Plants in a warmer world The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Transcription

1 Plants in a warmer world The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Dr. Rebecca Montgomery Associate professor Artur Stefanski Research fellow Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota

2 Collaborative effort Funded by: Department of Energy, Hubachek Wilderness Research Foundation, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA-AFRI, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences

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4 What happens Forest image when we turn up the heat?

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7 Boreal Forest Warming at an Ecotone in Danger

8 Northern, boreal species Picea glauca Abies balsamea Pinus banksiana Betula papyrifera Southern, temperate species Populus tremuloides Acer saccharum Acer rubrum Quercus macrocarpa Quercus rubra Pinus strobus

9 Northern, boreal species White spruce Balsam fir Jack pine Paper birch Trembling aspen Southern, temperate species Bur oak Sugar maple Red maple Red oak White pine

10 ceramic heaters buried cables

11 Soil temperature ( C) 2009 ambient, and +3.4 C Real time data Time of day

12 some facts & figures two sites 11 tree species, 72 plots, ~8,000 tree seedlings two canopy treatments (open and closed) no winter warming warmed 208 to 244 days per year 8 months volumetric water content reduced by 10.6% in +1.7 C 18.2% in +3.4 C 40% of rainfall reduced throughout the growing season

13 The Good Acclimation of respiration and photosynthesis

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15 physiological response to temperature

16 Respiration rate Growing in ambient conditions Growing in +3.4 C conditions Leaf measurement temperature C

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18 Reich et al. 2016

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20 Net photosynthesis Growing in ambient conditions temperature optima Growing in +3.4 C conditions Temperature ( C)

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22 Temperature optima C 28 ambient warmed (+3.4 C) TEMPERATE BOREAL 14 Acer rubrum Quercus rubra Acer saccharum Rhamnus cathartica Quercus macrocarpa Betula papyrifera Populus tremuloides Sendall et al. 2015

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25 The Bad Increased soil respiration Change in wood properties Change in mycorrhizae abundance

26 Increase in soil respiration Soil respiration (µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 )

27 Change in wood properties

28 Change in mycorrhizae composition

29 The Ugly Effects of soil moisture Phenology

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31 Quercus rubra April 27, 2010 Open Canopy Closed Canopy Ambient +3.4

32 Quercus rubra May 4, 2010 Open Closed Ambient +3.4

33 Quercus rubra May 11, 2010 Open Closed Ambient +3.4

34 Quercus rubra May 18, 2010 Open Closed Ambient +3.4

35 Temperate Boreal April 30 May 10 May 20 May 30 Sept 7 Sept 17 Sept 27 Oct 7 Oct 17 Extended growing season Day of year Betula papyrifera Populus tremuloides Acer rubrum Acer saccharum ambient +3.4⁰ C Quercus macrocarpa Quercus rubra

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38 phenology of shoot growth earlier shoot growth

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40 Photosynthetic rate (umol m -2 s -1 ) Photosynthetic rate (umol m -2 s -1 ) June, 2009 VERY DRY August, 2009 WET VWC = 0.09 VWC = 0.21 ambient +3.4 ambient +3.4 ambient +3.4 ambient +3.4

41 Percent (%) increase in photosynthesis with warming

42 Southern, temperate species Northern, boreal species Reich, Montgomery et al. 2015

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44 Southern, temperate species Northern, boreal species Reich, Montgomery et al. 2015

45 Reich, Montgomery et al. 2015

46 Species at WARM range limit will do poorly

47 Species at COOL range limit will thrive

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49 View from Oberg Mountain, MN, Duluth News Tribune

50 Thanks

51 Acknowledgements: Co-PIs: Reich, Montgomery, Hobbie, Rich, & Oleksyn Thanks to many researchers and staff at UMN campus and Cloquet Forestry Center who supported this project in various ways:, Wythers, Li, Pinahs, Eddy, Sendall, Fisichelli, Wright, Buyarski, Buschena, Barrott, Pike, Severs, Blanchard, Gill. Special thanks to the Karen Rice & Rai Bermudez who help run the show, working long hours to troubleshoot, supervise, organize, collect data, feed, console and in all ways make this work possible. Special thanks to the many B4Warmed interns who tirelessly collected data over the years and make this work possible. Other Collaborators: Zhao, Hou, Wei, Liao (China); Pierce (MN DNR); Brzostek/Finzi (Boston Univ); Bradford (USFS); Eisenhauer/Thakur/Ferlian (Germany); Zhou (U Oklahoma); Coyle/Raffa/Lindroth/Jamieson (UW-Madison) Funding provided by: U.S. Department of Energy Program on Ecological Research; University of Minnesota, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resources Sciences; Wilderness Research Foundation and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

52 Facts B4WARMED in numbers ~30,000 trees planted another ~4.3 k to be planted this year ~400,000 seeds sown ~ over 4,000 temperature response curves measured ~24,000 net photosynthesis survey measurements ~800 Aci response curves ~ Up to date 1,200,000 of biological measurements data points

53 Facts B4WARMED in numbers cont ~12,000 ft thermocouple cable ~7,200 ft of warming cable ~5,000 ft of twisted pair communication cable ~24,000 ft of copper power cable ~2,000 ft of aluminum power cable ~ 360,000 miles driven 15 times around the globe ~ 90,000 person hours rough estimate ~ 120 billion datalogger measurements * Department of Energy

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