants: Derek A. Focho, Centre Universitaire de Dchang; Lucas T. Tanda~, U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, expertise in economic geography, management of rural environment; Jean Nva-N~atchou, biodiversity expert, MESRES; Paul N. Nkwi, scientific and technical researcher, MESRES; A.C. Avamama, Institute of Animal Research; Gabriel Valet, biologist/plant ecologist; Mr. Bou~oulema, Directeur du Centre Universiatire de Douala, biologist; Peter Avuke~ba, Delegue provincial de l'hgriculture de Douala; Dr. Tonve, IRA/ICRAF, agroforestry expert; Mr. Tem~oa, Directeur General de I'ONADEF, forester; Bindzi Tsala, Directeur du CNS, soil expert; Mr. Sattia, FA0 consultant, marine pollution specialist; Paul Hengue, Chef du Service des etudes et de la projection geographique; Ernest Nvoung, Chef du Services Inventaires, geographer; Joseph B. Besson~, Sous-directeur des Forets/MINAGRI, forester; Mahamat Amine, Sous-directeur de la faune des parcs nationaux, wildlife specialist; Mr. Nianrzou, CRF/IRA, forester; Mr. Sattabie, responsable de 1'Herbier National/CRF, botanist; Mr. Tchebavou, Chef du Service amenagement et inventaire de la Direction des Forets/MINAGRI, forester; Emmanuel Gwan, Chef du Departement Geographie, geographer; Augustin Youmbi, expertise not known; Emil J.B. Tutuwan, expertise not known. Consulting - Firms: BEST-IC, consultant engineers, topographic civil engineers; Societe Camerounaise dletudes et de Genie Civil (CAMETRA); Centre Technique de Developpement Rural; Bureau dletudes d8urbanisme et de Realisations (BETURE); Bonnard et Gardel; Societe Camerounaise dletudes et dtingenierie (SOCAEI); Societe de Coordination d'etudes et dfingenierie (SOCEI); Societe Camerounaise d'etudes et de Realisations; Societe Generale dfetudes et de Realisations.

42 Current Efforts at Improvina Capacity; A National Conservation Profile was completed in A draft Tropical Forestry Action Plan is under consideration. Efforts to reorient the TFAP may result in an EAP activity.

43 7. CAPE VERDE Maior Environmental Issues; High population growth; inadequate water; lack of fuel; institutional constraints and lack of manpower. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Local Administration and Urban Development. UNEP Focal Point: Direction generale de l'administration locale et de l'urbanisme. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Centre for Agrarian Studies, Ministry of Rural Development; National Institute of Agrarian Research; Junta dos Recursos Hidricos. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Plant Protection Convention ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water ( ); Convention for Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitorine: - National Institute of Agrarian Research; Department of Natural Resources; Ministry of Rural Development and Fisheries. National and Local NGOs: Association Francaise des Volontaires du Progres; Church World Service; Centre Canadien dfetudes et de Cooperation International; Hellenic Institute of Solidarity and Cooperation (HELINAS). Research Institutions and Local Consultants: Institut national de la recherche agricole (INRA); Instituto de Formacao et Aperfeicoamento Profissional. Current Efforts at Im~roving Capacity: Not known.

44 8. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Maior Environmental Issues: Tropical forest management; wildlife management; declining soil fertility and increasing grazing pressure in the savanna zone Lead Ministrv for Environment: Haut Commission a la Recherche Scientifique et Technique. UNEP Focal Point Direction de l'environnement, Ministere des travaux publics et de l'amenagement du territoire. Other Public Agencies - with Environmental Responsibilities: Ministere des eaux, des forets, de la chasse, des peches et du tourisme; Ministere de la sante publique. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Participation in International Conventions 6 Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water ( ); Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa (7.5.74); African Convention on Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Direction de 1'Urbanisme et de ltenvironnement, Ministere des Travaux Publics et de l'henagement du Territoire; Direction de la Meteorologie, Ministere des Transports et de 1'Aviation Civile; Direction de la Salubrite de 1'Environnement et dlassainissement, Ministere de la Sante Public et Affaires Sociales; Comite Prevention et Securite Routiers, Ministere de Transport et de 1'Aviation Civile. National and Local NGOs: Programme de 1'Association Evangelique pour le Developpement Agricole et Social (PAEDAS); VITA; Africare/CAR; AEVP/RCA; Opportunities Industrialization Center - Centrafrique (OIC-CA); Association des Amis de la Nature/WWF; Comite Inter-ONG Centrafrique (CIONGCA); Organisation Interafricaine pour la Qualite de la Vie (OIAQV); Association de Protection de 1'Environnement Centrafricain (APEC); LWR/CAR; RADI/RCA

45 Research: Comite MAB; Bureau National de Pedologie et de Conservation des Sols (BNPCS); Institut Geographique; Institut Pasteur, expertise epidemiology; Institut National de Recherche et dlaction Pedagogique (INRAP); ORSTOM; Laboratoire de Mineralogie/Direction Generale des Mines. Local Consultants: Jean-Bernard m, Institut Polytechnique, U. de Bangui; Mr. Mandata- NIGuerekata, Haut Comrnissaire a la Presidence, charge de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (HCRST), biologist; Mr. MIBrinea-Takama, HCRST, geographer; Demba Doucovre, Ministere des Transports et de llaviation Civile, expertise agrometeorology; Clement Feizoure, Service National des Eaux, hydraulic engineer; Pierre Yelimendet, U. de Bangui, Head of Geography Dept., geographer; Bernard Gbasson, U. de Bangui, Head of Natural Sciences Dept., ecologist; E. Kaine, Faculte des Sciences Naturelles, biologist; Jacques P. Regner, BP 249 Bangui, biologist, flora specialist; Marc Yamande, Directeur de llassainissement et de la Salubrite de llenvironnement (DASE), public health/water specialist; Clement Arnarou, DASE, environmental health specialist; Fidele Gouanze, Director BNPCS, soil specialist; G. Mboussa, Directeur de la Production et du Controle de llenergie, expertise energy resources; Philemon Seleban~ue, Directeur general des Services Centraux du Ministere des Eaux et Forets, Chasses, Peches et Tourisme, forester; Siki Ghislain, U. de Bangui, Doyen de la Faculte des Sciences et de la Technologie, biologiste/zoologiste; T. Damio, Direction de lloffice National des Forets, forester; A. Gueret-Domba, Direction des Eaux et Forets, forester; Joseph Niamathe, BP 129 Bangui, geographer; G. Douneoube, - Direction de la faune, expertise fauna; Jean Testa, Faculte des Sciences de la Sante, epidemiologist/parasitologist; Jean Yurmani, Directeur General des Mines et de la Geologie, geologist. Consultine Firms: OCPT/DGP-CNE-Bureau dletudes; Compagnie Bureau dletudes, Conseils et Realisation (CBS), BP 1884 Bangui; Daba Santany Consultant, BP 208 Bangui; Conseils en Sciences Sociales du Developpement, BP 1031 Bangui. 1: A National Conservation Profile is in preparation. Initiation of a National Environmental Action Plan is envisaged under the ongoing Natural Resources Management Project.

46 9. CHAD Maior Environmental Issues; Drought and desertification; soil erosion and depletion; water pollution and poor public health conditions. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere du tourisme et de l'environnement. UNEP Focal Point: Direction des forets et de la protection de l'environnement. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Direction du tourisme, des parcs nationaux et de la faune; Direction des eaux et peches, Ministere du tourisme et de l'environnement; Direction de l'habitat, de l'urbanisme et de l'environnement, Ministere de l'amenagement du territoire, de l'urbanisme et de l'habitat; Direction des ressources en eau et de meteorologie nationale, Direction de la recherche agronomique, Ministere de 1'Agriculture et du developpement rural; Direction de petrole, des energies nouvelles et renouvelables, Ministere des mines et de l'energie; Council of ministers responsible for coordinating policy on environment. Environmental Laws and Regulations; Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning Use of White Lead Paint ( ); Convention on African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water (1.3.65); Convention and Statute Relating to Development of Chad Basin ( ); Convention Establishing Permanent Interstate Drought Control Committee for the Sahel ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitorine: Direction Generale du Tourisme et de llenvironnement, Ministere du Tourisme et de llenvironnement. National and Local NGOs; Two local NGOs, Centre d'etudes et de formation pour le developpement (CEFOD), BP 907, Ndjamena, and Secours Catholique et Development (SECADEF), BP 1166, Ndjamena, are headed by expatriate Catholic priests - areas of interest include social sector, training, extension, and agriculture; CARE/ Chad, BP 106, Ndjamena - interests include agriculture, energy & social sector. Africare/Chad; ACORD/Chad; Association Neerlandaise d'hssistance au Developpement; Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises; IARA/Chad; VITA; World Vision.

47 Research Institutions: Universite du Tchad, Faculte des Sciences Exactes et Appliquees, BP 1027, expertise in agriculture/industry/energy; Institut National des Sciences Humaines (INSH), BP 53 Ndjamena, expertise in agriculture/energy/ infrastructure/social sector; Bureau Interministeriel d'etudes et de Programmation (BIEP), BP 441 Ndjamena, expertise in agriculture/social sector. Local Consultants: Djime Adoum, unaffiliated consultant c/o University of Maryland, expertise in agriculture/rural development; M. Alabho, Director INSH; M. Namba, Interim Director BIEP. Current Efforts at Im~roving Ca~acitv: The Government has adopted a National Anti-Desertification Plan and is preparing project proposals to implement the plan. A National Conservation Strategy is in preparation with assistance from IUCN, L. Berger study on the country's agricultural environment was recently released.

48 Maior Environmental Issues: Rapidly increasing population; deforestation; soil erosion; destruction of coral reef; lack of clarity on land tenure which has proved an impediment to the implementation of environmental protection work. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministere de l'equipement et de l'environnement. UNEP Focal Point: Direction general de l'environnement. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Service amenagement du territoire, Ministere de l'equipement et de l'environnement. Environmental Laws and Reeulations: Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring; Not known. National and Local NGOs: Association Francaise des Volontaires du Progres. Research Institutions and Local Consultants; Not known. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Ca~acitv: Not known.

49 11. CONGO pialor Environmental Issues: Risk of damage to environment from oil pollution; improper forest management; poaching of wildlife. J & & Ministere de l'equipement charge de l'environnement. UNEP Focal Point: Direction generale de l'environnement. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Service hydrologique, Ministere de la recherche scientifique et de l'environnement; Conseil superieur de l'environnement; Ministere de l'economie forestiere. Environmental Laws and Regulations: A draft Environment Code has been formulated. Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature 6 Natural Resources ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production 6 Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage (9.3.88); Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (1.5.83); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); International Tropical Timber Agreement (1.4.85). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: None known. National and Local NGOs: Centre de Promotion Rurale (CPR); Service National du Reboisement (SNR); Association Congolaise pour le Developpement Endogene des Centres Ruraux (ACDEC); AFVP/Congo. Research Institutions: Ecole Superieure (Sociale et Politique) du Parti; Centre dfetudes sur les Ressources Vegetales (CERVE); Centre National dletudes des Sols; Central African Mineral Resources Development Center.

50 Local Consultants: Marius Issanna-Neamissini, - Directeur de lfenvironnement, marine biologist; Jerome Dinea-Reassi, Ministere de la Recherche Scientifique et de llenvironnement; Victor Doulou, Ministere de la Recherche Scientifique et de lfenvironnement; C. Bouramoue, Ministere de la Recherche Scientifique et de llenvironnement; Jean F. Makava, ORSTOM, oceanographer; D. Malounguila- Ganga, U. Marien N'Gouabi de Brazzaville; Alphonse B. Mbetani, Directeur STARDI; Gaspard Boun~ou, Departement de Geographie/Faculte des Lettres; Pierre Gioan, Dept. de Geologie/Faculte des Sciences; Jules L. Ndembi, Laboratoire de physique de l'atmosphere/faculte des Sciences; Antoine Ma~annui, ORSTOM, pedologist; Bienvenu Maziezoula, ORSTOM, hydrologist; Dominique N. Nealla, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines; Joseph Neuembo, Departement de Geographie, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines; Etienne Neouka, Dept. biologie animale, Faculte des Sciences; Bernard Gros, Laboratoire de physique de l'atmosphere, Faculte des Sciences; Jean-Noel Loumeto, Faculte des Sciences, Dept. BPV, ecologist; Jean-Pierre M. Madzou, Faculte des Sciences, Dept. BPV, botanist; Leon Naantsoue, Faculte des Sciences, Dept. BPV, ecophysiologist; Fidele Loundama, Faculte des Sciences, Dept. BPV, physiologist; Marc Am~ion, Faculte des Sciences, DGE, biologist/environmentalist; Jean Diamouanga, Direction Nationale du Projet Mayombe, CRVZ; Ndinga Assitou, Direction de la Conservation de la Faune, biologist, animal physiologist; Mr. Aena~na, Chef du Service Amenagement et Inventaire, Direction de la Conservation de la Faune; Oko Rufin, Direction de la Conservation de la Faune, fauna expert; Gaston Andoka, Directeur Scientifique et Technique, DGRST; M. Bouvou, Directeur du Controle Technique de la Securite Industrielle, Ministere des Mines et de llenergie; Romain Massala, Doyen de la Faculte des Sciences; Jean-Joseph Zinga, Dept. de Biologie Vegetale, Faculte des Sciences; Fidele Mialoudama, Dept. de Biologie Vegetale, Faculte des Sciences; Donatien N'Zala, Institute of Rural Development. Consulting Firms: Bureau d'etudes de Realisations et dlequipement Techniques (BERETEC), BP 717 Brazzaville; Societe d'etude et de Promotion du Developpement Rural (SEP Developpement), BP Brazzaville; Societe dlingenierie et de Maintenance Industrielle (SIMI), BP 835 Brazzaville; Centre d1expertise et dlevaluation des Projets d'investissements (CEPI), BP Brazzaville; Societe Congolaise dletude et de Management des Projets (SOCEMAP), BP 1219 Brazzaville; Compagnie d'1ngenieri.e et d'hssistance Technique en Afrique (CIATA), BP 1370 Brazzaville; Bureau d'etudes Techniques et d'hrchitecture (BETA), BP 318 Pointe Noir; Bureau dletudes du Batiment et des Travaux Publics (BEBATP) - Brazzaville; Association des Consultants Congolais (ACC), BP Brazzaville; Association Congolaise des Biologistes et Geologues (ACBG), BP 69 Brazzaville; SETADIO Conseil, BP Brazzaville; Whittaker P.E., specialists in agro-economics, BP 2458 Brazzaville; CODIS, BP 1202 Brazzaville; CENAGES, BP 1507 Brazzaville; Societe Congolaise de Distribution, dfetudes, de Realisation et de Gestion (SOCODERG SA) Brazzaville; Bureau dfetudes et de Controle des Travaux (BECT), Brazzaville.

