Efforts to harmonise and promote a stone fruit certification scheme in the Mediterranean countries

Transcription

1 Efforts to harmonise promote a stone fruit certification scheme in the Mediterranean countries Di Terlizzi B., Caglayan K., Gavriel I., Myrta A. in Di Terlizzi B. (ed.), Myrta A. (ed.), Savino V. (ed.). Stone fruit viruses certification in the Mediterranean countries: problems prospects Bari : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n pages Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l adresse : To cite this article / Pour citer cet article Di Terlizzi B., Caglayan K., Gavriel I., Myrta A. Efforts to harmonise promote a stone fruit certification scheme in the Mediterranean countries. In : Di Terlizzi B. (ed.), Myrta A. (ed.), Savino V. (ed.). Stone fruit viruses certification in the Mediterranean countries: problems prospects. Bari : CIHEAM, p (Options Méditerranéennes : Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n. 19)

2 Biagio Jean Station de Avignon Antakya, Tunis (Tunisia) Nicosia Section Arben Food Vicente de en AVFA de Tunis (Tunisia) et de Christina Athens Vito delle di dalle - The potentially consequences to stone diseases (i.e. had the scientific community the initiation national the To a clean stock in the the Etudes has the Sanitation Stone Options Méditerranéennes, Série B / n O 19, - Stone fruit viruses certificaion in themediterranean: problems prospects

3 136 B. Di Terlizzi et al. have been discussed to schemes stone now in in techniques disease detection used in these included. A plan the a stone clonal selection scheme in the was submitted to the scientific community the words: stone plant plant selection, - La connaissance des effets nt;fnstes que les maladies à virus (la Sharka, par exemple) peuvent produire sur les essences à noyaux a mis en état d alerte la communauté scientifique et a donc encouragé la réalisation de projets nationaux et internationaux pour la production de matériel indemne de virus à travers des programmes de certi$cation. Afin d appuyer un programme de production de matériel végétal indemne dans la région méditerranéenne, le de n mis en place un réseau Virus Disease Assessment Sanitation Stone Fruit Trees,) De nombreuses propositions ont été discutées dans le but de promouvoir et d harmoniser les programmes actuels de certification li partir des protocoles de sur les essences à noyaux, adoptés aujourd hui dans différents pays. D autres propositions ont été formulées pour inclure des techniques plus fiables de détection des maladies dans lesdits programmes. L harmonisation d un programme de sélection clonale et de Certification des essences à noyaux dans le pourtour méditerranéen est soumise à l attention de la communauté scientifique et/ou des autorités compétentes du secteur agricole des différents pays membres. essences à noyaux, virus des végétaux, Certification des plantes, détection, sélection sanitaire, - The about 37% the with 60% almonds (FAO, 1995). A 53% in the stone in the was 1980 to 1994, which led to an dem planting ten quality, pathogens. - Phytosanitary status Assessing the status budwood in was not easy because the limited have been done in some absent in The stone many in the was by disease caused by plum pox which was in

4 to hannonise promote a stonefluit Certification scheme in countries Smith, 1994). widely spot apple apple spot (ACLSV). latent leaf occasionally detected. phytoplasmas leaf plum (peach latent mosaic hop stunt the detailed on agents stone in the was given by Németh (1986); (1988); Smith et al., (1988); (1996). - Stone fruit certification: state the art The main the health was the infected planting (both scions subsequent specifically to establish both clean stock Since 1991, the had been involved in finalised submitted to input (Anonymous, 1992a). l. situation The oldest examples successful in the an in Spain, a was established in 1977 the selection, multiplication, (Casallo et al., 1988). Technical e in 1982, modified updated in In stone in the ficially extended to the the in the aspects in that facilities being established techcal staff to assay plants diseases. was the (1977) to a to asingle stone species (almond), extended to all stone species. the moving the adoption national schemes stone

5 B. Di Terlizzi et al. Lebanon doing the same in with 1996, Albania bylaws to with a the Lebanon the technical stone now by - The Sanitation Although initiatives (some at the level) in the with the objective it is believed that effectiveness can be co the the by the in with the di the with the following objectives: o exchange staff; evaluation the status in establishment national CI activities the stocks. Scientific institutions Tunisia in the A the state the stone in the the existence to: (i)definition minimum the definition plant taken into the scheme; the labels identifying discussed in detail at meetings in (1995) Tunis (1996) a joint meeting with the using as a the a stone that followed, the final by the in the hope that it may constitute the basis to the advancement discussed ad hoc committees appointed by national

6 to lzarnzonise promote a stone fruit certijcation scheme in 139 V - countries 1. propagating material categories the b. plants Basic. plants "basic" must basic" plants white label. must to be identified by a white label with a blue Certified. plants must be plants established plants blue label. See in Tab. 1. was that in the scion must be the same the plant. 2. Selection certification 2.1. Sanitary clonal selection clonal selection native is an activity the pomologists shall be made in 10 to 12 in no less than 2 to 3 should be located in to ten individual plants may be selected based on the selection a cidate clone must be based on absence disease symptoms. Cidate clone must at least 2 pomological assays. on the the individual may be testing (2nd selection). This was being used to identify, obtain, genetic plant quality a must bedone: to idenbfy new to the within each collection in to implement new not selections must indexing. these cases, will

