September 9-11, 2014, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

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1 Developmental Status and Strategy for Management of Mangroves Forest at the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (RAWN Park) and Its Surrounding Areas, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Kangkuso Analuddin a*, Jamili a, Andi Septiana a, Rasas Raya b, Saban Rahim c, Alfirman c, Idin Sahidin d, Usman Rianse e, Sahadev Sharma f and Kazuo Nadaoka f a* Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, 93232, b Department of Mathemathics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, 93232, c The Planning and Development of Areas, Post Graduate Program, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Souetheast, Indonesia, 93232, d Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, 93232, e Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, 93232, f Department of Mechanical and Environmnetal Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. zanzarafli@gmail.com ABSTRACT The present paper elucidates the developmental status and strategy for management of mangrove forest at the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (RAWN Park) and its surrounding areas, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.The mangrove data were taken by using the quadrat method for 110 plots (100 m 2 wide each) within entire mangroves areas. The result showed that there existed 9 mangrove species at the RAWN Park, which are Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Xylocarpus granatum, Ceriops tagal, Ceriops decandra, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba and Lumnitzera racemosa. However, four mangrove species were dominant in this areas, i.e. R. apiculata, R. mucronata, C. tagal and L. racemosa. The growth stages of mangrove species at RAWN park comprised of four stages (seedlings, saplings, poles and trees), which indicated their healthy, natural and succession development. On the other hand, there existed seven mangrove species at the surrounding areas of the RAWN Park, which indicates their degradation due to the land conversion into marine pond and housing, while most of mangrove species showed insufficient growth stages and low density, which suggested unhealthy mangrove condition. Degradation of mangrove forest at the surrounding areas of RAWN Park will lead to unstable coastal area development and human life in this region. Therefore, re-establishment and sustainable uses of the mangrove at the surrounding areas of RAWN Park is needed for ensuring the future stability of human life and other endangered organisms at the coastal areas of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Keyword: Mangrove developmental status, mangrove management, RAWN Park, Southeast Sulawesi INTRODUCTION The unprotected natural forests including mangrove forest has been degraded due to human activity, thus we need to pay more attention on management and conservation of remaining forests. It argued that management of natural forest has the potential to be a land use that preserves forests in the long term [4,13] and has a low impact on species richness and abundance [5,9]. Mangrove management is needed, because it plays a critical and important role throughout the tropical and subtropical coastal areas of the world [11]. Therefore, an investigation of the developmental status of mangroves is important for understanding their dynamics. Many studies have been done to explaine dynamics ofterrestrial plantspopulation [10,8,16]. On the contrary, little scientific information is known regarding the population structure for mangroves, which mention their developmental status [1,7]. Mangroves at the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park and its surrounding areas play very important role as blue carbon source and sink, which support other nearest ecosystems at the coastal zone. However, recent condition of this mangroves ecosystem is in the crisis due to conversion of mangrove land into marine ponds, and polluted effluents from mining activities. Maintenance the productivity of mangroves at the RAWN Parkand its surrounding areas is important for future sustainable uses of the mangroves. Developmental status of mangroves is fundamentalknowledge for management and conservation of mangrove ecosystem. Developmental status of mangrove trees deals with different growth stages of mangroves, which includs seedlings, saplings, poles and mature trees. [2] well described the spatial trends in the structural 21

