Designing forest access to meet future challenges
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1 Designing forest access to meet future challenges SURGE Project St. Petersburg Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Prof. Dr. Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations
2 Outline 1. Basics of forest access 2. Road characteristics 3. Challenges and solution strategies 3.1 Access to timber resources 3.2 Emergency access 3.3 Climate change 3.4 Technical advancement 4. Summary. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 2
3 1. Basics of forest access Functions of forest access 1. Enable people to access forest area/stands 2. Connects to public infrastructure (most often public road network). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 3
4 1. Basics of forest access In middle Europe forest roads are the most common mean of forest access Access to forests by roads is precondition for any forest management and it allows the use of forest for different purposes/functions. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 4
5 1. Basics of forest access Forest management. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 5
6 1. Basics of forest access Timber transport 90% of timber transports by trucks Long wood hauling max. stem length 21 m 6
7 1. Basics of forest access Short wood transport average payload 20 t 7
8 1. Basics of forest access Recreation. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 8
9 1. Basics of forest access Sports. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 9
10 1. Basics of forest access Fire fighting Bild: feuerwehr-landwehrhagen.de, Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 10
11 1. Basics of forest access Any access system consists of road transportation and off-road transportation based on - Road network for road transportation (connecting function, long distance transport) - Off-road access for accessibility of forest stands (access function, short distance transport) For off-road (stand) access forest roads are combined with skid trails/strip roads, tractor roads or cable lines. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 11
12 1. Basics of forest access Off-road access: Means of timber extraction with respect to terrain slope Skidding on skid trails or strip roads Special machinery or Cable yarder machinery equipped with supporting winches (tethering winches). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 12
13 Skid trails, tractor roads Forest roads Public roads Contour lines 10 m Rivers Contour lines 50 m j. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 13
14 Outline 1. Basics of forest access 2. Road characteristics. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 14
15 2. Road characteristics. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 15
16 2. Road characteristics Three perspectives to describe a forest road 2. Horizontal alignment 3. Vertical alignment 1. Cross section. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 16
17 2. Road characteristics Cross section Road width Width of right-of-way Road surface (type, shape/profile) Verge Ditch Side slopes 1:1 and 1:1.5 Bearing capacity 80 to 90 MPa for M E (E v2 ). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 17
18 2. Road characteristics Forest road with crown profile Cut slope 1:1 Crown slope 3-7% Running surface 2-4 cm Bearing layer cm Fill slope 1:1.5 Ditch 0.5 m Running surface width 3.5 m Base width 5.0 m Verge/shoulder 0.5 m. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 18
19 2. Road characteristics. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 19
20 2. Road characteristics. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 20
21 2. Road characteristics Horizontal alignment Alternation of curves and Minimum curve radius 20 m/35 m Switch backs 12 m Straight line segments >25 m. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 21
22 2. Road characteristics Vertical alignment Minimum/maximum longitudinal gradient 2-10% (12%) Vertical curves (10 m/%) (crest r=400, sag r=200). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 22
23 . Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 23
24 Outline 1. Basics of forest access 2. Road characteristics 3. Challenges and solution strategies 3.1 Access to timber resources. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 24
25 3.1 Access to timber resources Source: BMEL - BWI3 (3rd National Forest Inventory) 25
26 3.1 Access to timber resources Forested land and growing stock by ownership [1000 ha, 1000 m³ over bark] Forested land Growing stock State forest 3,310 (29%) 1,024,050 (28%) Communal forest 2,220 (19%) 691,561 (19%) Federal forest 403 (4%) 90,000 (2%) Private forest 5,486 (48%) 1,857,085 (51%) All types of ownership 11,419 (100%) 3,662,972 (100%) Source: BWI III Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 26
27 3.1 Access to timber resources Forested land and growing stock by ownership [1000 ha, 1000 m³ over bark] Forested land Growing stock State forest 3,310 (29%) 1,024,050 (28%) Communal forest 2,220 (19%) 691,561 (19%) Federal forest 403 (4%) 90,000 (2%) Private forest 5,486 (48%) 1,857,085 (51%) All types of ownership 11,419 (100%) 3,662,972 (100%) Source: BWI III Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 27