7 140 B. Terlizzi et al selected cidate clones Cidate clones the 2nd selection must in a collection plot the scientific institutions. to the plants shall be individually indexed to asses status. Only healthy cidate clones willbe into the scheme, infected plants will sanitation by biological tests must be to status the completion indexing, selected plant (cidate clones) must in, at least, two they can in a national catalogue as indicated by law. These plants, the 2.4. Conservation prima y sources must in an (Fig. 1) the the to 2.5. Conservation for premultìplìcation consists in the maintenance, at least two plants (Fig. the kept in a the 2.6. The block is made up plants basic is to be conditions the public institutions. Also activity must be done budwood is intended only multiplication the auspices public institutions The multiplication phase take place in with the establishment plants intended the budwood. should not be established

8 to harmonise promote n stone fiuit certification scheme in Nurse y is endemic. this is not possible, plots must be located no less than 1,000 sts, to the decision the plants with blocks. The final must to fulfil the conditions that species. should not be established in is endemic must be at a distance no less than 1,000 m infected sts, to the decision managed to safe distances must be established in soils codified by specific 3. Certified material produced sanitary requirements defined as follows: Virus-free: all known agents known at the time when by-laws issued. Virus-tested: known agents as indicated in the the listed in Anonymous (1992a). The following tests sweet peach plum stem pitting in 4. Testing for pathogen freedom The techniques to be used agents include: on woody indicators identification infectious diseases The use woody step in all stone must be included because on woody the main diseases, the use woody mechanical Complete list woody is

9 42 et Terlizzi B. Di al. available (Anonymous, ). that indexing on GF305, due to its time symptom should be used to detect used eventually in the multiplication phase. must be out addition to visual inspections, all plants must be subjected to 10% the collection an indexing on GF 305. is localised in indexing should be out by on 25% the plants on GF305 those plants with doubtful visual symptoms. have not been (Tunisia, testing may be limited to 10% the plants. two visual inspections must be made (Tab. 2). investigations Savino,1997; Uyemoto, communication) such as stem pitting in almond two vegetative cycles in the on GF305 may be used to detect the stem pitting to herbaceous hosts must be made to obtain by all possible means. to hosts is the detection but not as a substitute diagnostic Chenopodizun quinoa, Cucumis sativus a minimal host detection mechanically 4.3. testing testing is a complement to, but not a substitute diagnostic it is which available was "dapple plum peach (Sano et al., 1989), which associated with hop stunt was detected in in Spain et al., 1996) in in peach plum et al., 1998; unpublished Thus, an additional test must be included to detect in these species. techniques due to high efficiency, use when as in the steps the

10 to kamlonise vro?note a stone fruit certification scheme 143 the detection identification phytoplasmas. A the schedule with its agencies involved needed, outlined in Tab Conclusions The has the state--the in the debated the examination the in some the was the aspects connected with detection elimination pathogens. Suggestions the meetings will be submitted to the attention A deal attention was paid to to the its in it its in the disease. These to immediately establish "This paper was presented as contribution at the "1 7th on Virus Virus-like Diseases Tem,verate Fruit Crops", Bethesda, Bulletin Bulletin, 21: ; 22: techniques. Acta Horticulturae, 309: N., G., T. V. (1996). Studies on the diagnosis hop stunt in new hosts application a nucleic acid based on solvents. 102: CASALLO, A., A. T. (1988). plants in Spain ( ). Acta Horticulturae, 235: Nations, C.A.J. Guidelines the Safe No. 16. Stone Food the United pp. V. (1995). A stem pitting Acta Horticulturae, 386: V almond stem pitting Bulletin Bulletin,

11 l44 B. Terlizzi et Evolution in in the context the single health the single Council 54: J. (1988). Situation diseases stone in the East h : sanitation in the N" 130. Vol. 49. S., F., (1998). in in Acta Horticulturae, 472 (1): (1986). Ed. Akademiai 840 pp. A.S. pox situation in BulZetin Bulletin, T., Y. E. disease plum peach in Japan. Journal Genernl Virology, 70: J., S.A. (Eds.)(1988). 525 pp.

12 a stone bit certification scheme in countries 145

13 146 et Terlizzi B. Di al. Tab. 2. in to the situation in the status the in not but Not Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection (all plants) (25% plants) (10% plants) on GF 305 on GF doubtful one visual inspection negative samples (10% plants) samples) plants/annually common

14 j,_ + to harmonise vromote a stone fruit certification scheme in 147 Tab. 3. methods the in detection stone techniques Agents diseases techniques techniques Viruses: indexing dslwa* Viroids:. 7 I, -' '.. " * " * Virus-like diseases: mottle '., ' :+," ' '...,. mottle +~ ' ' _.~-... mottle leaf +.'. + twisted leaf pox spot. ;., ' i t.. I * ",., Stem pitting,,.-+,. '-,,.. _....,... - * assays on,,."~,+. - ~ ' _, i '",

15 148 B. Terlizzi et al. house the maintenance 2. Stone plants maintained in