2 characteristics of mangroves at the RAWN Park, which is known to support endemic animal Anoa ( Buballus sp). However, there was no scientific information available concerning the developmental status of mangrove at the RAWN Park and its surrounding areas until now. Consequently, elucidation on developmental status of mangroves at this region is important knowledge of which can improve the understanding of the mangrove growth and development and will be useful for management and conservaton activies of the mangroves. Therefore, this paper aimed (1) to elucidate the developmental status of mangroves at RAWN Parkand its surrounding areas; and (2) to propose the strategy for management of converted mangroveslands. The mangrove data were analyzed to make clearthe abundance of mangroves in each developmental stages, and we explain the spatial trends of growth stages each mangrove species, which are important for management of fragmented mangroves areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site. The present study was carried out at the mangrove forest of Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park and its surrounding areas, which are located at the Bombana and Konsel regencies, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia (Fig. 1). The mangrove condition at these sites provide an excellent areas for studying mangrove developmental status and strategy for management of destroyed and degraded mangroves due to land conversion. The mangrove forest is one of most important vegetation at RAWN Park, because it support future sustainable of mangroves at this site and near by healthty coastal ecosystems. FIGURE 1. Study site of mangrove forest at the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park and its surrounding areas (Anonim, 2011). Sampling procedures and data analysis. Sampling of trees have been done using quadrat method with respective to 10 stands at the mangrove forest of Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, 10 stands at the mangrove forest of Konawe Selatan, and 10 stands at mangrove forest of Bombana. The five plots of 100m 2 wide each were placed in each stand at mangrove RAWN Park, while three plots of 100 m 2 wide each were taken in each stand of mangrove Konsel and Bombana sites, thus totaly 110 plots were measured from the entire mangrove forest.the plots were placed at the center part of mangrove vegetation in all sites with considering the mangrove performances and habitat characteristics. The stem diameter at breasth height D BH for all individual trees in each plot was measured and data were arranged according to stands. The developmental status of mangrove forest was quantitatively analyzed of their density in each growth stages including seedlings, saplings, poles and trees.the fragmentation of mangrove forest by land conversion and illegal logging was elucidated by characteristics of mangrove developmental stages in each stands. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22

Watumohai National Park, and unprotected mangroves at outside of the Park of Bombana and Konsel

Mangrove forest at the protected area seems to show healthy condition, while the mangrove at outside

Mangrove condition at Konsel regency FIGURE 2.

and Konsel Figure 3 depics the whole stands stem distribution of mangroves at three sites, which

3a). On the other hand, the remaining mangroves at the Bombana (Fig. 3b) and Konsel regencies (Fig.

regeneration in general. 600 Mangroves at RAWNP 600 552 Mangroves at Bombana 600 Frequency (No.

3 Mangroves developmental stages. The present study well realized the condition of mangrove forest at protected area of Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, and unprotected mangroves at outside of the Park of Bombana and Konsel Regencies. Mangrove forest at the protected area seems to show healthy condition, while the mangrove at outside of the Park were fragmented and degraded due to illegal logging and land conversion for aquaculture (Fig. 2). Mangrove condition at Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park Mangrove condition at Bombana Regency Mangrove condition at Konsel regency FIGURE 2. Mangrove forest condition at the RAWN Park (upper), Bombana Regency (middle) Regency (below). and Konsel Figure 3 depics the whole stands stem distribution of mangroves at three sites, which showed L shaped curve in general though density of mangrove in each interval stem diameter seems to be different. Mangroves at the RAWN park area realized high density of big trees indicating undisturbed forest (Fig. 3a). On the other hand, the remaining mangroves at the Bombana (Fig. 3b) and Konsel regencies (Fig. 3c) showed lower density of big trees due to illegal logging, though they show successfull natural regeneration in general. 600 Mangroves at RAWNP Mangroves at Bombana 600 Frequency (No. ha -1 ) (a) 79,0 24,0 6,00 < , , , , Interval D BH (cm) Frequency (No. ha -1 ) ,0 (b) < , , , , Interval D (cm) BH 21,0 6, Mangrove at Konsel 25,0 < , , , , Interval D (cm) BH FIGURE 3. Whole stands size distribution of mangroves at RAWN Park (a), Bombana (b) and Konsel Regencies (c), Southeast Sulawesi. Frequency (No. ha -1 ) (c) 14,0 3,00 23

