Ecological impacts of the Mountain Pine Beetle on the Foothills of Alberta
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1 Ecological impacts of the Mountain Pine Beetle on the Foothills of Alberta René Alfaro, Brad Hawkes, Lara vanakker and Bill Riel Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada Jodi Axelson Dept Geography, University of Victoria Ian Cameron Azura Informetrics
2 Contents Introduction Disturbances: drivers of ecosystem change Need for establishing baselines Need for forecasting growth and yield and flow of ecosystem services following MPB Work in the BC and Alberta Forest transformation by MPB actual and stand simulations Knowledge gaps and opportunities Conclusions 2
3 Ecology of lodgepole pine: a fire regenerated species 3
4 Life after fire 4
5 The mountain pine beetle Forest management, climate change Fire suppression and selective harvesting for species other than pine during previous century, created large forests of pine Beetle survival has improved over much of western Canada during recent decades due to global warming, allowing populations to invade areas formerly unsuitable for MPB 5
6 Probable range of the MPB A very plastic insect= High potential for invasion US Distribution from McCambridge and Trostle 1970 Canada Distribution: from Alberta and BC sources 6
7 Largest pine beetle outbreaks in BC and Alberta in recent history Aerial surveys begin History of beetle outbreaks in BC 7
8 Ecological and timber impacts BC Montana Border 31 years later
9 The Cariboo-Chilcotin Plateau plots Established 1987, remeasured in 2001 and biogeoclimatic zones Mixed-severity fire regime Stands dominated by Pl 9
10 East Slopes sites New range Historic range 10
11 20 Years after MPB in Waterton National Park
12 Waterton Lakes NP, Red Rock Canyon 1982 and
13 Methodology: Establishing beetle disturbance baselines 1. Past distribution of MPB outbreaks and return interval 2. Understanding impacts. Timber and ecosystem Dating regen. cohorts Dating coarse woody debris Dating canopy layers 13
14 Disturbance history in even and uneven aged stands
15 Results: Stand development after beetle MPB is a natural thinning agent Promotes increased growth among the surviving trees Allows for the establishment of seedlings in understory Creates coarse woody debris 15
16 History of the canopy layers of an even-aged lp stand Logan Lake, Kamloops Axelson J., Alfaro, R., and Hawkes, B
17 Beetle and stand dynamics: Bull Mtn. Study Heath and Alfaro 1990 (re-surveyed in 2001) Overstory Understory Tree ring widths (mm) 17
18 Chilcotin: Growth release after s outbreak
19 Beetle history of in BC and Alberta Stand PG TWD4 TWD5 TWD8 TWD7 TWD6 TWD9 TWD3 TWD2 DOIG JWG JASP CC112 CC123 CC113 CC111 CC110 CC114 CC115 CC109 CC108 BULL CC126 CC124 CC117 CC107 CC118 CC116 CC119 CC130 CC129 SASKX CC125 CC128 CC121 CC122 CC120 CC104 CC106 CC105 CC102 CC101 GOLD04 GOLD03 CC103 CC359 CC163 BAN05 REV01 CRAN REV02 KOOT HALL SAVO TUNK CORR LAL1 LAL2 LAL3 CAN13 CAN12 WHIT KET1 KET3 KATHB KATHA KET2 K302 BLR09 BAN08 KATHC ANG2 ANG1 ST2C BLR11 PARS ST2B BLR10 OK16 OK15 MOY CAST OK14 MAN2 MAN3 WAT MAN5 MAN4 MAN s 1930 s 1970 s 19 PG TWD4 TWD5 TWD8 TWD7 TWD6 TWD9 TWD3 TWD2 DOIG JWG JASP CC112 CC123 CC113 CC111 CC110 CC114 CC115 CC109 CC108 BULL CC126 CC124 CC117 CC107 CC118 CC116 CC119 CC130 CC129 SASKX CC125 CC128 CC121 CC122 CC120 CC104 CC106 CC105 CC102 CC101 GOLD04 GOLD03 CC103 CC359 CC163 BAN05 REV01 CRAN REV02 KOOT HALL SAVO TUNK CORR LAL1 LAL2 LAL3 CAN13 CAN12 WHIT KET1 KET3 KATHB KATHA KET2 K302 BLR09 BAN08 KATHC ANG2 ANG1 ST2C BLR11 PARS ST2B BLR10 OK16 OK15 MOY CAST OK14 MAN2 MAN3 WAT MAN5 MAN4 MAN
20 Bull Mountain 2001: A 320 year old tree: outbreaks every 52 years (40 years for entire BC) Mean radial growth (mm) 's Lodgepole pine growth 1800 Douglas-fir 1800's 's Year 's 's
21 Beetle creates advance regeneration 21
22 Beetle and stand dynamics From simple post-fire stand structure To multiple cohort structure 22
23 Beetle creates coarse woody debris CWD from the 1970 s-80 s outbreak 23
24 Beetle creates coarse woody debris CWD from the 1930 s outbreak 24
25 Number of detected fire scars (N= 22) Fire interactions Chilcotin Fire control implemented Year of scarring 25
26 Brad plays with fire 26
27 Resiliency of the Chilcotin Forest after two outbreaks 27
28 Resiliency of the Chilcotin Forest after two outbreaks Live pine in 2008 after 1970 s and 2000 s outbreak Density (stems/ha) Volume (m 3 /ha) Layer Mean SE Mean SE Overstory (>7.0cm DBH) Understory (<7.0cm DBH, taller than 1.5m) Regeneration (shorter than 1.5m) Total 6157
29 3 cohorts Initial conditions
30
31 2041 (immediately prior to light outbreak) 31
32 2041 Light outbreak removes 30 % BA 32
33 2058 New cohort is born 33
34 2074 (immediately prior to outbreak) 34
35 2074 Massive outbreak kills 70% BA 35
36
37 2108 New cohort is born 37
38 Results: Waterton National Park Pine is mostly down Forest dominated by shade tolerant 38
39 History of beetle at Waterton s Outbreaks s Stand 1 Stand 2 Stand 3 Stand 4 Stand
40 Overstorey Saplings Regeneration 40
41 Results: Waterton Marked decline in lodgepole pine density Increase in non-host species such as spruce and fir from 1981 to 2010 With the exception of stand 1, sapling and seedling densities have increased in all stands from 2002 to 2010 High degree of variability in stocking between stands Composition made up almost entirely of shade tolerant species 41
42 Conclusion: Stand dynamics cycle in BC 42
43 Conclusion: Stand dynamics cycle in Alberta 43
44 Conclusions Stand-replacing fires initiate even-aged lp stands Reduced fire in 20th century: MPB directs stand dynamics MPB transform stands into multiple age cohort forests, initiated by repeated beetle thinning. Or transition to other stand types Long term impacts: alleviated by the presence of a sub-canopy, and advance regeneration layers which will form reasonably well stocked forests in the future. 44
45 Impacts on timber and ecosystem services Timber production is heavily impacted Ecological impacts or ecosystem services: If disturbance is part of cycle, business as usual In novel habitats: transition to different ecosystems Caveat: climate change will alter natural disturbance regimes. 45
46 46
47 I ll be back Dendroctonus ponderosanegger
48 Questions? 48
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Dear Interested Party,
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Gunnison Ranger District 216 N Colorado St. Gunnison, CO 81230 Voice: 970-641-0471 TDD: 970-641-6817 File Code: 1950-1/2430 Date: June 8, 2010 Dear