51 Current Efforts at Im~roving Ca~acitv A National Conservation Profile and a Tropical Forestry Action Plan are in preparation. A forthcoming Forestry/Environment Project may initiate preparation of a National Environmental Action Plan.

52 12. COTE D'IVOIRE Maior Environmental Issues: Deforestation; lack of clarity in land tenure and poor land use planning; soil erosion and degradation; urban and industrial pollution; pollution in the coastal lagoon. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere de la Defense. UNEP Focal Point: Commission Nationale de 1'Environnement (CNE). Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Ministere de l'hgriculture et des Eaux et Forets: Direction de la Protection de la Nature, Direction de la Conservation et de la gestion du domaine forestier, Direction du Reboisement et de 1'Agroforesterie; Ministere des Travaux Publics, des Transports, de la Construction et de llurbanisme, Direction de 1'Eau; Ministere de 1'Industrie et du Plan, Direction de llenvironnement, de la Normalisation et de la Technologie (DENT); Ministere des Mines; Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Population; Ministere de la Recherche Scientifique et de la Culture; Comite National de Defense des Forets et de la lutte contre les feux de brousse; Bureau d'etudes de 1'Etat; Direction et Controle des Grand Travaux (DCGTX); National Forestry Commission; Direction de l'environnement marin et lagunaire, Ministere de la defense; Ministere de l'information; Ministere de l'education nationale; Ministere de la marine. Environmental Laws and Regulations; L'environnement industriel: decret du 20 octobre 1926 relatif aux etablissements classes et arrete du 28 juin 1989 fixant leur nomenclature; la foret: loi du 20 decembre 1965 portant Code forestier, decret de 1978 transferant certaines forets classees dans le domaine rural; la protection de la nature: loi du 4 aout 1965 relative a la protection de la faune et a l'exercice de la chasse, arrete no.3 du 20 fevrier 1974 fermant la chasse sur tout le territoire national; l'eau: decrets du 5 mars 1921, du 25 mai 1955 portant reglementation du domaine public, decret du 19 mars 1921 sur la police et la conservation des eaux, circulaire du 7 septembre 1955 et cahier des services distributeurs d'eau. Ban on bush fires in the dry season. Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil ( ); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water (5.2.65); Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage ( ); Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties

53 (7.4.88); Convention Concerning Protection Against the Hazards of Benzene Poisoning ( ); Convention Concerning Protection of the World Cultural 6 Natural Heritage (9.4.81); Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes ( ); Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (5.1.88); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority of Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); Convention for Cooperation in Protection 6 Development of Marine 6 Coastal Environment of West & Central African Region (5.8.84); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); International Tropical Timber Agreement (1.4.85). Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring: - National Forestry Plan, ; Service de Teledetection; Direction et Controle des Grands Travaux. National and Local NGOs: Croix Vert - environmental lobbying group involved in environmental education and public awareness; Ivory Coast Nature - promotes wildlife research and nature clubs, affiliated with Abidjan Zoo. No umbrella NGO organization, no government office for NGOs, few local NGOs, several international NGOs have headquarters in Abidjan but no local affiliates. AFOTEC/Cote dlivoire; AFVP/Cote d1ivoire; AVLI/Cote dlivoire; FISA/Cote d' Ivoire. Research Institutions: University of Abidjan, active in development of programs to reduce deforestation and soil erosion; Centre Africain de Management et de Perfectionnement des Cadres; Centre de Formation de la Banque Africaine de Developpement; Centre Ivoirien de Gestion des Entreprises; Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Animation Rurale (CEBAR); Centre Ivoirien de Recherche Economique et Sociale (CIRES); Direction de la Geologie; Institut National de la Sante et de la Population; Institut dlecologie Tropicale; Direction et Controle des Grands Travaux, Centre de Recherches Oceanographiques, Agence Nationale de la Meteorologie. Local Consultants: Rose Eholie, U. of Abidjan, Lab. de Chimie Minerale; Metango B. Soro, Centre Recherche Oceanographique (CRO); Ya N'poran, CRO; Marcel K. Aka, CRO; Nassere Kaba, CRO; Adou Cisse, CRO; Etien N'dah, CRO; Marcelin Gomez, U. of Abidjan, Dept of Zoology; Aye Achaman, development marketing specialist; Pierre Marie Achv, chemist; Yacinthe Francois Akoko, civil engineer; Pascal Alla, industrial engineer; Kouassi Bekon, agronomist; Mamadou Cherif, agronomist; Thomas Diaco, chemical science specialist; Vincent Doebo, city planner; Koffi Germain Kouadio, economist; Kouadio J.B. Kouassi, social economist; Kouame Niamkep, development economist; Souleymane Ouattara, space planner; Angahan K. Tiacoh, rural nutrition economist; Abdou Toure, sociologist; Tenin Toure, social science specialist; Datche M. Traore, physical science specialist; Lath T. Yedoh, agriculturist/pisciculturist; Claude Zagol, agronomist; Daniel Zongo,

54 agronomist; Sinde Bamba, Ministere des Eaux et Forets, forester; Victor K~an, SODEFOR, forester; Soulemane Bambara, CRO; Ake Assi, CNF, botanist; Mr. Fofana, remote sensing specialist; Mr. Conde, forester; Mr. Saneare, ecologist; Mr. Sissoko, agroclimatologist; Bado poussa, water pollution specialist; Mr. Ko~ieu, drainage specialist. : - Societe de Developpement Forestier (SODEFOR); Societe de Distribution dleau de la Cote dlivoire (SODECI); Societe dletudes Economiques, Techniques et de Controle (SIETCO). Current Efforts at Imvrovine Cavacitv; Cote d'ivoire has adopted a National Conservation Strategy and a National Forestry Plan. Discussions are underway regarding possible Bank support for a national Environmental Action Plan.

55 13. DJIBOUTI Maior Environmental Issues: Scarcity of water; poor urban conditions; refugee population; development of geothermal energy. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministere de llagriculture et du Developpement Rural. UNEP Focal Point: Service de l'hgriculture et des Forets. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Prime Minister's Office; Ministere des Travaux Publics; Service de lfhydraulique, Ministere de llagriculture et du Developpement Rural; Office National des Eaux. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead In Paint (3.8.78); Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1.6.84); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Not known. National and Local NGOs: AFVP/Dj ibouti ; HELINAS/Dj ibouti ; IARA/Dj ibouti. Research Institutions and Local Consultants: Institut Superieur dletudes et de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques (ISERST). Current Efforts at Improving Ca~acitv: Not known.

56 14. EQUATORIAL GUINEA Maior Environmental Issues: High rates of deforestation; inadequate knowledge of forestry resources; environmental health problems related to unsafe drinking water; hazardous waste disposal; inadequate land management. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere des Mines et Hydrocarbures. UNEP Focal Point: Direction generale des mines et des hydrocarbures. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Direccion Tecnica Forestal, Ministry of Water and Forests; Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife; Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Urbanism. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention For the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: - Not known. National and Local NGOs: ACORD/Equatorial Guinea Research Institutions and Local Consultants: Not known. Current Efforts at Imvrovina Ca~acitv: Research programmes on nature conservation were launched in 1984 with the cooperation of.the Spanish Government. A national forestry law is in preparation.

57 5 ETHIOPIA Maior Environmental Issues: Population growth and distribution; soil degradation; insecure land tenure systems; loss of biodiversity; overgrazing; depletion of wildlife. Lead Ministrv for Environment: National Committee for Central Planning. UNEP Focal Point: Department of Natural Resources and Human Settlement, National Committee for Central Planning. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Department of Natural Resources Conservation and Development, Department of Community Forestry and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture; Ethiopian Valley Development Studies Authority (EVDSA); Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission; National Water Resources Commission; National Energy Committee; National Meteorological Service Agency. Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Plant Protection Convention ( ); Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Resource studies conducted by EVDSA; Integrated development plans for national river basins prepared by EVDSA. Ethiopian Mapping Authority, Box 597, Addis Ababa. National and Local NGOs: SEDOC, a documentation service in science and technology applied to development; Africare/Ethiopia; Agri-service Ethiopia; AVLI/Ethiopia; Biomass Users Network; CARE/Ethiopia; CRS/Ethiopia; CCF/Ethiopia; Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus; Ethiopia Wildlife and Natural History Society; HELINAS/Ethiopia; IARA/Ethiopia; LWR/Ethiopia; Mennonite Mission in Ethiopia; Save the Children/Ethiopia; UNICOS/Ethiopia; World Vision.

58 Research Institutions: Ethiopian Management Institute; Addis Ababa University, Dept. of Plant Science and Technology; Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Institute of Agriculture Research, Ministry of Agriculture; International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA); African Regional Centre for Solar Energy (ARCSE); National Research Institute of Health; Alemaya University of Agriculture; Forestry Research Centre; Asmara University; Sirinka Research Centre, Box 74, Woldia; Ethiopian Early Warning System, Addis Ababa; Ethiopia Science & Technology Commission. Local Consultants: Yibaheh Abay, Natl. Water Resources Commission, expertise Environmental Health; Amha Esheta, Joint Program for Welfare & Development; G.E. Teka, Addis Ababa Univ., expertise Public Health; Demissie Habte, Dean Faculty of Medicine, Pediatrics 6 Child Health Dept. Addis Ababa U.; Edemariam Tsena, Head, Dept. of Medicine, Addis Ababa U.; Mulugeta Zeleke, Community Forest 6 Soil Conservation Department, Ministry of Agriculture; Kedir u, ONCCP expertise agro-ecology; Gideon Asfan P.O. Box Addis Ababa, expertise engineering 6 planning; Afework Bekele, Biology Dept. Addis Ababa Univ., expertise animal ecology; Solomon Behre, ONCCP, expertise agriculture; Beyene Dollicho, Box Addis, expertise population; Fisseha H. Meskal, Natl. Resch. Inst. of Health, expertise public health; Tesfaye Shiferam, College of Social Sciences, Addis Ababa Univ., expertise resource geography; Fekade Tse~ave, Box 1086 Addis, expertise environmental science; Alto Melaku, Ethiopian Early Warning System; Abebe Muluneh, Ethiopia Science 6 Tech. Comm.; M.O.Muhktar Nurein, Locust Control Organization; Asnakeu Woldeab, Institute of Agricultural Research; Zerihum Wolder, Addis U., expertise biology; Pierre Gouin, Geophysical Observatory; Tamirie Hawando, Agriculture 6 Natural Resources, Workers Party Ethiopia; B.M. Furuque Asamara, expertise geology; Punjabrao A. Chadhokar, UNDP; Bebe W. Aregay, Soil Conservation Project; Solomon Abate, Soil Conservation Project; Getacheu Alemu, IAR; Daniel Gamachu, Addis U., expertise, geography; Tsegaye Wodaio, Natl. Meteor. Svc. Agency; Dr. F. Asfaw, Mapping Authority, Box 597, Addis Ababa, expertise mapping. Consultinp Firms: Agri-Nat Consult International, Box 1740, Addis, expertise agriculture; Gebue Admassu Consultancy Services (GACS) Box Addis, expertise rural development; Shawel Consult International Box 5289 Addis, expertise rural and urban development. Current Efforts at Im~roving - Ca~acity; Since July 1988 the Government has been working on a National Environmental Policy, regulations for implementing the policy, and a training program for manpower development. A National Conservation Strategy and a Tropical Forest Action Plan are also in preparation. IUCN is assisting the government to revise conservation legislation including the Forestry Act.

59 16. GABON Maior Environmental Issues: Lack of forest resource inventories; poor utilization of gas resources; inadequate forest management and reforestation programmes. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere des Eaux et Forets et de llenvironnement. UNEP Focal Point: Direction generale de l'environnement et de la protection de la nature. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Ministere du Tourisme, des Parcs Nationaux et des Loisirs; Ministere de l'agriculture, de l'elevage et du developpement rural; Gas Utilization Committee; Centre national antipollution; Ministere des Eaux et Forets, Direction de la Faune et de la Chasse; Ministere de la Sante; Comite National Sur 1'Homme et la Biosphere; Conseil National de 1'Environnement; Ministere de 1'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique; Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST). Environmental Laws and Regulations: - Loi 12/74 du 21 janvier 1975 portant conservation, creation et amenagement d'espaces boises dans les zones urbaines (7.2.75); loi 13/74 du 21 janvier 1975, portant sur l'elimination des dechets et la reduction de nuisances publiques (7.2.75); loi 8/77 du 15 decembre 1977, relative a la lutte contre la pollution (1.3.78); decret 39/PR/MRSEPN du 10 janvier 1979, relatif a la classification des industries et la determination des elements a considerer dans l'evaluation la pollution; arrete 199/MRSEPN du 28 juin 1979, rendant obligatoire une etude d'impact sur l'environnement; forest and wildlife management law enacted in Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water (4.3.64); Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage ( ); Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties ( ); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ( ); Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage; Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes (7.3.82); Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); International Tropical Timber Agreement (1.4.85).

60 Environmental Data Systems and Monitorinq; Not known. National and Local NGOs: AFVP/Gabon; IARA/Gabon. Research Institutions and Local Consultants: National School of Fisheries and Forestry; Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville; Institut de Recherche sur 1'Ecologie Tropicale (IRET). Current Efforts at Im~roving - Ca~acitv; Programme for institutional strengthening to be supported by WWF-US and potentially by the World Bank. A National Environmental Action Plan may be prepared as part of this programme.