4 Tables 1-3 describe the developmental stages of mangroves forest at present study sites. As shown in Table 1 that there existed 9 mangrove speciesat the RAWN park, which includes R. apiculata, R. mucronata, R. stylosa, B. gymnorrhiza, B. parviflora, X. granatum, C. tagal, C. decandra, A. marina, S. alba and L. racemosa. The mangrove species at the RAWN park showed various trends in their developmental stages (Table 1). The mangroves showed whole growth stages in stands I, II, III, IV and VII. However, the mangroves in other five stands were without seedlings stage, though it showed high density of saplings, poles and trees stages. Nevertheless, the four mangrove species only were found in complete growth stages, which includes R. apiculata, X. granatum, C. tagal and L. racemosa. High density in trees stage was found for R. apiculata in the stands of I, V, VIII and X with their density more than 500 No. ha -1, while R. mucronata showed high density on tree stage in the stands VI and IX. On the other hand, C. tagal showed high density of saplings stage at stands II-IV and stand VII, while L. racemosa showed the higher density of saplings stage in stand II, though this mangrove was distributed just near the land site. Conversely, the R. mucronata showed high density in poles stage at stand VI only. These spatial variation on growth stages of mangroves might affected by mostly illegal logging, changing in mangroves habitat as well natural regeneration ability of mangroves. TABLE 1. Developmental stagesof mangrovesat the RAW National Park. Stands Species Density each growth stage (No. ha -1 ) Seedlings Saplings Poles Trees 1 Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora stylosa 120 Xylocarpus granatum Bruguiera gymnorhiza II Lumnitzera racemosa Ceriops tagal Rhizophora apiculata III Ceriops tagal Lumnitzera racemosa IV Lumnitzera racemosa Ceriops tagal V Rhizophora apiculata 720 R. stylosa 40 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza VI R mucronata VII Ceriops tagal Ceriops decandra Xylocarpus granatum VIII R. apiculata Rhizophora stylosa 40 Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum IX Avicennia alba Rhizophora mucronata Bruguiera gymnorhiza 40 X Rhizophora apiculata Xylocarpus granatum Bruguiera gymnorhiza Different developmental status of mangroves was found at Bombana Regency, which existed 7 species withvarious growth stages (Table 2). The R. apiculata, R. mucronata, B. gymnorrhiza, X. granataum and S. alba showed four developmental stages, while C. tagal and B. parviflora showed only certain growth stages. The remaining mangrove was found just near the river and coastal lines, while wide areas of mangrove has been degraded due to illegal logging and mangrove land converted into aquacultures. The mangrove species presented in high density of seedlings and saplings stages, but they were low in density for poles and trees stages. However, the mangrove R. apiculata presented all growth stages in mostly observed stands, while 24

5 other mangroves were found all stages on limited stands, i.e. X. granatum showed four development stages at stands I and V only, theb. gymnorrhiza showed all development stages in stands IV, VII and X, R. mucronata found in all stages at the stands VII, IX and X. The mangroves C. tagal and B. parviflora were found only in the poles stage, while S. alba is presented in all stages at stand X only. The mangroves seemsunable to perform new natural regeneration, itmight be due to the changing in the physical environment of mangrove habitat. Degradation of mangrove at the Bombana regency will directly affect on the existence of mangroves in RAWN Park. Therefore conservation of mangrove forest by planting new mangrove seedlings and prevention on illegal logging or minimize the development of aquaculture ponds inside the mangrove areas. TABLE 2. Developmental statusof mangrovesat the Bombana Regency. Stands Species Density in each growth stage (No. ha -1 ) Seedlings Saplings Poles Trees I Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum Sonneratia alba 367 II Rhizophora apiculata Sonneratia alba Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum III Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum IV Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum 433 Sonneratia alba Rhizophora mucronata V Rhizophora apiculata Xylocarpus granatum Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhiophora mucronata Buguiera parviflora 100 VI Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorhiza Sonneratia alba 233 Xylocarpus granatum Brugueira parviflora 167 VII Rhizophora apiculata Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum Rhizophora mucronata Brugueira parviflora 100 VIII Ceriops tagal 1600 IX Rhizophora apiculata Sonneratia alba Rhizophora mucronata Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum 67 25

