Soils Research Report: Late Season Nitrogen Fertilization, Nitrogen Carrier Evaluations, and Plot Establishment

Transcription

1 Soils Research Report: Late Season Nitrogen Fertilization, Nitrogen Carrier Evaluations, and Plot Establishment Paul E. Rieke, Richard A. Bay and John F. Whims Crop and Soil Sciences, M.S.U. Major efforts in 98 were placed on completing the soil modification for greens establishment at the Hancock Turfgrass Research Center. The plots to be used for greens irrigation research were constructed essentially according to the specifications designed by the U.S.G.A. including tile, pea gravel layer and topsoil mix. There was no sand layer included between the topsoil mix and the pea gravel. The plot areas drain well, but the border areas tend to pond water for a period of time where subsoil was brought to the surface during installation of the irrigation system. This subsoil material caused the soil surface to be sealed and limits infiltration rate. In normal construction this should not present a problem, since irrigation installation would occur on the perimeter of the green. An exception might be a football field or other large turf area in which irrigation lines and heads will be found in the middle of the field and where sandy soil mixes are used. Three other greens were established on different soils. One was directly on the sandy loam topsoil existing on the site. Another was on NS (coarse mix) sand with peat worked into the upper 4-6 inches, and the third was built as a Purr-wick green with dune sand (predominantly medium and fine sands) with the plastic liner and tile drainage. Establishment rate of seeded Penncross creeping bentgrass was fastest on the topsoil followed by the U.S.G.A. mix. The establishment rate was much slower on the two sand greens, especially on the Purr-wick sand. This was likely due to lower nitrogen availability caused by leaching from the sands and no topsoil in the mix to provide some nitrogen and cation exchange capacity. We do not think that irrigation was a factor as the plots were irrigated independently. Clearly more frequent nitrogen fertilization will be needed on these sandy soils. Appreciation is gratefully acknowledged to the Standard Sand Corporation which donated all the sand used in modifying the soils for the greens; the Michigan Turfgrass Foundation which paid for transportation of the sand, and much of the labor cost; irrigation companies who provided irrigation equipment and some of the labor for installation; and many individual members of the Michigan Turfgrass Foundation who donated use of equipment and/or personal labor. Special thanks to Ron Foote, superintendent at Forest Akers Golf Course, M.S.U., for loaning use of the soil shredder used for mixing all the soil, and for helpful advice given willingly. Without this kind of widespread support, we could not have the quality plots on which we will be conducting turf research for many years. Late season nitrogen fertilization and nitrogen carrier evaluation A large late season (or dormant nitrogen fertilization) study was initiated in October, 980 on a Penncross creeping bentgrass putting green at the Soils Research Farm in East Lansing. Treatments are shown in Table. Plot size was 3 feet by 6 feet. All treatments were applied by hand. Turf responses were typical of those observed in earlier studies and in other studies given later in this report. One observation which was very apparent was that those plots fertilized with the completely soluble N sources (ammonium nitrate and urea) at the pound rate gave very quick response to the October 5 fertilization as might be expected. The grass became very green and succulent. There was a period of several weeks before there was a hard freeze. When the hard freeze carne in late November, significant injury to the leaf tissue occurred on these plots. The

2 Table Fall Nitrogen Responses on a Penncross bentgrass green at East Lansing. Averages for 3 replications. Treatment Evaluation date (9-;9=dark green) Carrier N rate Date of /0/80 /7/80 4/8/8 5/3/8 bs/m application Mi0rganite Oct 5 3.5mpll 3.5ru 3.0uw 4.0qr Mi0rganite Nov 3.3np.7wx.7wx 3.8rs Mi0rganite Nov 5 3.0p.7wx..3xy 3.5s Mi0rganite Oct 5 4.3kl 4.30q 4.3pq 6.7h Mi0rganite Nov rt 4.pr 6.3hi Mi0rganite Nov 5 3.3np.8vx 3.5su 6.0ij 0--8* Oct 5 5.8gh 5.3j 5.3m Nov 4.3k 4.30q 5.Omo 5.3mo 0--8 Nov 5 3.0p 3.tw 5.Omo 5.no 0--8 Oct 5 7.3bd 7.df 7.5bd 8.0de 0--8 Nov 5.5hi 5.8hj 7.3ce 8.3bd 0--8 Nov 5 3.5mp 3.7rt 6.5gi 8.0de Urea Oct 5 6.3eg 5.8hj 5.Omo 5. Urea Nov 4.7jk mn 5. Urea Nov 5 3.5mp 3.7rt 5.mn 5.7km Urea Oct 5 7.8eg 7.5de 7.cf 7.5fg Urea Nov 6.3eg 6.gi 7.cf 8.5ac Urea Nov 5 4.km 7.30q 6.5gi 8.cd Urea-Dwe* Oct 5 6.3eg 5.7i 5.3m 5.7km Urea-Dwell Nov 4.3kl 4.7mo 5.mn 5.7km Urea-Dwell Nov 5 3.3np 3.7rt 5.mn 5.7km Urea-Dwell Oct 5 7.5bc 7.0ef 7.0dg 8.3bd Urea-Dwell Nov 5.8gh 5.8hj 7.0dg 8.5ac Urea-Dwell Nov 5 4.0kn 4.0pr 6.hj 8.7ab 4-0-0* Oct 5 7.5bc 6.7fg 5.8j 4.5p Nov 7.0ce 7.7cd 6.8eg 4.5p Nov 5 5.hj 8.bc 8.0b 5.3mo Oct 5 9.0a 8.bc 6.7fh 7.3fg Nov 9.0a 8.5ab 7.3ce 7.3fg Nov 5 7.0ce 9.0a 9.0a 8.0de 8-4-0* Oct 5 5.0ig 4.30q 3.5su 4.0qr Nov 4.km 3.3sv.8vx 4.0qr Nov 5 3.0p.8vx.7wx. 4.5p Oct 5 7.0ce 6.gi 5.5km 7.g Nov 5.5hi 5.0n. 4.7np 7.g Nov 5 3.0p 3.3sv 4.0qs 7.5fg,.., L