61 17. GAMBIA Major Environmental Issues: Loss of wood resources; degradation of land; loss of diversity in flora and fauna; lack of land resources information; overpopulation (both human and livestock); urban environmental problems eg. inadequate sanitation and disease; lack of understanding on how to handle chemical pesticides. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministry of Health, Environment, Labour and Social Welfare. UNEP Focal Point: Ministry of Health, Environment, Labour and Social Welfare. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Environmental Unit, Ministry of Water Resources and the Environment; Department of Forestry; Soil and Water Management Unit (SWMU); Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Water Resources and the Environment. Environmental Laws and Re~ulations: National Environmental Management Act. Partici~ation in International Conventions & Aereements: Convention on African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water (6.5.65); Convention on International ~rade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of Marine & Coastal Environment of West & Central African Region (5.2.85); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Environmental unit gives priority to research on coastal erosion and pollution monitoring. National and Local NGOs: Advisory Committee for Coordination of NGOs (ACCNO); TANGO (NGO umbrella organization) has members; Freedom from Hunger Campaign (FFHC); Gambia Family Planning (GFP); Gambia Christian Council (GCC); Gambia Food and Nutrition Association. International NGOs active in the Gambia include Action Aid International, Caritas, Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Canadian University Services Overseas (CUSO). Also AFOTEC/Gambia; Africare/Gambia; AFVP/Gambia; AVLI/Gambia; Biomass Users Network; CCF/Gambia; CWS/Gambia; FISA/Gambia; IARA/Gambia; Oxfam/Gambia.

62 pesearch Institutions: Gambia College School of Agriculture; Gambia College School of Public Health. Local Consultants: Bye Mass Max Taal, Director of Forests, expertise in forestry; Ndey-Isatou u, Environment Officer Ministry of Health, expertise in environmental administration; Serignel Omar m, MB consultancies, expertise not known; Hasan Niai, Director Gambia College, expertise in population; M.O. Sonko, Director TANGO, expertise in NGO administration; Abou Tall, Save The Children Fund; J. Manneh, Gambia College. Consultine Firms: International Development Consultants (The Gambia) Ltd., P.O. Box 1 Bakau, expertise in agriculture, infrastructure, social sector & international affiliations; MB Consultants, P.O. Box 2546 Serekunda, expertise in agriculture & environment sector. Current Efforts at Improving - Capacitv: Gambia is preparing an NEAP under its Structural Adjustment Program. World Bank, UNDP and UNSO will support this NEAP.

63 18. GHANA Major Environmental Issues: Declining soil quality; bush fires; improper use of agricultural chemicals; deforestation; environmental impact of mining; coastal erosion; urban and industrial pollution. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Local Government. UNEP Focal Point Environmental Protection Council, Ministry of Local Government. Other Public Aaencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities; Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources; Lands Commission; Forestry Commission; Minerals Commission; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Fuel and Power; Ministry of Science and Industry; Ministry of Works and Housing; Ghana Investment Centre; Ghana Water and Sewerage Corp.; Architectural and Engineering Services Corp.; Forestry Commission, Accra; Waste Management Department, Accra; National Agroforestry Project. Environmental Laws and Regulations: The Ghana Investment Code 1985 [PNDCL 116 especially S.22(2)]; Petroleum [Exploration and Production Law] [PNDCL S.32(2)]; EPC Decree NRLD; Wild Animals Preservation Act 1961 and associated regulations. A draft law requiring Environmental Impact Assessment of all public investment projects will be enacted under the National Environmental Action Plan. Other draft legislation under this Plan includes Environmental Protection Council Law, amendments to the Factories, Offices and Shops Act, Coastal Zone Management Law, Pesticides Law, and Water Resources Law. Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of Workers Against Ionizing Radiations ( ); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space, and Under Water ( ); Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( ); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage ( ); Convention Relating to the Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties ( ); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction (6.6.75); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural 6 Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 6 Flora ( ); Convention Concerning the Prevention & Control of Occupational Hazards Caused by Carcinogenic Substances & Agents ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of

64 Workers Against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment Due to Air Pollution, Noise & Vibration ( ); Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1.4.88); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); International Tropical Timber Agreement (1.4.85); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: A Monitoring Unit in EPC conducts limited monitoring of industrial air pollution. Water quality monitoring is carried out in selected locations by the Institute of Aquatic Biology. National and Local NGOs: Ghana Association of PVOs in Development (GAPVOD) is the NGO umbrella organization in Ghana. Environmentally oriented NGOs include Friends of the Earth/Ghana; Ghana Wildlife Society (GWS); Amasachina Self Help Association; May Day Rural Health Project; Save the Seashore Birds Project (SSBP); Ghana Organization of Volunteer Assistance (GOVA); Christian Council of Ghana (CCG); Environmental Protection Association, Kumasi; Center for Community Studies, Action and Development (CENCOSAD); Pan African International Peace and Volunteer Services Corps (PANASCO); ANDEA; Association of People for Practical Life Education (APPLE); International Institute for People Development. International NGOs active in Ghana include Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), World Vision, Catholic Relief Services, Lutheran World Relief, ITDG, Technoserve, World Vision. Research Institutions: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) coordinates the work of ten research institutions which are affiliated with Ghana's three major universities; Institute for Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana at Legon; Centre for Development Studies, Cape Coast University; Institute of Renewable Resources, U. of Kumasi; Bureau of Integrated Rural Development, U. of Kumasi; Forestry Products Research Institute; Soils Research Institute; Ghana Institute for Mgmt. and Public Admin. (GIMPA); Regional Institute for Population Studies, U. of Ghana; Department of Botany and Zoology, Department of Geography, U. of Ghana; U. of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Dept. of Planning, Dept. of Civil Eng., Dept. of Chemistry; University Consultancy Centre, Accra. Local Consultants: K. Allotev, CSIR; Evans Anfom, Ghana Academy of Arts & Sciences; Robert G. Butler, CSIR; Ebenezer la in^, U. of Ghana, Dept. of Botany; Trebi Ollenu; Sakyi B. Akuffo, EPC, expertise in hydrobiology; Clement Dorm-Adzobu, EPC, expertise in geography/climatology; B.W. Garbrah, retired, Physicist; Yaa Ntiamoah-Baidu, SSBP & GWS; Mr. Annerbah, Director, CENCOSAT; Yaw N. Acheamong, U. of Sci. & Tech, Dept. of Chem. Eng.; Cresence Adjimah, Inst. of Mining & Mineral Eng.; Sampson K. A~odzo, U. of Sci. & Tech., Dept. of Agric. Eng.; Kwasi 0. Ameman, U.S.T., Env. & Dev. Studies; G. T. AEV~DO~~, U. of G., Dept. of Geog. & Res. Dev.; E. H. Amono-Neizer, U.S.T., Dept. of

65 Chem.; Nicholas K. Kuma~le~, U.S.T., School of Eng.; Peter A. Nortey, U.S.T., Dept. of Planning; Dr. Acauah, expertise in mining. consult in^ Firms: Consultants/Contractors for Agricultural and Rural Developments (CARDS), Box 268 Tema; Environmental Management Associates Ltd., Box 0645 Osu, Accra; Ghana Association of Consultants, Box Accra; Watertech and Co., Box 298 Marnbrobi-Accra; Asafo-Boakye and Partners, Box 7186 Adabraka-Accra; DEVPLAN, Box 9638 Airport-Accra; Resources Agency, Box 7456 Accra; Associated Consulting Engineers Ltd., Box 328 Accra; Messrs. A.N. Assie Associates, Box M.256 Accra; ERGS Engineering Consultancy, Box 0805, Osu-Accra; Twumasi Nyarko and Partners, Tema; Austin and Associates Consulting Architects Engineers and Valuers, Box 686 Accra; AGROCONSULT Accra; Constel Engineering Consultancy, Accra; Consulting Engineering Services, Accra; CONTERRA Ltd., Accra; Cowiconsult Ghana, Box 3169 Accra; Desbuild, Box Osu-Accra; Design Consultants (Civil and Structural Engineers), Box 6557 Accra; Engineers and Consultants Ltd., Box 4091 Accra; Sostenes Kwadzo Kufogbe, Box 2363 Accra; Twum Boafo and Associates, Box M 156 Accra; Imai-Bmb, Box Accra. Current Efforts at Im~rovin~ - Capacity; Ghana has prepared an Anti-Desertification Plan and a Tropical Forestry Action Plan and has started work on a National Conservation Strategy. Ghana is about to adopt an Environmental Action Plan (EAP) prepared with Bank support under which its environmental institutions and legislation will be strengthened. The Action Plan contains specific legislative proposals to establish national EA procedures. A World Bank financed consultant assisted EPC to draft this legislation.

66 19. GUINEA Major Environmental Issues: Environmental degradation due to mining activity; poor urban and rural living conditions; environmental impacts of settlement in oncho-freed areas; watershed protection; protection of biological diversity. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere des ressources naturelles et de l'environnement. : - Direction generale de l'environnement, Ministere des ressources naturelles, de l'energie et de l'environnement. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Environmental Inter-Ministerial Council; Ministry of Planning; Direction generale des eaux et forets, Ministere de l'hgriculture et des Ressources Animales; Division des energies nouvelles et renouvelables; Direction Nationale de 1'Hydraulique; Service National des Sols. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Recent law requires each mining company to establish an Environmental Unit; Guinea Environmental Code. Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil ( ); Convention on Protection of Workers Against Ionizing Radiations ( ); Convention on African Migratory Locusts ( ); Convention Concerning Protection Against Hazards of Benzene Poisoning ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); Convention Concerning the Prevention & Control of Occupational Hazards Caused By Carcinogenic Substances & Agents ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of Workers Against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment Due to Air Pollution, Noise & Vibration (8.6.83); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority & Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marine & Coastal Environment of the West & Central African Region (5.8.84); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Systems and monitor in^: ORSTOM monitors use of in-shore resources; Direction Nationale de llenvironnement is AMCEN focal point for environmental data.

67 National and Local NGOs: SOLIDAMI; Institut National de Coordination des Actions des ONG; Reseau d9education pour le Developpement en Cooperation (REDEC); Assn. Pour le Developpement Rural (ADR); Eau et Environnement pour tous les Foyers (EEF) - interests include agriculture & mining; Entraide Universitaire pour le Developpement (EUPD) - interests include agriculture & energy; Guinee Ecologie - interest is the environment. Africare/Guinea; ACORD/Guinea; AFVP/Guinea; FISA/Guinee; Foster Parents Plan; IARA/Guinea; Oxfam/Guinea; RADI/Guinea; VITA/Guinea. Research Institutions; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Oceanographique (CERESCOR), interests are oceanography and the coastal zone; DRSFT; Institut Geographique National (IGN); Universite de Conakry; Universite de Kankan, social and natural sciences; Direction Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (DNRST), interest in research coordination; Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinee, interest is agriculture. Local Consultants: El Hadji A. Diallo, Dir. Gen. for Water 6 Forests; Mamadou Sow, Service National des Sols (SENASOL); Souleymane Sv Savane, CERESCOR; Saramady Toure, DRSFT; S.L. Camara, expertise not known; Mody Sory Barrv, expertise in solar energy; Fassouma Camara, expertise in mining; Souleymane Savane, expertise not known; Sekou Beavogui, expertise not known. consulting - Firms: Bureau dtetudes Guineen de llenvironnement, Conakry Guinea; Groupement dtetudes et dlingenierie SA (GEI), BP 3411 Conakry; SL Management, BP 1123 Conakry; Societe dletudes et de Participations (SODEP), BP 521 Conakry; Trans Africain Services en Guinee (TAS), BP 1289 Conakry. Also, the NGOs listed are capable of taking on consulting work. Current Efforts at Im~rovina Ca~acitv: A National Conservation Profile is in preparation and a Tropical Forestry Action Plan has been completed. Guinea is now preparing an Environmental Action Plan with Bank assistance. University of Conakry currently considering establishing an Institute of Environmental Studies with Assistance of "Fondation Universitaire Luxembourgeoise" (Belgian).

68 20. GUINEA-BISSAU Maior Environmental Issues: Hazardous waste transportation and storage; deforestation; coastal zone management; environmental education; lack of environmental data. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere du Developpement Rural et des Peches. UNEP Focal Point: Direction General des Forets et de la Chasse. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Directorate for Agricultural Scientific Studies and Production; Ministry of Natural Resources. Environmental Laws and Renulations; Participation in International Conventions & Apreements: Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring: Not known. National and Local NGOs: UNIFEM; Centre for Agricultural Documentation & Broadcasting (CDEFA); Democratic Union of Women; African Amilcar Cabral Youth Movement. AFOTEC/Guinea Bissau; AVLI/Guinea-Bissau; AFVP/Guinea-Bissau; CIEPAC/Guinea-Bissau; CWS/Guinea Bissau; RADI/Guinea-Bissau Research Institutions and Local Consultants: Not known. Current Efforts at Improving Capacity: A National Conservation Strategy is in preparation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is preparing a Coastal Strategy for Bijagos and has opened an office in Bissau. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan and Environmental Action Plan are in progress.

69 21. KENYA palor Environmental Issues; Rapid population growth; river basin management; poaching of wildlife; desertification in the northern part of the country; lack of clarity in institutional framework for environmental management. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. UNEP Focal Point: National Environment Secretariat. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife; Department of Mines and Geology; Department of Zoology; Department of Fisheries; Department of Wildlife Conservation Management; Forest Department; Ministry of Water Development; National Council on Science and Technology; Kenya Resource and Ecological Monitoring Unit. Environmental Laws and Regulations; Partici~ation in International Conventions 6r Agreements: Plant Protection Convention (7.5.74); Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil ( ); Convention on the Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing & the Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction (7.1.76); Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes (6.2.76); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (6.2.89); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring: Kenya Woodfuel and Agroforestry Programme (KWAP); Dept. of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Ministry of Planning, Box Nairobi; Regional Centre for Services in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing; Kenya Resource and Ecological Monitoring Unit; African Regional Organisation for Standardisation (ARSO).

