The guadua bamboo forests in the Coffee region of Colombia: beyond of carbon sequestration. Juan Carlos Camargo G.
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1 The guadua bamboo forests in the Coffee region of Colombia: beyond of carbon sequestration Juan Carlos Camargo G.
2 Some reflections: From research and possibilities of bamboo to provide ecosystems services...
3 Contents 1. Context and bamboo forests (guadua) 2. Bamboo forests and ecosystems services 3. Bamboo (guadua) and carbon sequestration 4. Final considerations
4 1. Context
5 Area ha (aprox) Caribbean Sea Elevation m.s.m States Quindío Risaralda Caldas Valle Tolima Precipitation (annual average) mm Panamá Pacific Ocean Coffee Region Coffee Venezuela Region Temperature (annual average) C Soils Andisols Inceptisols Mollisols /Alfisols Ecuador Peru Brasil
6 The original forest cover was transformed by farmers, first to coffee plantations and thereafter to pastures (with negative consequences).
7 Within a matrix of pastures the remnants of forest are dominated by the bamboo species Guadua angustifolia...
8 Guadua angustifolia in the coffee region of Colombia Distributed from 900 up to 2000 m According to the last inventory ha (Kleinn & Morales 2006) Mostly (97%) natural Different in terms of structure and floristic composition (Ospina 2002, Camargo & Cardona 2005)
9 Riparian forests... Pattern highly fragmented:
10 2. Guadua bamboo forests and ecosystems services Remnants of forests Fragmented Riparian Contribute to enhance their value
11 J.C. Camargo Soil protection
12 cm cm cm SWEC (m 3 ha 1 ) HC cm hora cm Guadua Pasture 0 Guadua Pasture A) B) Soil water storage capacity ( m 3 ha -1 ) A) and Hydraulic conductivity (cm hour -1 )B)of soils under guadua bamboo forests and pastures. Coffee region of Colombia
13 Mpa Depth (cm) 0,0 1,0 2,0 3, Soil compaction 2007 Soil compaction 2002 Changes in soil compaction after planting guadua. Coffee region of Colombia
14 Biodiversity conservation... J.C. Camargo
15 Biodiversity values registered within guadua bamboo forests Organisms Number of species Source Observations Vegetation 63 Ospina (2002) Dbh > 10 cm Vegetation 182 Ospina (2002) Dbh < 10 cm Birds 69 Fajardo et al. (2009) Bats 5 Perez et al. (2009)
16 About 70% of plants biodiversity in this area is confined within guadua bamboo patches. Organisms fulfil ecological functions and provide benefits to surrounding agroecosystems.
17 Contribution to the ecological restoration
18
19
20 3. Bamboo and carbon sequestration:
21 may bamboo really contribute to mitigate climate change?
22 Species Culms ha -1 C t ha -1 Reference Guadua angustifolia ,9 (7 años) Camargo 2012 Bambusa oldhammi ,98* (7 años) Castañeda-Mendoza et al Phyllostachys heterocycla 40.6* Tian-Ming y Joou-Shian Phyllostachys heterocycla 9, * Xiaojun X. et al Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) 37,1 Huaqiang, et al Phyllostachys pubescens ,1** (10 años) Lou et al Phyllostachys pubescens 91*(5-8 años) Isagi et al Bambusa bambos 149* (6 años) Shanmughavel et al., 2002 C = carbon * = Above ground carbon ; ** = Average of net anual carbon ; age in parentheses The answer is yes
23 However that s not enough : As bamboo culms die after 10 or 12 years (G. anstutifolia) and consequently decay. CO 2 Products Durability
24 Beyond of the bamboo capacity to fix CO 2, there is an economical interest... Standards Approaches Good estimates
25 Critical factors of biomass estimates Species Growth pattern Density (culms per ha) Maturity or age (plantation vs. natural) Losses Approaches
26 Growth pattern...
27 Consequences: Mensurationshould be adjusted in inventories Expression of growth and productivity should be modified Specific models and factors should be developed
28 Density of culms per ha No. of observations Density classes (number of culms per ha) Distribution of stand density of sampled field plots. G. angustifolia inventorycoffee region of Colombia.
29 Density of culms per ha culms ha Years after planting Culms per ha within a plantation of G. angustifolia. Coffee region of Colombia.
30 Maturity of culms: Above Ground Biomass Total biomass 80 t ha Culm maturity considered Culm maturity not considered Total and above-ground biomass of a G. angustifolia. Plantation. Coffee region of Colombia.
31 Age (plantation vs natural): cm 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0, Years after planting Basal Year diameter % of Total 1 1, , , , , , ,0 1 Average basal diameter of new and largest culms of G. angustifolia plantation. Coffee region of Colombia.
32 Age (plantation vs. natural): Relative frequency d (cm) Empirical distribution Estimated Weibull Diameter distribution for the total number of sampled culms. The empirical distribution and the fitted Weibull function (n=6242). G. angustifolia. Natural standscoffee region of Colombia
33 Losses: Culms per clump Days after planting Precipitation (mm) New culms per clump Estimated dead culms per clump Precipitation New (shoots) and estimated dead culms per clump over time, compared accumulated precipitation (mm) during the time prior to data gathering. Vertical bars indicate the standard error
34 Approaches t ha ,6 m 50 0 Measured Allometric model Inventory(BEF) Remote sensing images... Biomass t ha -1 of natural bamboo forests estimated by difference approaches: From destructive samples, fitting allometric model and BEF (volume, wood density).
35 In the framework of REDD+: Forest degradation and deforestation should be demonstrated: Pressure from nearby land uses?
36 Urban expansion
37 Degradation associated with management? Harvest is done on selected culms (low scale)
38 Opportunities from forest governance and forest planning
39 Forest Governance Forest Certification Proper Management Experiences with Local governments
40 4. Final considerations Good estimates = good information= better decisions Guadua forests are more than carbon: other ecosystems services, products. Guadua products are the key for maintaining carbon stored (stable) The so called here: critical factors on bamboo carbon estimates, should be studied and analysed. Research should be addressed to these topics. Forest planning and forest governance can contribute with REDD initiatives.
41 Thanks
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