6 X Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora apiculata Sonneratia alba Bruguiera gymnorhiza Xylocarpus granatum More serious degradation of mangroves happend at the Konasel Regency (Table 3). The six mangroves including R. apiculata, R. mucronata, X. granatum, C. tagal, C. decandra and B. gymnorrhiza presented mostly in small trees of seedlings and saplings stages. The R. apiculata, R. mucronata, X. granatum and C. tagal were found in all stages, but they showed low density of poles and trees stages. The C. decandra and B. gymnorrhiza showed incomplete growth stages, because C.decandra presented in seedlings, saplings and poles stages, whereas B. gymnorrhiza presented only in seedlings stage. The developmental stages of each mangroves species in this area showed clear spatial trends. The R.apiculata was only found in all stages at stands VI and VIII. Meanwhile, R. mucronata was found at all growth stages at stands III, IV and V, but X. granatum was found in the various growth stages in stand VII only, and C. tagal showed various developments stages in stand VIII only. Although some mangroves showed complete development stages, but the general condition of mangroves seems to realize unhealthy mangrove forest. This is because many mangrove parts have been degraded due to illegal logging and land conversion, which cause to change in physical environment of mangrove ecosystems in the region. Basically, most of mangrove forest surrounding the RAWN Park of Konsel Regency has been converted into the fish farm, while natural regeneration of mangrove forests in converted land is very difficult because the physical-chemical environment has been changed. Degradation of mangrove ecosystem outside the RAWN Park areas will affect directly or indirectly on the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem in RAWN Park. Therefore, re-establishment of new mangrove seedlings is needed, while development of aquaculture in mangrove forest must be hindered. TABLE 3. Deveopmental stagesof mangrovesat the Konawe Selatan Regency. Stands Species Density in each growth stage (No. ha -1 ) Seedlings Saplings Poles Trees Rhizophora apiculata 433 I Bruguiera gymnorhiza 300 Xylocarpus granatum 533 Ceriops decandra 1300 Ceriops tagal II Rhizophora apiculata Xylocarpus granatum Ceriops decandra III Rhizophora mucronata IV Rhizophoramucronata Rhizophora apiculata V Rhizophoramucronata Rhizopora apiculata VI Rhizophora apiculata VII Xylocarpus granatum VIII Rhizophora apiculata Ceriops tagal IX Xylocarpus granatum Rhizophora apiculata

7 Ceriops decandra X Xylocarpus granatum Rhizophora apiculata Ceriops decandra Bruguiera gymnorhiza 33 Strategy for management of mangroves. Mangrove have a long history of use by local communities for various purposes without considering the biological importance of mangroves such as blue carbon source as well reducing green house effect. However, for more adequate protection through management and preservation of mangrove and knowledge on mangrove ecosystem are in urgent need. Therefore, aims for mangrove management should incorporate the use of mangroves as a renewable resource, providing fisheries and forest products and processing an inherent value based on their geomorphological, recreational and scientific characteristics [5]. To develop effective management plans for mangroves, it is necessary to relate them with tidal land and estuarine waters,because mangroveas a part of a complex estuarine system asinter-related habitat and dependent biota, which is maintained by natural drainage patterns and rates of freshwater discharge from the catchment on the one land natural tidal and salinity regimes [6,12]. However, efforts must be carried out to minimize the degradation of mangroves forest includes (a) Rehabilitation of degradated mangrove land by activity in mangroves restoration, (b) Patrol routinely both from the side and the community of forestry service around forest, and (c) Law enforcement for the degradater man from destructive forest [14]. Therefore, several efforts could be applied to minimize degdradation of mangrove outside of RAWN Park as follows: 1) Facilitating the natural regeneration at the ex-pond areas by opening the channles, which allow the seeds or propgules of various mangroves to enter in the sites. 2) Managing on existed natural mangroves regeneration by moving the debrish from the site, and giving the fertilizer for improving the growth of mangrove seedlings 3) Growing the new seedlings at the difficult site for natural regeneration by using the high adabtable mangroves. 4) Maintenance the existed crowded young mangroves by cutting some branches (thinning process), which will allows the sunlight to reach at the ground. 5) Use the small pachess inside mangrove for developing pond, which will allow the maintenance productivity from the remaining mangroves. CONCLUSIONS Our study provide a analysis of the developmental stages ofmangroves at protected and unprotected areas in Southeast Sulawesi province. Developmental status of mangroves at the protected area seems to more intactgrowth stages, while fragmentation and incompleted growth stages of mangroves happen at unprotected forest. These trends suggests the sustainable mangroves development at protected mangrove forest rather than unprotected forest. It could be argued that mangrove forest management might helped to preserve the mangrove forest stands at RAWNP ark area, while unprotected mangrove forest was destructed. Degradation of mangrove forest at the surrounding areas of RAWN Park will affect the stability of coastal area and human life in this region. Therefore, re-establishment of the mangrove at degraded and destructed areas in the surrounding areas of RAWN Park is needed for ensuring the future stability of human life and other organisms at the coastal areas of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. AKNOWLEDGMENT We thank the Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia, and Halu Oleo University for the financial support with grant no. 0019/ES.2/PL/2014, which is part of International Research Collaboration and Scientific Publication project on MOU between Halu Oleo University and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. We also thank head of the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park to allow sampling site in the park. Special thanks for the staff of Park and students that participated in data collection in the field. REFERENCES 27