70 National and Local NGOs: Kenya Environment and Energy Organizations (KENGO), the NGO umbrella organization in Kenya, includes about 130 indigenous NGOs; Appropriate Technology Advisory Committee (ATAC); Green Belt Movement; African Wildlife Foundation; Wildlife Clubs of Kenya; National Christian Council of Kenya (NCCK); Kanu Maendeleo ya Wanawake; Kenya National Farmers Union (KNFU); Kenya National Council for Social Service (KNCSS); Institute of Cultural Affairs (ICA). Kenya is also the base for the UNEP umbrella organization for NGOs in environment, the Environment Liaison Center (ELC); the African NGOs Environmental Network (ANEN); the African Academy of Sciences; the East African Wildlife Society; as well as several important international NGOs, including International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Wildlife Conservation International (WCI). Kenya houses the regional offices of IDRC (Canada), Resources Development Foundation (USA), and Rodale International (USA). Also: Africare/Kenya; ACORD/Kenya; AVLI/Kenya; AVSI/Kenya; CARE/Kenya; CCF/Kenya; Foster Parents Plan/Kenya; 4ITDG/Kenya; LWR/Kenya; World Vision/Kenya. Research Institutions: Kenya Agriculture Research Institute (KARI); Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI); Mazingira Institute; Egerton University; Kenya Institute of Management; Moi University, School of Environmental Studies; Kenya Institute of Administration; Regional Centre for Remote Sensing; African Regional Organization for Standardization (ARSO); African Institute for Science and Technology (AINST); International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); International Center for Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF); U. of Nairobi, Department of Geology, Department of Microbiology; National Museums of Kenya; Kenya Meteorological Department. Local Consultants: David N. Kinvaniui, Natl. Env. Secretariat, ecologist; Wangari Maathai, Green Belt Movement; Christopher Gakahu, Wildlife Conservation International; Thomas R. Odhiambo, ICIPE; Mutuku J. Mutinga, ICIPE; Peter Anvang8-Nvong'O, African Academy of Sciences; Charles Odidi-Okidi, Moi University; Gideon B. Okelo, U. of Nairobi, Dept. of Medicine; Frederick Wang'Ati, Natl. Council for Science; Joel N. Bonuke, Lake Basin Dev. Authority; Bernard 0. K'Omudho, Natl. Env. Sec.; M. Kariv-Koech, Ctr. for Env. Ed.; John K. Nganga, U. of Nairobi, Dept. of Meteorology, expertise atmospheric pollution; E.A. Oke~o, U. of N. Dept. of Meteor., expertise modelling & impacts; E.K. Anvamba, U. of N. Dept. of Meteor., expertise climatology; F.M. Mutua, U. of N. Dept. of Meteor., expertise water resources; J.K. Karania, U. of N. Dept. of Meteor., expertise agrometeorology; C. Oludla, U. of N.'Dept. of Meteor., expertise renew. energy resources; Isaac 0. Nvambok, U. of Nairobi, Dept. of Geology; Jaspat L. Agatsira, Box NRBI, expertise ecology; Carolyn Barnes, Box NRBI, expertise anthropology; Davis Hughes, CARE INTL', expertise agronomy; Agnes N~uni, CARE INTL', rural development; Simon N. 'Ngoro~e, geologist; Frederick J. Wangati, expertise agroclimatology; Christine Kabu~e, expertise taxonomy of East African plants; David Kamweti, expertise forestry & environment; Lincoln Bailey, energy economist; Kaman N~uethi, expertise rural development & planning; David Basiime, expertise agriculture & crop production; B.R.K. Shuna, KWAP, expertise forestry; Musa Envola, KWAP, expertise forestry; Joseph Wekundah, KWAP, expertise agric.

71 economics; Milca Ongayo, KWAP, expertise social sciences & education; Floice Adoyo, KWAP, expertise social sciences; Henry Kola, KWAP, expertise agric. economics; Simon Kimwe, KWAP, expertise forestry; Henk Kieft, KWAP, expertise agronomy; Els Gravers, KWAP, expertise forestry & animal husbandry; George 0. Krhoda, Dept. of Geography, U. of Nairobi, expertise water resources; Quentin m, botanist, P.0.B NRBI; Kenneth M. Mavuti, Dept. of Zoology, U. of Nairobi, expertise ecology; Francis M. Muthuri, Botany Dept., Kenyatta University, ecologist; Mohamed Isahakia, Natl. Museums of Kenya (NMK), expertise reproduction biology/immunology; Steven G. Niuguna, NMK, expertise aquatic ecology; Richard Banine, NMK, expertise entomology; Rashid Arnan, NMK, expertise molecular genetics; Alexander Niue, NMK, expertise terrestrial ecology; Ndegwa Ndiangui, NMK, expertise rangeland ecology; Joseph Mutuneah, NMK, expertise plant ecology; Meave Leakey, NMK, expertise paleontology; Saiffaduni Dossagi, NMK, expertise phytochemistry; Hussein A. Issack, NMK, expertise ornithology; Issa Agnundey, NMK, expertise mammalogy; Alex Mackav, NMK, expertise herpetology; Joseph K. Njihia, Kenya Meteorological Dept., expertise atmospheric science & agrometeorology; T.J. Nioka, Dept. of Range Management, U. of Nairobi, expertise wildland resource science & range management; Nicholas Ochanda, Box NRBI, expertise, ecology, planning & forestry; Laban Ogallo, Box NRBI, expertise climate & impacts; D.O. Okevo, Kenyatta U., Dept. of Zoology, expertise zoology, limnology, fish farming; Reardon 0. Olubavo, KARI, expertise animal health sciences, wildlife conservation; Wilber K. Ottichilo, Box NRBI, expertise ecology; Albert Owino, Box NRBI, expertise atmospheric sciences; J.P. Patel, U. of Nairobi, Physics Dept., expertise geophysics; Ruben K. Sinange, - Box NRBI, expertise ecology & nat. res. mgmt.; Seraphine J.A. Sumba, Moi U. Dept. of Wildlife Mgmt., expertise wildlife conservation. Consulting Firms: Groundwater Survey (Kenya) Ltd.; African Development & Economic Consultants Ltd. (ADEC) Box NRBI, expertise economics; Aquasystems Consultants, Box NRBI, expertise ecology; Bess Associates Ltd., Box NRBI, expertise economics; Carl Bro Kenya Ltd., Box NRBI, expertise engineering; Development Solutions for Africa Ltd., Box NRBI, expertise anthropology; Environment Liaison Centre, Box NRBI, expertise not known; Kamfur Co. Ltd.; Mutiso Consultants Ltd., Nairobi, expertise environmental development; M.A. Consulting Group (Mwaniki Associates & Agriconsult Ltd.) expertise environmental development; Price Waterhouse, management consultancy development; Research & Planning Services. Ltd., techno-economic planning & development. Current Efforts at Improving - Capacity: A State of the Environment Report was published in 1987, and a National Conservation Profile was completed in A National Conservation Strategy is in preparation. The National Environmental Secretariat has prepared a White Paper for consideration by the Cabinet on national EA policies and procedures.

72 22. LESOTHO Maior Environmental Issues: Overpopulation - both human and livestock; soil erosion mainly as a result of overgrazing; lack of forests, sparse vegetative cover. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Finance, Planning, Economic and Manpower Development. UNEP Focal Point. Ministry of Cooperatives, Agriculture and Rural Development. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: National Environment Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Finance; Environmental Coordinating Unit, Department of Conservation and Forestry, Ministry of Cooperatives, Agriculture, and Rural Development; Institute of Land Use Planning; Ministry of Interior and Chieftainship Affairs; National Parks Commission; Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Environmental Laws-and Regulations; - Bees Protection Act of 1869; Wild Birds Proclamation no. 43 of 1914; Locust Destruction Proclamation no. 3 of 1925; Uranium and Thorium Control Proclamation no. 6 of 1946; Game Protection Proclamation no. 33 of 1951; Historical Monuments, Relics, Fauna and Flora Act, no. 41 of 1967; Mining Rights Act no. 43 of 1967; Land (Procedure) Act of 1967; Deeds Registry Act, 1967; Weed Eradication Act no. 18 of 1969; Land Husbandry Act of 1969; Public Health Order no. 12 of 1970; Liremo Control no. 23 of 1970; Development Projects Order no. 9 of 1973; Land Act, 1973; National Parks Act no. 11 of 1975; Aviation Act no. 32 of 1975; Forestry Act no. 11 of 1978; Water Resources Act no. 22 of 1978; Administration of Land Act, 1979; Husbandry Act, 1979; Town and Country Planning Act no. 11 of 1980; Range Management and Grazing Control Regulations, 1980, amended Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention on Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction (6.9.77); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). * GIs system being established within LHDA to cover Highlands Water Project area; coverage to be extended nationwide under Land Management and Conservation Project.

73 National and Local NGOs; Highlands Church Action Group, a consortium of church leaders; Lesotho Council of NGOs (LCN); Lesotho Planned Parenthood Assn.; Private Health Assn. of Lesotho (PHAL); Lesotho Workcamps Assn.; Caritas and Development Lesotho; Boiteko Women's Assn.; Lesotho Alliance of Women; Women's Research Collective; Lesotho Mineworkers Assn. ; Federation of Women Lawyers Lesotho; Lesotho Live and Let Live Assn. for Cooperatives; African Development Foundation; Christian Council of Lesotho; Housewives League of Lesotho; Lesotho Architects, Engineers and Surveyors Assn.; Lesotho National Council of Young Farmers Club; Lesotho Manufacturers Assn.; Lesotho National Council of Women; Lesotho Red Cross Society; Lesotho Society for Consumer Education; Lesotho Assn. of Non-formal Education (LANFE); Lesotho Assn. of Teachers; World University Service of Lesotho; CARE/Lesotho; PLENTY (Canadian NGO). Research Institutions: National University of Lesotho (NLU), Dept. of Geography; Institute of Development Management, Lesotho Campus; Women's Research College. Local Consultants; Mangetane Khalikane, expertise in agriculture. Consulting Firms: AFRITEK, some expertise in pollution; Sechaba, expertise in soil conservation, community forestry and socio-economics; Stewart Selatile, expertise in civil engineering, has done work related to LHWP environmental studies; Baffoe and Associates, expertise in economics has done some impact assessment work on socio-economic issues; Tab, consultant expertise is not known but worked on environmental country profile; Agricultural Management Consultants, expertise in general environmental work. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Capacitv; Lesotho has completed an EAP. A National Settlements Policy is being developed and a National Water Plan is in preparation. The National Environment Secretariat established under the EAP will set up procedures for environmental assessment of projects. There are plans to set up a University Consultancy Service. A National Conservation Strategy and a Tropical Forestry Action Plan are in preparation.

74 23. MADAGASCAR Malor Environmental Issues: Uneven population distribution; deforestation; soil erosion and sedimentation; management of biodiversity. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere de 1'Economie et du Plan. UNEP Focal Point: National Bureau of the Environment. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Service de la protection de la nature, Direction des eaux et forets et de la conservation des sols, Ministere du developpement rural et de la reforme agraire; Direction de l'energie et de l'eau, Ministere de l'industrie, de l'energie et des mines; Direction d'appui aux recherches sur les sciences de l'environnement, Ministere de la recherche scientifique et technologique pour le developpement; Ministere de la production animale (elevage et peche) et des eaux et forets; Malagasy Plant Protection Service; Ministry of Agriculture. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Conservation legislation exists. Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1.5.65); Convention on the Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing & the Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of East African Region ( ); Protocol Concerning Protected Areas & Wild Fauna & Flora in East African Region ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring: Foiben-Toasavintamin Madagasikara (FTM); Institut Geographique et Hydrographique National, BP 323, Antananarivo 101; Centre National de Recherche Oceanographique (CNRO), MRSTD; Institut National de Geodesie et Cartographie, MTP; Direction des Eaux et Forets, MPAEF; Centre National de Recherche sur llenvironnement. MRSTD.

75 National and Local NGOs: COMODE (Conseil Malgache des Organisations Non-Gouvernementales pour le Developpement et llenvironnement) includes 29 NGOs; FJKM (United Reform Church), FLM/SAFAFI (Lutheran Church), FIKRIFAMA (Church World Service), CARITAS (Catholic Church); World Wildlife Fund; Conservation International; D W (German literacy/environmental education group); ACCN (Association pour la Conservation et la Connaisance de la Nature); Assn. Nationale dlaction Environnementale; Fondation JICADRAIC; Nature et Progres Madagascar; Tontolo Iainana Koloy (TIAKO), rural development concerns. CODEL is a U.S.-based consortium of church related organisations in Madagascar; World Scout Movement; World Vision. Research Institutions: National Centre for Agronomic Research and Rural Development; University of Madagascar, Advanced College of Agricultural Sciences; Centre National de Recherche Oceanographique; Centre National de Recherche sur llenvironnement; Departement dlanthropologie biologique, Universite dlantananarivo; Institution Publique de Formation et de Recherche; Academie Malgache; Malagasy Institute of Applied Sciences. Local Consultants: R. Andriambololona, Dir., Nuclear & Applied Physics Lab.; Charles Rakotonirina, Svc. de la Meteorologique Nationale; Albert Ratsimaman~a, - Institute Malgache de Recherche Appliquees - Centre National de Recherche; Al~honse, expertise hydraulic engineering; Joseph Andriamam~ianina, expertise agroforestry; Luna Andriambololona, expertise biology/ecology; Berthe Rakotosamimanana, head of Dept. of Biological Anthropology at U. of Antamanarivo; Roger Edmond, biologist & botanical ecologist; Raymond Rabeson, soil conservationist; Renee Raharinarivonirina, fisheries economist; Charlotte Raieriarison, forestry; Mr. Rakotondramanana, agroforestry; Felix Rakotondravarany, mamrnologist; Daniel Rakotondravonv, agricultural engineer; Simon Rakotonirina, nutritional anthropologist; B. Olga Ralisoa-Ranchianasolo, aquatic biologist; Janine Ramamoniisoa, anthropologist/sociologist, Dir. of Alternatives; Rene Rabezandrina, engineer agronomist, Head of Agriculture Dept., U. of Antananarivo; Jozelyne Ramamoniisoa, Dept. of Geography, U. of Antananarivo; Estelle Ramanankasina, environmental ecologist; Julien Remi Ramanampamontv, ornithologist; Clarisse R. Ramananirina, public health specialist; Nombana R. Randrianaliman~a, biological anthropologist; Lovasoa Ranivoharimanana, anthropological nutritionist; Violette Raveloarimbolasoa, environmental economist; Claude Ramilison, commercial forester; Josephine Alice Ravoson, soil conservationist; Herimandimby Razafindramanana, environmental development economist; Jeanne Virginie Razafindravola, forestry & environmental regulation; Jeanne Razanabolana, marine biologist. Consulting Firms: Architectes-Ingenieurs-Associes (AIA), urban development/construction; Bureau dletudes JARY, urban architectural engineering firm; Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), environmental engineers; Frisa Engineering SA; Groupe dletudes de Documentation et d'informations sur le Developpement (GEDID); Inframad, environmental engineers; Malagasy Assistance en Gestion des Entreprises (MAGE), environmental mgmt. firm; MICROS, Maintenance, Investigation,

76 Conception, Realisation et Organisation Scientifique; OSIPD, Office Statistique et Informatique Pour la Programmation du Developpement; Alternatives, multidisciplinary environmentalists; Societe dtassistance Technique et de Gestion (SOATEG); Societe dtetudes, de Conseils et dtexpertise (SECE); Societe Malagasy dtetudes, dtorganisation et de Gestion (SOMET); Societe Malgache d'etudes et dtapplications Hydrauliques (SOMEAH); Societe Transtechniques, hydrogeology engineer consultants. Current Ca~acitv; A National Conservation Strategy was completed for Madagascar in 1984, and a State of the Environment Report was published in An Environmental Action Plan was completed in Under the EAP the country will establish procedures for environmental assessment of projects.