28 3.1 Access to timber resources 2012 Growth [Mio. m³ u. b.]* State Forest Federal Forest Community Forest Private Forest Harvesting volume [Mio. m³ u. b.]* Potential use [Mio. m³ u. b.] 28,6 22,1 6,5 2,5 1,6 0,9 19,1 15,3 3,8 49,1 36,7 12,4 Total 99,2 75,7 23,5 Source: BWI III Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 28
29 3.1 Access to timber resources Small areas of private woodlots Bernd Wippel. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 29
30 3.1 Access to timber resources Province Provincial Forest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³] Community forrest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³] Private Forest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³ ] Rheinland-Pfalz Bayern Sachsen Baden- Württemberg* NRW* * All types of ownership Road density [lfm/ha] with index of road density/100 m³ stocking volume/ha [over bark] Source: In PEFC RLP 2015: (Zentralstelle der Forstverwaltung RLP, AFLUE RLP), PEFC BW 2015, PEFC Bayern 2015, PEFC NRW 2016, LFP Sachsen 2002, BWI III Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 30
31 3.1 Access to timber resources Province Provincial Forest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³] Community forrest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³] Private Forest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³ ] Rheinland-Pfalz Bayern Sachsen Baden- Württemberg* NRW* * All types of ownership Road density [lfm/ha] with index of road density/100 m³ stocking volume/ha [over bark] Source: In PEFC RLP 2015: (Zentralstelle der Forstverwaltung RLP, AFLUE RLP), PEFC BW 2015, PEFC Bayern 2015, PEFC NRW 2016, LFP Sachsen 2002, BWI III Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 31
32 3.1 Access to timber resources Province Provincial Forest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³] Community forrest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³] Private Forest [m/ha] Index [lfm/ha/ 100 m³ ] Rheinland-Pfalz Bayern Sachsen Baden- Württemberg* NRW* * All types of ownership Road density [lfm/ha] with index of road density/stocking volume/ha [m³ over bark] Source: In PEFC RLP 2015: (Zentralstelle der Forstverwaltung RLP, AFLUE RLP), PEFC BW 2015, PEFC Bayern 2015, PEFC NRW 2016, LFP Sachsen 2002, BWI III Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 32
33 3.1 Access to timber resources Objective Enhanced access to timber resources of small private woodlands Solution strategy Develop specific road design for private woodlots Establish Master plans of forest road networks in private woodlots Allow for higher road densities for easier access and comfort to ensure continuation of sustainable forest management (e.g. farmers in secondary employment can use farm machinery for timber extraction) Continue financial support for forest road construction. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 33
34 Outline 1. Basics of forest access 2. Road characteristics 3. Challenges and solution strategies 3.1 Access to timber resources 3.2 Emergency access. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 34
35 Mean 3.2 Emergency access Demographics of forest workers in BW Number Only 160 of 980 Forest workers (15%) are 40 years or younger Age Source: ForstBW. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 35
36 3.2 Emergency access Accident rate in provincial forest Baden-Württemberg in comparison to other professions Provincial Forest BW = Year 2012 / Other sectors = Year 2010 Provincial forest BW = every 7th Construction industry Meat processing industry Wood industry Transport industry Mechanical engeneering and metal industry Every 15th Every 15th Every 17th Every 23rd Every 24th Source: ForstBW. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 36
![Number of accidents [n] 3.](/docs-images/80/82188790/images/37-0.jpg "2 Emergency access 200 Accident rate in the Black Forest 150 100 STMELF, Bayern 2016 50 0 MTB and hiking accidents Forest worker accidents Year Source:")
37 Number of accidents [n] 3.2 Emergency access 200 Accident rate in the Black Forest STMELF, Bayern MTB and hiking accidents Forest worker accidents Year Source: Bergwacht Schwarzwald Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 37
38 3.2 Emergency access Objective: All year forest access for efficient emergency rescue Solution strategy Sufficient density of year round trafficable forest roads Assign easy to reach emergency meeting points Dynamic database of actual road condition for effective navigation Close cooperation with emergency services. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 38
39 Outline 1. Basics of forest access 2. Road characteristics 3. Challenges and solution strategies 3.1 Access to timber resources 3.2 Emergency access 3.3 Climate change. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 39
40 3.3 Climate change Year round precipitation, less frozen ground, higher risks of soil disturbance Heavy precipitation events with high risks of erosion and washouts Draught periods with road damage by losing fine particles (dust) Handling of unforeseen timber volumes - highly concentrated (windthrow, beatle infection) - scattered (infected single trees). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 40
41 3.3 Climate change Mean annual temperature in Baden-Württemberg ( ) annual mean linear regression 30-year mean of climate normal period in Germany Source: LUBW Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 41