8 1. Analuddin K, Suwa R, Hagihara A The selfthinning process in Kandelia obovata Stands. Journal ofplant Research, 122: Analuddin, K.;Jamili, Septiana, A.; Raya, R.; Rahim, S The Spatial trends in the structural characteristics of mangrove forest at the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Plant Science.4(8), Anonim, Department of energy and Mineral Resource, Southeast Sulawesi Province. 4. Chazdon, R.L Ecology-tropical forests-log em or leave em? Science, 281, Cannon, C.H.; Peart, D.R.; Leighton, M Tree species diversity in commercially logged bornean rainforest. Science, 281, Clark, J., Coastal ecosystems: Ecological considerations for maagement of coastal zone. The conservation foundation, Washington. 7. Deshar, R. Sharma S, Mouctar K, Wu M, Hoque ATMR, Hagihara A Self-thinning exponents for partial organs in overcrowded mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza stands on Okinawa Island, Japan. Forest Ecology and Management, 278, Dewar RC, Magnani F Plant energetics and population density.nature 398: Dunn, R.R. Managing the tropical landscape: A comparison of the effects of logging and forest conversion to agriculture on ants, birds, and Lepidoptera. For. Ecol. Manag. 2004, 191, Enquist BJ, Brown JH, West GB Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density. Nature 395: Ewel KC, Twilley RR, Ong JE Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: Howarth, Rr. W., Fruci, J.R., and Sherman, D Input of sediment and carbon to an estuarine ecosystem: influence of land use. Ecological application. 1: Johns, A.G. Timber Production and Biodiversity in the Tropical Rain Forests; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, Kustanti, A., Nugroho, B., Darusman, D., Kusmana, C Integrated management of mangroves ecosystem Inlampung mangrove center (lmc) East Lampung regency, Indonesia. Journal of Coastal Development,15(2), Saenger, P Mangrove ecology, silviculture and conservation. Kluwer acadmic publisher. 16. Zhang J, Oliver WW, Ritchie MW Effect of stand densities on stand dynamics in white fir (Abiesconcolor) forests in northeast California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 244:

Rufford Small Grant. (for Nature Conservation) In association with the Whitley Laing Foundation REPORT

Rufford Small Grant. (for Nature Conservation) In association with the Whitley Laing Foundation REPORT Rufford Small Grant (for Nature Conservation) In association with the Whitley Laing Foundation REPORT 1. Title of Application Cost-Effective Mangrove Rehabilitation Focusing on Restoration of Hydrology