77 24. MALAWI Maior - Environmental Issues; Soil erosion and soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation; degradation of water resources; depletion of fisheries; loss of wildlife; floral degradation; high population growth rate. Lead Ministrv on Environment: National Research Council UNEP Focal Point: Environment Secretariat, National Research Council. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities; National Committee for the Environment (NEC); Ecological Consultative Liaison Group (ECLG) of the National Research Council; National Remote Sensing Committee of Malawi (NRSCM); Soil and Water Conservation Research Coordination Committee; Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources; Dept. of National Parks and Wildlife; Dept. of Lands and Valuations; Department of Physical Planning; Department of Fisheries. Environmental Laws and Re~ulations; - No framework Environmental Law but Sectoral Conservation Law regulating use of natural resources and pesticides e.g. The Land Act CAP 51:Ol; The Customary Land (development) Act CAP 59:Ol; The Plant Protection Act CAP 64:02; The Fertilizers, Farm Feeds and Remedies Act CAP 67:04; The Forest Act of 1964 CAP 63:Ol; The Fisheries Act CAP 66:03; The Game Act CAP 66:03; The National Parks Act CAP 66:04; The Wild Birds Protection Act CAP 66:04; Laws pertaining to the use of pesticides and other chemicals. Membership Global Conventions: International Plant Protection Convention (1951); OAU Convention (1977); World Heritage Convention (1982); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species - C.I.T.E.S. Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Plant Protection Convention ( ); Convention on the Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing 6 Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water (7.1.65); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage (5.4.82); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 6 Flora (6.5.82); United Nations Convention on the Law of The Sea ( ).

78 c g : The National Remote Sensing Committee of Malawi; Environmental Secretariat of the National Research Council has legal ltlandate to monitor the effects of development projects on the environment; Malawi Bureau of Standards; Department of Agriculture. National and Local NGOs; Council for Social Welfare Services (CCSW) coordinates all NGO activity in the country; Christian Service Committee (CSC) is the largest indigenous NGO and coordinates activities carried out at the local level, mainly by church groups. Africare/Malawi; Biomass Users Network; ITDG/Malawi; World Relief International; World Vision. Research Institutions: Department of Agriculture Research (DAR), Chitedze; Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM), Zomba; Social Research Centre, Chancellor College, Zomba, conducts research in sociological aspects of land use and natural resource management; The Natural Resources College, Lilongwe; Malawi Institute for Management; Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi. Local Consultants: Laban A.C. Bweva, Deputy Environmental Coordinator, Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources, expertise in soils. Current Efforts at Im~rovin~ Capacitv; The World Bank is preparing an Economic Report on Environment Policy in Malawi. Malawi has started working on laws to regulate the use of pesticides and agrochemicals. A National Conservation Strategy is in preparation. The possibility of preparing an EAP is under discussion.

79 Maior Environmental Issues: Drought; deforestation; population growth; soil erosion and depletion; overgrazing; uncertainty over land tenure; lack of reliable environmental information; lack of cooperation between government officials and Jocal communities. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministere de l'environnement et de l'elevage. UNEP Focal Point: Direction national des eaux et forets, Ministere de l'environnement et de l'elevage. Other Public A~encies with Environmental Responsibilities; Direction national de l'elevage, Ministere de l'environnement et de l'elevage; National Plant Protection Service; Ministere de l'hgriculture; Comite national de lutte contre la desertification (CNLCD); Direction national de l'hydraulique et de l'energie, Ministere du developpement industriel et du tourisme; Laboratoire d'energie solaire. Environmental Laws and Regulations: No legal requirements to conduct EAs. Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Plant Protection Convention ( ); Convention on African Migratory Locust ( ); African Convention on Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ( ); Convention Concerning the Status of the Senegal River & the Establishment of the Senegal River Development Organization; Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage (5.7.77); Convention Establishing a Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel ( ); Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( ); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority 6 the Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Sahel Information System (SIS); Direction national des eaux et forets.

80 National and Local NGOs; Comite de Coordination des Actions des ONG (CCA/ONG) is the NGO umbrella organization; Association Malienne pour le Developpement (AMADE); Six- S/Mali; Association Malienne de Recherche-Actions-Developpement (AMRAD); AETA; Sahel Etude Action pour de Developpement (SEAD); Association des Volontaires pour 1'Aide au Developpement (AVAD); Action Couverture et Developpement (ACD); Association dletude des Technologies Appliquees (AETA); Groupe de Recherche et dlapplication Technique (GRAT), interest is energy; KILABO, BP 2246, interest is agriculture; Association Malienne pour la Protection de llenvironnement (STOP SAHEL), interest is environmental protection; Oeuvre Malienne dlaide a 1'Enfance au Sahel; Promo-Sahel. In addition to these local NGOs, many international NGOs are active on the ground in Mali: AFOTEC/Mali; Africare/Mali; ACORD/Mali; Agriculteurs Francais et Developpement International (AFDI); AFVP/Mali; Aide de 1'Eglise Norvegienne; Association Neerlandaise d'hssistance au Developpement; AVLI/Mali; CARE/Mali; Caritasmali (SECAMA); Centre Canadien dletudes et de Cooperation Internationale (CECI); Comite International de Liaison du Corps pour l'hlimentation; CWS/Mali; Entraide Universitaire Mondiale du Canada/Mali; Foster Parents Plan; GRDR/Mali; GRED/Mali; IARA/Mali; Jeunesse Canada Monde; Les Amis d'un Coin de 1'Inde et du Monde; Lutheran World Relief; Save the Children; Six-S/Mali; SOS-Sahel; Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA); World Relief International; World Vision. IUCN is planning to open an office in Bamako. It is estimated that there are 65 NGOs (international and national) active in environmental projects. Research Institutions Institut National de Recherche Zootechnique, Forestiere et Hydrobiologique; Institut dleconomie Rurale; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Reseau Sahelien de Documentation (RESADOC); Institut des Sciences Humaines (ISH), BP 159 Bamako; Ecole Nationale dladministration (ENA), interest is government administration/economics; Ecole Nationale dlingenieurs (ENI), interest is engineering/geology; Ecole Nationale Superieure (ENSUP); Institut Polytechnique Rurale (IPR), interest is agriculture (including forestry and livestock). Local Consultants: Boubacar u, President AICM, expertise in NGO coordination; Mamadou S. Toure, CCA, expertise in information systems; Klena Sanogo, Director, Institut des Sciences Humaines. Consultine Firms: Bureau dletudes, de Conseil et dlinformation au Sahel (BECIS), BP 2498 Bamako, expertise in agriculture/social sector; Bureau dletudes du Sahel (BES), BP 2337 Bamako, expertise in agriculture/industry; Centre dletudes Pour le Developpement (CED), expertise in agriculture/social sector; Centre dletudes de Formation, et dlenquetes pour le Developpement (CEFED), BP 1304 Bamako, expertise in social sector; CEPI, expertise in urban environment; Groupe dletudes, de Recherches et dlactions pour le Developpement (GERAD), expertise in agriculture/social sector; IT-POWER, BP 7088 Bamako, expertise in energy; Mali-Hydraulique, BP 2759 Bamako, expertise in agriculture/infrastructure;

81 Sene-Conseil, BP 3839 Bamako, expertise in agriculture/energy/social sector; Societe d8etudes et dlapplications Techniques (SOCETEC), BP 2231 Bamako, expertise in energy/infrastructure; TOPO-AZAWAD, expertise in infrastructure. Current Efforts at Im~rovinm Ca~acitv; A National Conservation Strategy and a Tropical Forestry Action Plan are in preparation. Mali has expressed interest in preparing a National Environmental Action Plan and is likely to start work on this soon.

82 26. MAURITANIA Malor Environmental Issues: Drought; high population; deforestation; inadequate water supply; overgrazing; land degradation. f : Ministere du developpement rural. UNEP Focal Point: Direction de la protection de la nature, Ministere du developpement rural. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Ministere de l'environnement, de l'habitat et de l'urbanisme. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Government recently updated resource management legislation. Land ownership not affected by revision continues to be administered under Islamic Law and traditional systems. Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water ( ); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat ( ); Convention Concerning Status of Senegal River & Establishing the Senegal River Development Organization; Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage (2.6.81); Convention Establishing the Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Not known. National and Local NGOs: AFOTEC/Mauritania; Africare/Mauritania; AFVP/Mauritania; CARE/Mauritania; CIEPAC/Mauritania; CWS/Mauritania; IARA/Mauritania; LWR/Mauritania; Oxfam/Mauritania; RADI/Mauritania; World Vision. Research Institutions: Universite de Nouakchott, BP 798 Nouakchott; Institut Superieur Scientifique (ISS), BP 227 Nouakchott, expertise in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geology; Institut Superieur des Sciences et Techniques Halientiques (ISSTH), BP 34 Nouadhibou-Cansado, expertise in oceanography & fisheries.

83 Local Consultants: Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, c/o FECA, expertise in economics. Consulting Firms: AFRECOM, BP 504, expertise in agriculture/industry/social sector; Societe d1architecture et de Topographie (SAT), BP 752 Nouakchott, expertise in infrastructure; Societe de Developpement et des Etudes Sociales et Economiques (SODESE), BP 1432 Nouakchott, expertise in agriculture/industry, infrastructure/social sector. Current Efforts at Im~roving - Ca~acitv: The Government has adopted a National Strategy for Desertification Control. A National Conservation Strategy is now in preparation with assistance from IUCN. A Tropical Forestry Action Plan is also in preparation.

84 27. MAURITIUS Malor - Environmental Issues: Industrial pollution; use of agrochemicals; marine environmental management; high local and tourist population densities; fragmented institutional framework. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Housing, Lands and the Environment. UNEP Focal Point: Environment Protection Department, Ministry of Housing, Lands and the Environment. Other Public Apencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: National Environment Commission; Forestry Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resocrces; Ministry of Energy; Meteorological Service. Environmental Laws and Regulations: The Public Health Act, 1925; Town & Country Planning Act, 1954; Central Water Authority Act, 1971; Fisheries Act, 1980; Rivers and Canals Act, 1963; Pesticides Control Act, 1970, Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention regulating Whaling ( ); Plant Protection Convention ( ); Convention on the Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing & Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water ( ); Convention on Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). 1 Ministry of Housing, Lands and the Environment. National and Local NGOs: Mauritius Council for Development, Environmental Studies and Conservation; National Federation of Young Farmers Club; Mauritius Alliance of Women; SPACE; Comite pour la Protection de l8environnement; llassociation des Consommateurs de 1'Ile Meurice; Indian Ocean Islands Friendship; Mauritius Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Mauritius Marine Conservation Society; Mauritius Wildlife Conservation Society; Mauritius Institute for National Development; LWR/Mauritius.

85 pesearch_lnstitutions: University of Mauritius School of Industrial Technology, Dept. of Agriculture. Local Consultants: Dr. Michael Atchia, Institute of Education; Seewant Ehooiedhur, U. of Mauritius, School of Agriculture; Indurlall Faeoone, U. of Mauritius, Marine Resources; M.E. Allvbokus, U. of Mauritius; Diwakar Gangaversad, Min. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources; Muhammud I. Jehaneeer, Albion Fisheries Research Centre. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Cavacitv; Mauritius has completed an NEAP and a supporting investment plan. NEAP recommendations include: monitoring of marine resources, coastal pollution, chemical contaminants in ground and surface water and dust emissions for the sugar industry; testing of water supplies; establishment of a solid waste management plan and a chemical control board.

86 pl National Institute for Physical Planning (INPF); Unidade de Direccao de Fauna Bravia, Ministerio da Agricultura; National Directorate of Housing; Ministry of Planning. 28. MOZAMBIQUE Maior Environmental Issues: Deforestation; ecological impact of large dams; inefficient use of energy sources; low level of training. $cad Ministry for Environment: Ministry of Mineral Resources. UNEP Focal Point: Environment Division, National Institute for Physical Planning. Environmental Laws and Reeulations; - Land tenure system provides for leases of up to 50 years which can be inherited. m: African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1.5.81); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 6 flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Agreement on the Action Plan for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Common Zambezi River System ( ). 1 To be developed under Urban and Rural Restructuring Projects. National and Local NGOs: ACORD/Mozambique; AFVP/Mozambique; CARE/Mozambique; LWR/Mozambique; World Vision/Mozambique. Research Institutions: University of Eduardo Mondlane; National Institute of Physical Planning; National Agricultural Institute, Chimoto. Not known.