42 3.3 Climate change Mio m³ Storm, Snow Bark beetle Source: Tomiczek Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 42
43 3.3 Climate change Objective: Full range year round ready to use basic access Solution strategy Needs adapted road network and off-road transportation system for reasonable extraction distances Integration of road network in overall transportation system including railway and waterways Ensure proper road profile/cross section for water run-off (crowning of road). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 43
44 3.3 Climate change Objective: Full range year round ready to use basic access Solution strategy (continued) Sufficient dimensioning of road drainage systems (ditches and culverts) Use of one sided sloped road profiles for easier maintenance (especially for forest roads in small woodlands with low traffic frequency). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 44
45 3.3 Climate change Road profiles Grader profile One-sided sloped road surface Source: after Dietz et al Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 45
46 3.3 Climate change Objective: Full range year round ready to use basic access Solution strategy (continued) Sufficient dimensioning of road drainage systems (oversizing of ditches and culverts) Use of one sided road profiles for easier maintenance (especially for forest raods in small woodlands with low traffic frequency) Intensive road maintenance (more frequent reprofiling of road surface including ditch and culvert clearing). Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 46
47 3.3 Climate change Objective: Full range year round ready to use basic access Solution strategy (continued) Change of road design: Reduction of maximum allowable road gradient. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 47
48 3.3 Climate change Objective: Full range year round ready to use basic access Solution strategy (continued) Change of road design: Reduction of maximum allowable road gradient Increase number of cross drains and off-take ditches to avoid water accumulation in ditches Creation of retaining ponds in forest stands for minimizing peaks of surface run-off into aquatic systems. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 48
49 Outline 1. Basics of forest access 2. Road characteristics 3. Challenges and solution strategies 3.1 Access to timber resources 3.2 Emergency access 3.3 Climate change 3.4 Technical advancement. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 49
50 3.4 Technical advancements Skidding on skid trails or strip roads Machinery equiped with supporting winches (tethering winches) Cable yarder. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 50
51 3.4 Technical advancements Supporting winch/tethering winch (Synchro winch) 牵引绞盘机和同步绞盘机作为辅助
52 3.4 Technical advancements CAT552 (with winch) Cable assisted harvesting and forwarding Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 52
53 3.4 Technical advancements Model Engine Capacity Gross Weight Work Width Boom Reach CAT 330D L 200 kw kg mm mm Model Engine Capacity Gross Weight Work Width Boom Reach CAT 552 (with Satco head) 226 kw kg (excl. Head) mm mm Source: geniusstrand.de 2009, Caterpillar Inc Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 53
54 3.4 Technical advancements All pictures taken by John Sessions Oregon State University. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 54
55 3.4 Technical advancements. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 55
56 3.4 Technical advancements. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 56
57 3.4 Technical advancements. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 57
58 3.4 Technical advancements. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 58
59 3.4 Technical advancements. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 59
60 3.4 Technical advancements. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 60
61 3.4 Technical advancement Objective: Adapt road network to technical innovation Solution strategy Consider future changes in extraction techniques when designing forest roads for the next 50 years Favor top ridge roads in steep terrain for cable yarding and tethered ground based operations Less use of slope diagonal roads and valley roads Less use of tractor roads. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 61
62 Outline 1. Basics of forest access 2. Road characteristics 3. Challenges and solution strategies 3.1 Access to timber resources 3.2 Emergency access 3.3 Climate change 3.4 Technical advancement 4. Summary. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 62
63 4. Summary Future challenges include Access to timber resources Emergency access Climate change Technical advancement With thoughtful road network planning, road design, construction techniques and road maintenance concepts we should be able to handle these challenges.. Designing forest access to meet future challenges Dirk Jaeger Chair of Forest Operations University of Freiburg 63
64 Thank you for your interest! Prof. Dr. Dirk Jaeger Professur für Forstliche Verfahrenstechnik Chair of Forest Operations Werthmannstraße 6, Freiburg Telefon: 0761 / dirk.jaeger@foresteng.uni-freiburg.de, djaeger@gwdg.de
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