87 Current Efforts at Im~rovina Ca~acitv: The National Institute for Physical Planning may, in the near future, turn into a new environmental agency. Members of the Ecology Department at the University may form a group of experts to act as a core for undertaking EIA activities. Procedures for public participation in project planning and environmental assessment are being tested in preparation of the Mozambique Rural Restructuring Project.

88 29. NIGER Maior Environmental Issues: Rapid population growth; concentration of population in a few small areas of the country; drought; overgrazing; loss of vegetation; soil erosion; urbanization; water pollution. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministere de l'hydraulique et de l'environnement. UNEP Focal Point: Ministere de l'hydraulique et de l'environnement. Other Public A~encies with Environmental Responsibilities: Direction de l'environnement, Ministere de l'hydraulique et de l'environnement; Association des femmes du Niger. Environmental Laws and Reeulations: Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Plant Protection Convention (4.6.85); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space or Under Water (6.7.64); Convention and Statute Relating to the Development of the Chad Basin; Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Conservation on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ( ); Conservation on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); Convention Establishing the Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel ( ); Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( ); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority & the Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitorine; Not known. National and Local NGOs; Groupement des Aides Privees (GAP) is an umbrella NGO organization; Bureau d1animation et de Liaison pour le Developpement (BALD), BP Niamey, interests are reforestation/water management/irrigation/dune containment; Caritas/Niger, BP 2381 Niamey, interests are soil and water conservation.

89 Most NGO projects in Niger are supported by international NGOs such as: CAREfliger; Church World Service; World Wildlife Fund (WWF); Africare (USA); Euro Action Accord; Lutheran World Relief (USA); Association Francaise des Volontaires du Progres; Centre Canadien dletudes et de Cooperation Internationale; Institut pour 1'Etude et llapplication du Developpment Integre (Canada). NGO activities are closely monitored by government. Research Institutions: Universite de Niamey, BP Niamey, Faculte des Sciences, Faculte des Lettres (incorporates depts. of sociology & geography), Faculte dlagronomie; Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines (IRSH), BP 318 Niamey, expertise in social sector, historical/archeological sites; Office Nationale pour llenergie Solaire (ONERSOL), BP 621 Niamey, expertise in agriculture/energy. Local Consultants: Ousmane Bourneima, U. of Niamey, expertise in hydrology; Anada Tiega, Direction des forets et de la faune, expertise in desertification; Boube Gado, Director IRSH; Albert Wright, Director ONERSOL. Consulting Firms: Agri-Service-Plus, BP Niamey, expertise in agriculture/energy/infrastructure/social sector; ASSABA, BP 2624 Niamey, expertise in agriculture/infrastructure; Bureau de Realisation Technique dletudes et de Conseil (BURTECO), BP 702, expertise in agriculture, energy and social sectors. Current Efforts at Im~rovin~ Ca~acitv; Niger is preparing a new Land Code which is expected to facilitate involvement of villagers in land conservation. Numerous small-scale environmental initiatives may lead to preparation of a National Environmental Action Plan in the near future.

90 30. NIGERIA Maior Environmental Issues: Soil erosion and degradation; overgrazing and overuse of water resources; coastal zone management; inadequate and unsafe water supplies; poor sanitation in urban centres; industrial pollution; water hyacinth. Lead Ministry for Environment: Federal Ministry of Works and Housing. UNEP Focal Point: Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), formerly Environmental Planning and Protection Division, Federal Ministry of Works and Housing. Other Public A~encies with Environmental Responsibilities; Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture; Department of Works, Ministry of Works and Housing; National Resource Conservation Council (NRCC); Ministry of Health; Federal Department of Energy. Environmental Laws and Regulations: The Water Works Act-1915; The Public Health Act-1917; State Environmental Sanitation Decree; River Basin Dev. Auth. Act; Wild Animals Preservation Act-1916; Nigerian Forestry Act-1937; Agricultural Act-1958; Oil in Navigable Water Act-1968; Petroleum Act-1969; Petroleum Drilling & Production Regulation-1969; Standards Organization of Nigeria Decree ; Land Use Decree No ; Associated Gas Re-Injection Act-1979; Law of the Sea Convention-1982; Factories Decree No ; Harmful Wastes Decree No ; FEPA Decree-1988; National Resources Conservation Council Decree-1989; Town & Country Planning Law; Nigerian Minerals Act; National Environmental Policy. Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil ( ); Convention on the Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing and the Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water ( ); Convention & Statute Relating to the Chad Basin; African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources (6.6.74); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (5.8.81); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ) ; Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (1.7.75); Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1.1.87); Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority & the Protocol Relating to the Development Fund of the Niger Basin ( ); Convention for Cooperation

91 in Protection & Development of the Marine & Coastal Environment of West & Central African Region (5.8.84); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ( ); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and monitor in^: FEPA is charged with monitoring air and water quality and atmospheric protection. National and Local NGOs; Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF); Nigerian Environment Study/Action Team (NEST) coordinates a network of local environmental NGOs; Forestry Association of Nigeria (FAN); Nigerian Environment Society (NES); Society for Environment Management and Planning (SEMP); Country Women's Association of Nigeria; Food Basket Foundation International (FBFI); Nigerian Integrated Rural Accelerated Development Organization (NIRADO) seeks to become Nigerian umbrella NGO organization. Africare; AVSI/Nigeria; Lwr/Nigeria; World Vision. Research Institutions: Adamu Data - a public education center on Nigerian agriculture; University Institute of Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife; International Institute For Tropical Agriculture; Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute; Center for Management Development; Ahmadu Bello University, Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning; Obafemi Awolowo U., Dept. of Env. Health & Epidemiology; University of Maiduguri Center for Arid Zone Studies, Dept, of Bio. Sciences; Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys; Anambra State University of Technology, Dept. of Architecture and Building Technology, Faculty of Environmental Studies, and Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning each offer environmental degrees; University of Lagos, Dept. of Civil Engineering; Bayers University, Dept. of Geography, Kano; U. of Nigeria, Animal Science and Soil Science Depts.; U. of Ibadan, Animal Science and Agronomy Depts.; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Local Consultants: Ure A. Adekunle, Dept. of Env. Health & Epidemiology; James 0. Adeiuwon, Univ. of Ife; Olu Adepemi, U. of Ife, Dept. of Micro.; Andrew 0. Aganga, Ahmadu Bello U., Dept. of Vet. Pub. Health & Preventive Medicine; Funso A. Akeredolu, U. of Ife, Dept. of Chem. Eng.; S. Ola Daniel, Univ. of Sokoto, Coll. of Health Sciences; Ravindra Deshmukh, U. of Ife, Dept. of Arch.; Timothy 0. E~uniobi, U. of Ibadan Ctr. for Urban & Regional Planning; Ulo K. Envenihi, U. of Calabar Institute of Oceanography; Kenneth 0. IWUJZO, U. of Lagos, Dept. of Civil Eng.; Adamu N. Mohammed, U. of Calabar; Egbenya U., - Ahmadu Bello U. College of Agric.; J.O. Sonuna, ENPLAN Group; Jacob P. m, Ahmadu Bello U. Inst. for Agric. Rsch.; Uche G. Wokocha, Min. of Finance & Planning Petroleum & Gas Div.; Anthony Youdeowei, U. of Ibadan, Dept. of Agric. Bio.; Aderemi 0. Kuku, Dean, Postgrad. Schl. U. of Ibadan; Olufemi Williams, Exec. Sec., Org. of African

92 Unity Scientific, Technical & Research Commission; Cyril Onwumechili, Anambra State U. of Tech.; Joseph I. Okoeun, U. of Ibadan, Dept. of Chem.; C.M.A. Ademoreti, U. of Benin, Dept. of Chem.; Amadi &, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography & Marine Research; A.C. Chindah, Institute of Pollution Studies; I.K.E. Ekweozor, Rivers State U. of Sci. & Tech. Port- Harcourt; C.A. h, Nig. Inst. for Oceanog. & Marine Rsch.; Miriam J.F. Isoun, Inst. of Pollution Studies; T.T. Isoun, Inst. of Pollution Studies; A.M.A. Imevbore, zoologist; J.M. Oluwatimilehin, geographer; I.E. Ofoezi, zoologist; J.A. Adeeoke, zoologist; B.A. Matanmi, Botanist; E.A. Aduavi, pedologist; B.A. Lasebikan, zoologist; J.A. Ade~etu, pedologist; M.O. Oeedenebe, environmental health specialist/epidemiologist; A.O. Isichei, plant ecologist; O.A. Akinvemiiu, botanist; 0. Ekanade, geographer; 1.0. Obisesan, botanist; J.I. Olaifa, botanist; E. Amamoo-Otchere, remote sensing expert; I.F. Adenivi, zoologist; J.I. Muo~halu, botanist; C.O. Alofe, botanist; M.A. Osunade, geographer; P.O. Aina, pedologist; J.O. u, geologist; 0.0. Oeunkova, geographer; S.O. Asaolu, zoologist; W.O. Emofurieta, geologist; E.A. m, botanist; Bruce Powell, Port Harcourt U., taxonomi s t. Current Efforts at Improvine - Capacity: NEST is preparing an Environmental Profile for Nigeria with support from Canadian University Services Overseas (CUSO). A National Conservation Strategy is also in preparation. Bank economic and sector work on the environment in Nigeria has established the foundation for a policy-based environmental lending operation. Technical assistance to FEPA has proposed procedures for environmental assessment of projects which are expected to be implemented under this operation. Environmental action planning will be undertaken at the State level with guidance from FEPA and NRCC.

93 31. RWANDA Maior Environmental Issues: Dense population; complicated land tenure system; management of sensitive areas (wetlands); overlapping responsibilities between institutions. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere du Plan. UNEP Focal Point: Direction de llenvironnement, Ministere du Plan. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Direction de l'hygiene publique et de l'environnement, Ministere de la sante publique et des affaires sociales; Direction de la recherche scientifique et technique; Office Rwandais du tourisme et des parcs nationaux; Direction Generale de la Conservation de Sols; Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Environmental Laws and Regulations; Participation in International Conventions & A~reements: Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water ( ); Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (6.3.80); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: To be established in the newly created Direction de 18Environnement, Ministere du Plan. National and Local NGOs; Association pour la Concertation des ONG de Rwanda (ACOR); Organisation des Volontaires et Partenaires Rwandais (OVPR); Association de Cooperation et de Recherche en Developpement (ACORD); Association de Jeunesse en Matiere Agricole et Culturelle (AJEMAC); Association Rwandaise pour le Developpement Integre (ARDI); Umushumba Mwiza; Association de Recherche et d8appui en Amenagement du Territoire (ARAMET); IWACU - Centre de Formation et de Recherche Cooperatives. ADRA/Rwanda; Africare/Rwanda; AFVP/Rwanda; CARE/Rwanda; CRS/Rwanda; World Scout Movement.

94 Research Institutions: Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR); Universite Nationale du Rwanda, Sciences Appliquees; Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRST). Local: Andre Rwamakuba, Direction de l'environnement; Jean Bosco Bicamumpaka, geologist; Jean-Baptiste Habvalimana, civil engineer; Jean-Baptiste Katabarwa, petroleum & volcanic specialist; Jean Nsenei-yunva, civil engineer; Joseph Mvukivumwami, botanical ecologist; Vincent Nyamulinda, conservation mgmt. specialist; Jean Marie V.Sibomana, population & development specialist; Barabwiliza Runvinva, agroforestry specialist; Gasmagara Evariste, soil conservationist; Bernard Mutwewin~abo, soil specialist with UNR; Francois Ndavisiaive, soil & water specialist with ISAR. Consultine Firms: Bureau dletudes Aginco, civil engineering and construction firm; Bureau dletudes La Rwandaise, civil engineers. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Ca~acitv; An EAP is in an advanced stage of preparation. Assistance has been provided to help develop EA procedures to be implemented under the EAP.

95 32. SAO TOME ET PRINCIPE Maior Environmental Issues: Monitoring and control of chemical residues from use of pesticides and fertilizers. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere de llequipement Social et de llenvironnement. UNEP Focal Point: Direction du Plan, Ministere de llequipement Social et de llenvironnement. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities; Departement de la Planification Physique, Ministere du Plan et du Commerce; Direction de l'industrie et de l'energie, Ministere de llindustries et des Transports, Peche et Tourisme. Environmental Laws and Reeulations: Participation in International Conventions & Aereements: Convention for Conservation of the Atlantic Tuna ( ); Conservation on the Prohibition of Development, Production, & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Departement de la planification physique, Ministere du Plan et du Commerce. National and Local NGOs: Association' Francaise de Volontaires du Progres. Research Institutions and Local Consultants; Centre de recherche et vulgarisation agro-sylvicole (CRVAS), Ministere de llagriculture et du Developpement Rural. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Capacitv: A National Conservation Profile is in preparation. The World Wildlife Fund is currently sponsoring a regional project on conservation and biodiversity and Sao Tome et Principe has been selected for a buffer-zone type of pilot conservation project.

96 33. SENEGAL M s Rapid population growth; limited availability of water; drought; land tenure; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion and depletion; industrial pollution; rapid urbanization. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministry of Urban Affairs and the Protection of Nature. UNEP Focal Point: Direction de l'environnement, Ministere de la protection de la nature. Other Public Aeencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Ministry of Water, Forests and Rural Development; Ministry of Planning and Cooperation; Ministry of Tourism. Environmental Laws and Reeulations: - Participation in International Conventions & Aereements: - Convention concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint ( ); Convention Regulating Whaling ( ); Plant Protection Convention (3.3.75); Convention for Prevention of Pollution of Sea by Oil ( ); Convention on Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on High Seas ( ); Convention on African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space & Under Water (6.5.64); Convention for Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ); African Convention on Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damages ( ); Convention Relating to Intervention on High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (6.5.75); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ( ); Convention Concerning the Status of Senegal River & Establishing Senegal River Development Organization; Convention on Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); Convention Establishing a Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel ( ); Convention for Cooperation in Protection & Development of Marine & Coastal Environment of West & Central African Region (5.8.84); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( ).

97 Environmental Data Systems and Monitorine: CONGAD, the private NGO coordinating body, is a member of the Sahel Information System (SIS); Centre de Suivi Ecologique monitors the ecological effects of projects in agriculture, forestry, livestock and natural resources; Ministere de plan et de la cooperation. National and Local NGOs; Conseil des ONG d'appui au Developpement (CONGAD) coordinates private NGOs and is concerned with soil erosion; Federation des ONG au Senegal (FONGS) is a network of local NGOs; Environnement et Developpement Action Tiers Monde (ENDA); Association de Jeunes Agriculteurs de Meckhe (AJAM); Office Africain pour le Developpement et la Cooperation (OFADEC); Association Culturelle d'aide a la Promotion Educative et Sociale (ACAPES); Association des Bacheliers pour 1'Emploi et le Developpement (ABACED); Association des Femmes Africaines pour la Recherche sur le Developpement (AFARD); Association des Jeunes pour lleducation et le Developpement (AJED); Association pour la Promotion Sociale en Milieu Rural et Urbain (APROSOR); Association pour la Renaissance du Pulaar (ARP); Association pour la Renovation de Thilogne; Association Senegalaise de Recherches et dlassistance pour le Developpement Communautaire; Developpement Solidaire (DEVSOL); Federation des Associations du Fouta pour le Developpement (regional umbrella for 60 village associations); Pour Autres Strategies de Developpement (PASDA); Union pour la Solidarite et 1'Entraide (USE). Senegal is also the home for several regional and subregional NGO coordinating organizations, including Forum for African Voluntary Development Organizations (FAVDO), Reseau Africain pour le Developpement Integre (RADI), SOS Sahel, Association Panafricaine pour le Developpement Communautaire. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) also has a regional office in Senegal. International NGOs active on the environmental scene include: AFOTEC; Africare/Senegal; Association dlentraide Franco-Arabe; AVLI/Senegal; AFVP/Senegal; CRS/Senegal; Caritas/Senegal; CECI/Senegal; CIEPAC/Senegal; CCF/Senegal; CWS/Senegal; FISA/Senegal; Foster Parents Plan; GRED/Senegal; HELINAS/Senegal; IDRC (regional office); Institut International pour le Developpement des Peuples/Senegal; IARA/Senegal; LWR/Senegal; Oxfam/Senegal; Rodale International; Six-S/Senegal; UNICOS/Senegal; World Relief International; World Scout Movement. Research Institutions: Institute of Environmental Studies, Cheikh Anta Diop University (member, AMCEN Environmental Training Network); Centre Africain dletudes Superieures en Gestion; Institut de Developpement Economique et Planification; Centre de Suivi Ecologique des Ecosystemes Pastoraux (CSE) monitors ecological effects of projects; ARCT; Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agronomiques (ISRA); Centre dletudes et de Recherches sur les Energies Renouvelables (CERER); Institut des Sciences de 1'Environnement; Centre de Recherche Oceanographique de Dakar-Thioroye (CRODT); Ecole Nationale Superieure Applique (ENEA), expertise in rural development; Ecole Nationale Superieure Universitaire de Technologie (ENSUIT).

98 Local Consultants: Bakary Kante; Moctar Toure, Inst. Senegalais pour les Recherche Agricoles; Hamet Sevdi, Dean, Faculty of Science, U. of Dakar; E.S. Dio~, U.C.A.D., Dept. of Geog.; Mamadou Sall, U.C.A.D., Dept. of Geography; Jean Luc Saos, ORSTOM; Samba Dione, Director ENEA; Amadou Ndiave, Director CSE; Diafara Toure, Director CRODT. Consultine Firms: Societe dlamenagement des Terres Irriguees (SATI), BP 1400 Dakar, expertise in irrigation/general agriculture; Societe Senegalaise d'etudes Agropedologiques (SENAGROSOL), BP 8316 Dakar, expertise in agronomy/forestry/agriculture; Sahel Etudes Ingenieurs Conseils (SETICO), BP 2116 Dakar; Sahel Ingenieurs Conseils (SIC), BP 5449 Dakar, expertise in water resources (livestock) reforestation; Societe Nouvelle des Etudes de Developpement en Afrique (SONED/Afrique), BP 2084 Dakar; Societe Nationale dletudes et de Promotion (SONEPI), BP 100 Dakar, expertise in agriculture/industry. Current Efforts at Im~roving Ca~acitv: Senegal has prepared a National Conservation Strategy. A Tropical Forestry Action Plan is in preparation.

99 34. SEYCHELLES Maior Environmental Issues: Marine and coastal pollution. Lead Ministry for Environment: President's Office. UNEP Focal Point: President's Office. Other Public A~encies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Conservation Office, Ministry of National Development. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Partici~ation in International Conventions 6 A~reements: Convention Regulating Whaling ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space 6 Under Water ( ); African Convention on Conservation of Nature 6 Natural Resources ( ); Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage ( ); Convention on Prohibition of Development, Production 6 Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) 6 Toxin Weapons 6 on Their Destruction ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural 6 Natural Heritage (9.7.80); Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 6 Flora (9.5.77); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Convention for the Protection, Management 6 Development of the Marine 6 Coastal Environment of the East African Region ( ); Protocol Concerning Protected Areas 6 Wild Fauna 6 Flora in East African Region ( ). Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring: Not known. National and Local NGOs: Association Francaise des Volontaires du Progres, Research Institutions and Local Consultants: Not known. Current Efforts at Im~rovinn Cavacitv: A National Conservation Strategy has been completed. Seychelles has also completed a National Environmental Action Plan with UNDP assistance. The Bank has assisted in coordinating donor response to the NEAP.

100 35. SIERRA LEONE 0 Not known. Lead Ministry for Environment: Ministry of Lands, Housing and the Environment. : - Housing and Environment Department, Ministry of Lands, Housing and the Environment. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Department of Forestry. Environmental Laws and Reeulations: - Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Plant Protection Convention ( ); Convention on the Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing & Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water ( ); Convention on Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: MInistry of Lands, Housing and the Environment. National and Local NGOs: Sierra Leone Environment and Nature Conservation Association (SLENCA); Conservation Society of Sierra Leone (CSSL); United Christian Council (UCC). In addition to these local NGOs, the following international NGOs are active in environment in Sierra Leone: AFVP/Sierra Leone, CARE/Sierra Leone, Canadian University Services Overseas (CUSO), Christian Children's Fund, Catholic Relief Services, Church World Service, Foster Parents Plan. Pesearch Institutions: Institute of Marine Biology, University of Sierra Leone; Njala University College, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies.

101 bcal Consultants: Daniel E.B. Chavtor, Institute of Marine Biology, U.S.L., expertise in marine science; Cyrus A. MacFoy, U.S.L., expertise in botany; Modope 0. uiams, U.S.L., expertise in zoology; Samuel M. Jambawai, CSSL; Sama S. m, CSSL; Andrew K. Bomah, Njala U. College, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies. Eurrent Efforts at Im~rovine - Ca~acitv: Sierra Leone has prepared a National Conservation Strategy. A Tropical Forestry Action Plan is in preparation.

102 36. SOMALIA Maior Environmental Issues: Range management; water availability and quality; land tenure problems; poor health status; declining wildlife population; refugees; environmental diseases arising out of irrigated farming. '-) Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Wildlife. : - National Range Agency, Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Wildlife. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities; Ministry of Planning and Juba Valley Development. Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (2.3.86); Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1.2.86); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Convention for the Protection, Management & Development of the Marine & Coastal Environment of the East African Region ( ); Protocol Concerning Protection of Areas & Wild Fauna & Flora in East African Region ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Not known. National and Local NGOs: National Consortium. Somalia Ecological Society. Africare/Somalia; ACORD/Somalia; AFVP/Somalia; CRS/Somalia; IARA/Somalia; Japan International Volunteer Centre; Red Cross International; Oxfam/Somalia; World Concern Development Organization. Research Institutions: Not known. Local Consultants: Not known. Current Efforts at Im~rovina Capacity:

103 A National Conservation Strategy and a Tropical Forestry Action Plan are in preparation. The World Bank plans to assist the government to prepare an environmental program for the Juba Valley which may develop into a national Environmental Action Plan.

104 37. SUDAN Maior Environmental Issues: Desertification; use of pesticides and agrochemicals in irrigated areas; weed infestation and malaria in irrigated areas; loss of wildlife habitat; ecological impact of dams. m: Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Animal Health. UNEP Focal Point: Relief and Rehabilitation Commission. Other Public Aeencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: National Committee for the Environment; National Council for Research; Agricultural Production Corporation; Pests and Diseases Committee; Soil Conservation, Land Use and Water Programming Administration, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources; Ministry of Health; Council for Scientific and Technical Research; Energy Research Council, National Council for Research; Wildlife Conservation and National Park Services, Ministry of Interior; Nile Waters Department, Ministry of Irrigation and Hydropower; Rural Water Development Corporation. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Partici~ation in International Conventions & Anreement~: Convention to Preserve Flora & Fauna in Their Natural State ( ); Plant Protection Convention ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space & Under Water (4.3.66); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitorine: Occupational Health Department, Ministry of Health. National and Local NGOs; Sudan Council of Churches; ACORD/Sudan; Biomass Users Network; CARE/Sudan; FISA/Sudan; Foster Parents Plan; ITDG/Sudan; IARA/Sudan; LWR/Sudan; World Relief International.

105 Research Institutions: Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Khartoum; Buildings and Roads Research Institute; Geography Departments in the Universities of Khartoum, Gezira and Juba. Local Consultants: Mustafa M. Khoeali, U. of Khartoum, expertise in Geography/Rangelands; Ahmed K. pashir, Medical Research Council; Yahiya A. Mageed, Khartoum; Mohamed E.A. Eltom, U.Khartoum, Schl. of Math. Sciences; Eisa M. Abdellatif, Inst. of Env. Stud.; Isam M. Abdel-Magid, U.Khartoum. Dept. of Civil Eng.; O.M.M. m, I.E.S.; M.O. El Sammani, I.E.S.; Yagoub A. Mohamed, I.E.S.; Tagelsir A. -, I.E.S.; Hassan A. Musnad, Commission for Rehabilitation; Mirghani T. El Seed, Hydrobiological Research Unit. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Ca~acitv: Unknown.

106 38. SWAZILAND Maior Environemntal Issues: Industrial pollution, especially of rivers; overgrazing; spread of agriculture in marginal lands; land degradation due to irrigation; high population growth rates. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Utilization and Energy. UNEP Focal Point: Department of Physical Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Utilization and Energy. Other Public Aeencies with Environmental Res~onsibilities: Water Resources Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Utilization and Energy; Swaziland National Trust Commission, a parastatal whose main role is to run National.Parks. A National Resources Act, 1955; Water Act, Partici~ation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention on Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on High Seas ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Waepon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Not known. Conservation Trust of Swaziland; World Scout Movement. Research Institutions: Mananga Agricultural Management Centre (MAMC) is an independent association which operates a management training centre for the Southern Africa Region; U. of Swaziland, Depts. of Agriculture, Biology, Chemistry, Geography, and Physics; Institute of Development Management, Swaziland Campus; Experimentation Centre for Renewable Sources of Energy.

107 Local Consultants: Lydiah Makhubu, U. of Swaziland, Dept. of Chemistry; Paul S. Maro, U. of S. Dept. of Geography; Lolo Mkhabela, Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy. Consulting Firms: Carl Bro Consulting Engineers, expertise in design & construction of infrastructure projects; Simunye Sugar Estates. Current Efforts at Im~rovinn Ca~acitv: Mananga Agricultural Management Centre (MAMC) is planning a course on EIA in There are plans to establish a Swaziland Environmental Authority.

108 39. TANZANIA Maior Environmental Issues: Deforestation; soil erosion; loss of wildlife. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. UNEP Focal Point: National Environment Management Council. Other Public Apencies with Environmental Responsibilities; Ministry of Finance and Planning; Department of Energy and Petroleum; Rufigi Basin Development Authority (RUBADA) has mandate for EIA. Environmental Laws and Regulations: The Wildlife Conservation Act of 1974; Forest Act (ordinance #389, 1959); The National Parks Act (ordinance #412); Ngorongoro Conservation Act, Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention to Preserve Flora & Fauna in Natural State (3.3.63); Convention on African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water (6.2.64); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature 6 Natural Resources ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural 6 Natural Heritage ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 6 Flora ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of Workers Against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment Due To Air Pollution, Noise & Vibration ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Agreement on the Action Plan for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Common Zambezi River System ( ). Environmental Data Svstems and Monitoring: Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar-es-Salaam. National and Local NGOs: Tanzania Environment Society (TESO); Community Development Trust Fund (CDTF) has government support; Forest, Trees and People (FTP); Morogoro Women-Focussed Afforestation Project; Tanzania Tree-Planting Foundation (TTPF); Tanzania Tree Planting Project, Mwanza; Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania (WCST). ACORD/Tanzania; Caritas/Tanzania; AVLI/Tanzania; CRS/Tanzania; LWR/Tanzania; World Vision.

109 Research Institutions: Center for Integrated Rural Development in Africa; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Institute of Resource Assessment, U. of Dar Es Salaam; Dept. of Zoology and Marine Biology, U. of Dar es Salaam; Dept. of Soil Science, Sokoine U. of Agriculture; East African Mineral Resources Development Centre; Institute of Development Management, Morogoro Campus; College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka; Dodoma Rural Energy Project. Local Consultants: Awadh S. bwen~a, NSRC; L.K. m, U.D.E.S., Dept. of Math.; K.E. Mshigeni, Post Grad Studies, U.D.E.S.; Wilfred A. Fova, Coll. of African Wildlife Mgmt.; Godfrey L. Kamukala, NEMC; Paul E. w, Coll. of African Wildlife Mgmt.; Obadiah M. Ndosi, CAWM; John N. Kundaeli, expertise in wildlife conservation, Mwombo Parish, Box 476, Moshi, Tanzania. Consultinv Firms: Federation of African Consultants; E.K. Mangesho & Co., expertise in project evaluation & feasibility studies; African Aid Development Consultants Ltd., expertise in EIA; Iramba Management and Industrial Services Ltd. (IMAIS), expertise in feasibility studies. Current Efforts at Im~rovine Capacity; A National Conservation Strategy is in preparation with assistance from IUCN. A draft Tropical Forestry Action Plan has been prepared.

110 40. TOGO Major Environmental Issues; Over-exploitation of agricultural land; coastal erosion; increasing agricultural pressure on wooded zones; bush-fires. Lead Ministrv for Environment: Ministere de l'environnement et du tourisme. UNEP Focal Point: Ministere de l'environnement et du tourisme. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Department of Forests and Hunting; Ministry of Rural Development; Ministry of Information; Ministry of National Education & Scientific Research; Direction de la Recherche Scientifique; Togolese Plant Protection Service; Direction de la Recherche Agronomique; Direction de l'hydraulique et de l'energie, Ministere de llequipement; Direction du Service Nationale d'hssainissement, Ministere de la Sante; Direction de la protection des vegetaw. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Law prohibiting starting of bush fires in dry season; Environmental Code 1988 inter alia regulates disposal of toxic and industrial wastes, pollution, deals with management aspects of forestry and wildlife. Participation in International Conventions & Agreements: Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Paint (7.6.60); Plant Protection Convention (2.4.86); Convention on the African Migratory Locust ( ); Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water ( ); Phyto-Sanitary Convention for Africa ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production & Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) & Toxin Weapons & on Their Destruction ( ); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora ( ); Convention for Cooperation in the Protection & Development of Marine & Coastal Environment of West & Central African Region (5.8.84); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( ). 8 Not known.

111 National and Local NGOs: Togo Association pour le Developpement des Peuples (TADEP); Conseils- Gestion Afrique-Togo/Initiatives des Communautes de Base (CONGAT/ICB); Federation des ONG du Togo (FONGTO); Association pour la Promotion des Initiatives Complementaires a llagriculture (APICA); Association des Consultants Togolais (ACT); Echanges Generaux et Savoir-faire (EGESA); Association Villages Entreprises (AVE); Terre des Homes; TOGO PHARMA; Societe Togolaise pour la Promotion du Developpement Rural (SOTOPRODER); Fondation Panafricaine pour le Developpement Economique (FOPADESC). Africare/Togo; AFVP/Togo; CRS/Togo; Foster Parents Plan; GRED/Togo; LWR/Togo. Research Institutions: Cotton Research Institute; National Soils Institute; Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Sociales (INRS); Laboratoire de Botanique et de Recherche Appliquee sur les Therapeutiques Naturelles (LABORATHENA); llecole Superieure dlagronomie (ESA) Universite du Benin; Faculte des Sciences; Institut National de Formation Agricole (INFA); Centre ORSTOM de Lome; Association Togolaise de Recherche Scientifique (ATRS); Centre de Formation Professionnelle Agricole de Tove (CFPA). Local Consultants: Akoly D. Nvatepe-Coo, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; Kwablah Attio~be, California Community College, biologist; Kodjo Sodoke, sociologist; Ahyi Amakoue, Directeur du LABORATHENA, agronomist; Salami A. Ganivou, veterinarian; Gnrofoun Tosseh, forester; Mr. Aebekodo, forester; Tossou Y. Hovana, Directeur INRS, sociologist/economist; Kenkou G. Kossi, Ministry of Rural Development, sociologist/agro-economist; A. A~eboua, social economist; Kpakote G. Kwami, Directeur de llesa, ecologist; Akpagana Koffi, Faculte des Sciences, botanist/plant ecologist; Bouraima T. Inoussa, ESA, animal ecologist; Marie-Louise Cadoux, Faculte des Sciences, animal biologist/parasitologist; Allaglo Koffi Lomko, Directeur de I'INS, pedologist; Agbeko Koffi, U. du Benin, pedologist; Tchemi Tchambi Tchakvro, INS, agronomist/pedologist; Awlime Yawo, Faculte des Sciences, rural engineer; Tchagbele Essowavana, U. du Benin, technologist/civil engineer; Amegee Y. Kodio, U. du Benin, rural hydrologist & rural engineer; Assiongbon K. Kue-Zoun, Head of the Rural & Urban Hydraulic Division, Ministry of Public Works, water technical engineer; Akibode A. Koffi, U. du Benin, geographer; Nenonene K. Denvo, Ministere de la Sante, sanitary engineer; C.A. Agbo~li, Direction de la Recherche Agronomique, phytopathologist; Nadjombe Ounoh, Directeur du Cabinet du Ministre de llenvironnement et du Tourisme, forester; Tengue K. Mawuenveea, national coordinator of Tropical Forest Plan of Action, forester; Mr. Akak~o, Ministere du Developpement Rural, forester; Mr. Afutoo, INFA, forester; Mr. Gnininvi, Directeur de la Recherche Scientifique, solar energy specialist; S. Worou, National soils Institute, pedologist; Badate Tienokpa, Technical Director of SOTED, veterinarian; Kougblenou A. Avaovi, SOTED, agroeconomist; Mr. Akpama, expertise industrial development; Mr. Anani, Faculte des Sciences, U. du Benin, cellular biologist; Mme. Gninofoun, Direction Generale du Developpement Rural, veterinarian; Mr. Agounke, Direction de la protection des vegetaux, biological specialist; Mr. Amela, Ministere du

112 Developpement Rural, forester; Mr. Paritse, U. du Benin, coastal erosion.. specialist; Mr. u, agronomist; Mr. de Suza, agro-economist; Mr. Wending, rural engineer/water specialist; Mr. J?onio, Ministere de 19Environnement et du Tourisme, ecologist; Mr. m, Ministry of Public Works, city planner. Consultinn Firms: Societe Togolaise dletudes de Developpement (SOTED); Groupe de Recherche et Application Habitat Social (GRAHS); Cabinet d9etudes SARTORY SA. Current Efforts at Im~rovinn Ca~acity: A National Conservation Strategy and a Tropical Forestry Action Plan are in preparation. The country has also started preparation of a National Environmental Action Plan.

113 41. UGANDA Major Environmental Issues: Deforestation, overgrazing; drought in northeast; soil erosion; loss of wetlands; wildlife poaching in protected areas; resettlement of displaced populations; lack of environmental data base. Lead Environmental A~rencv: Ministry of Environmental Protection. UNEP Focal Point: Ministry of Environmental Protection. Other Public Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities: Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife; Ministry of Lands and Surveys; Ministry of Water and Natural Resources; Ministry of Energy; Ministry of Local Administration - owns some forest resources and is responsible for resettlement; Ministry of Rehabilitation; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Animal Husbandry & Fisheries; Dept. of Geological Surveys; Uganda National Parks Board of Trustees; National Water and Sewerage Corporation. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Land and Soils: The Public Lands Act (Act 13 of 1969); The Public Land Rules (SI amended 1969); The Public Lands (Settlement Areas) Rules SI 201-7; Declaration of Settlement Areas Rules SI 201-8; The Public Lands (Restriction of Customary Tenure) Order SI 103 of 1969; The Land Reform Decree (Decree 4 of 1975 amended) The Land Reform Regulations (SI 26 of 1976); The Soil Conservation (Non African Land) Act, CAP 245 of 1958; The Bunyoro and Busoga Conservation Committees (Establishment) - establishes conservation committees for Bunyoro and Busoga districts; The Soil Conservation (Appeal) Rules, SI 245-3; The Control of Agricultural Chemicals (Recent 1987). Forests. Plants. Etc: The Forest Act 1947 CAP 246; The Forest Rules SI (ammended 1970); The Forests (Bunyoro) Rules SI (amended by SI 87 of 1967) - regulates the taking of forest produce in Bunyoro forest land. There are similar rules for the districts of Acholi, Kigezi, Madi, West Nile, Ankole (names of districts changed in mid 1970's). The Forests (Pest Control) Rules SI 246-3; The Forest Reserves (Declaration Order) amended 1968, 1969, 1970; The Timber (Export) Act 1950 CAP 247; The Plant ; ) The Plants Pests Declaration SI 244-1; The Plants Pests Rules SI 244-2; The Plant Protection (importation of plants) Order SI 244-3; The Plant Protection (Fumigation of Imports) Order; a. Hinerals: The Minine Act 1949 CAP 248; The Mining Regulations SI (ammended 1971); The Mining (Safety) Regulations SI (ammended 1966).

114 Wildlife. Animals: The Game (Preservation and Control) Act 1959 (ammended bv Decree 13 of 1975); The Game (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order (ammended 1968); The Game (Application to Non-Scheduled Animals) Order SI 266-2; The Game (Importation and Exportation for Transit Purposes) Rules SI 226-3; The Game (Prohibited and Restricted Methods of Hunting) Order SI 226-4; The Declaration of Closed Season Notice SI 226-5; The Authority to Use Poison Notice SI 226-8; The Declaration of Animal Sanctuary (White Rhinoceros) Notice SI 226-9; The Declaration of Sanctuary (Scheduled Animals) Notice SI ; The Game (Preservation and Control) Declaration of Sanctuaries Instrument SI (ammended 1970); The Game Hunting Area Orders for most districts; The Local Game Committees (Establishment) Order SI ; The Game (Preservation and Control) Animal and Trophy Export Fees Order SI ; The Game (Preservation and Control Forms of Licence Prescription) Order SI 18 of 1968; The National Parks Act 1952 CAP 227; The National Parks Declaration Order SI (latest amendment early 80's); By-Laws for Queen Elizabeth National Park, Murchison Falls National Parl, Kidepo ~aliey National Park; The Animal Diseases Act CAP 218; The Animal Diseases Rules SI ; The Rabies Act CAP 219; The Cattle Grazing Act CAP 223. Water: The; Rivers Act CAP 347; The National Water and Sewerage Cor~oration Decree 1972; The Fish and Crocodiles Act; The Fishing Rules SI 228-6; The Crocodile and Crocodile Skins (Export and Import) Rules SI 205 of 1965; The Trout Protection Act. Human Settlements: The Town and Countrv Plannine Act CAP 30; The Urban Authorities Act CAP 27; The Preservation of Amenities Act CAP 31; The Reconstruction and Development Cor~oration Act 1980; The U~anda Planning Commission Act CAP 320. Health. Pollution: The Public Health Act; The Factories Act. Energy: Electricitv Act CAP 135. Others: The Historical Monuments Act CAP ; The Penal Code Act CAP S 171,172,173 create offences against pollution and adulteration of the air and water as well as noise pollution. Participation in International Conventions & A~reements: Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (4.7.88); Convention on the Continental Shelf ( ); Convention on Fishing & the Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas ( ); Convention on the High Seas ( ); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( ); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources ( ); Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural & Natural Heritage ( ); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ( ); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( ).

115 Environmental Data Systems and Monitoring: GIs in Ministry of Environmental Protection; Soil Conservation Unit, Ministry of Agriculture; Department of Meteorology, Ministry of Transport and Communications; Uganda Freshwater Fisheries Research Organisation; Makarere University. National and Local NGOs: Joint Energy and Environmental Projects (JEEP); Uganda Wildlife Clubs; Committee for International Self-Reliance; Green Belt Movement. World Wildlife Fund, Frankfurt Zoological Society are involved in wildlife conservation programmes. ACORDflganda; AVSIflganda; CAREflganda; CCFflganda; FISAflganda; UNICOSflganda; World Scout Movement; World Vision. Research Institutions: Institute of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies; Makerere University, Dept. of Geography offers environmental degree; Fisheries Research Institute, Entebbe, Jinja; Namulonge Agricultural Research Station; Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute; Serere Agricultural Research Institute; Institute of Ecology, Queen Elizabeth National Park; Makerere Institute of Social Research; Uganda National Academy - Science and Technology. Local Consultants: Dr. E.M. Tukahirwa, Makerere University, expertise in zoology; Frederick Kavania, Veterinary Surgeon, Vice Chancellor, Makerere U., expertise in wildlife; Constantine Okello-Oleng, Min. of Env. Protection, expertise in physical planning; Dorothy Etori, MEP, expertise ecology; Frank Turvatunea, GIs, forester; E. Kateeba Mushanga, expertise in environmental law; Ben Aluma Adomati, Makerere U. Dept. of Environmental Education; Mateete A. Bekunda, Makerere U. Dept. of Soil Science; John Aluma, Makerere U., expertise forestry; M.N. Kakande, Makerere U., expertise development economics; John M. Kaserere, Box 409 Fort Portal Uganda, expertise forest ecology; P.M.B. Kasoma, Makerere U., expertise avian ecology; F.W. Kigenvi, Forestry Dept. Kampala, expertise forestry; A.B. Maiugu, Box 7025 KLA, expertise meteorology; Sheme Masaba, Makerere U., expertise parasitology; Derek Pomerov, Makerere U., expertise ecology; Jork R. Bugingo, c/o Ministry of Foreign Affairs KLA, expertise education planning; Justus B~a~agaire, Box 1108, expertise agriculture, agronomy & range mgmt.; Silver J. Ocitti, Box 4851 KLA, expertise urban planning; Caleb M. Kakuyo, Box 1760 KLA, expertise environmental planning; Joseph Bavanga, - Uganda National Parks, expertise wildlife ecology; Eric Edroma, Uganda National Parks, expertise wildlife; Paul Mafabi, Ministry of Environmental Protection, expertise water resources; J.T. Kashi~ire, c/o Game Dept. KLA, expertise wildlife; G. Isaduye, Makerere U., expertise forestry; Philip M. Gwage, expertise meteorology; Wilson Bvarueaba, Uganda Natl. Acad. - Science 6 Tech., expertise not known; D.N.O. Bwire, c/o Water Dept. KLA, expertise water resources; Festus Bapoora, Makerere U., expertise water 6 soils. consult in^ - Firms: Community Management Services (CMS), Box 6468 KLA, expertise environment 6 economics; Environ Design Systems, P.O. Box 4851 KLA, expertise urban projects; Development Consultants International (DCI),