3 Table. Continued. Carrier N rate bs/m Date of application /0/80 /7/80 4/8/8 5/3/8 Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium nitrate nitrate nitrate Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 6.3eg 5.0ij 3.3np 5.8hj 5.krn 3.8qs 4.7np 5.mn 5.3m 5.5m 6.0ij 6.ij Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium nitrate nitrate nitrate Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 7.8b 6.7df ef 6.gi 4.3pr 7.7bc 7.5bd 7.cf 8.3bd 8.5ac 8.5ac 0-0-6* Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 4.7jk p 3.8qs 3.3sv.8vx 4.0qs 3.7rt 3.7rt 4.5p 4.5p Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 6.fg 5.5hi 3.0p 4.7mo 4.5np 3.7rt 5.mn 5.0mn 4.3pq 7.7ef 8.0de 7.7ef S. coated ureal! S. coated urea S. coated urea Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 5.3hj 4.0kn 3.0p 5. 3j 4.5np 3.3sv 4.50q 4.pr 4.0qs 5.7km 5. 8j 6.ij S. coated urea S. coated urea S. coated urea Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 7.3bd 5.5hi 3.7lp 6.3gh 5.km 3.7rt 6.5gi 6.hj 6.0ij 8.8a 8.8a 8.8a lbdu-fine lbdd-fine lend-fine Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 3.0p 3.0p 3.0p 3.0ux.5x.5x.8vx.8yz.8z pq 3.5s lend-fine lend-fine lend-fine Oct 5 Nov Nov 5 4.km 3.5mp 3.3np 3.5ru.8vx.5x 4.50q 4.pr 3.3tv 7.7ef 7.g 6.0ik *Carriers are 0--8 from Milwaukee Sewage Commission; Dwell from 0in- Matheson Co.; (lron-s) from Scott's; from Lebanon Co.; from Lakeshore Equipment Co.; S-coated urea - special grade for greens from ClL. I!Quality ratings in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% level. 3

4 njury resulted in some discoloration, but no permanent injury occurred as these plots had good color the next spring. Obviously, timing of the late season N application is dependent on the N carrier. Slow release materials must be applied earlier than completely soluble carriers to get the same response in November. These plots were not treated for snowmold control to see if snowmold susceptibility might change with N treatment. There was essentially no snowmold on the plot area in the spring, so no differences were recorded. Another study was on late season nitrogen-potassium balance on the Penncross green. All combinations of 0 and pound of N with 0, and pounds of K0 were applied on November 0. No snowmold treatment was applied to this plot area, but since there was no snowmold of consequence on the plots no differences could be recorded due to N-K0 balance. Only nitrogen responses occurred. Late season N studies on carriers and timing of application were again conducted on Poa annua fairways. The treatments applied are shown in Tables and 3. These studies were conducted with Dan Garson and Gary Thommes, students working on a special study basis. Appreciation is expressed to Kurt Thuemmel, superintendent at Walnut Hills Country Club, and Mark Magee, superintendent at the Country Club of Lansing for their cooperation in these studies. The nitrogen was applied at.5 pounds per 0 square feet. Plot size was 5 feet by 7 feet. All fertilizers were weighed previously and applied by hand. As observed in other studies, slow release carriers such as IBDU and Milorganite must be applied earlier in the fall to allow for release of available N before mid-november for late fall uptake and response. Note that December applications still did not give much response by mid-may, but did by June (Country Club of Lansing). Sulfur-coated urea gave good responses with the ClL material responding faster than the LESCO source with the latter giving longer response in the late spring and early summer. There was a noticeable pattern of green spots from the LESCO source in June at the Country Club of Lansing. The ClL treated plots did have a few smaller green spots, but these were not as noticeable. The larger sulfur-coated urea particles from LESCO were apparently just releasing the N from scattered particles later in the season when the rest of the N had been utilized. This could be overcome by another N fertilization. A study of several slow release nitrogen sources was initiated in July on a blend of Kentucky bluegrasses on the grounds at the Traverse City Country Club. Appreciation is expressed to Tom Mead and Steve White for their cooperation in this and other studies conducted there. The N carriers (Table 4) are: ) oxamide with two different size ranges, a finer grade (passing a 0 mesh screen) which will give a faster response, and a coarser grade (6-6 mesh); ) FLUF (flowable ureaformaldehyde) applied as a liquid with a C0 sprayer; 3) Powder Blue, fine grade ureaformaldehyde (applied dry mixed with sand); 4) 0--4, a flowable complete fertilizer; 5) several carriers containing sulfur-coated urea from LESCO; 6) sulfur-coated urea from ClL (3-0-0); 7) lbdu (coarse); 7) 4-4-, containing lbdu as part of the N; 8) 8-5-9, containing ureaformaldehyde as part of the N; and 9) Dwell-treated urea with Dwell serving as a nitrification inhibitor. Turf responses (Table 4) were generally as expected. For uniform responses, both short-term and long-term, the slower releasing materials mixed with soluble N gave the most uniform ratings. The slower responding materials gave the longest responses as would be expected. Note ratings for lbdu and coarse oxamide compared to other materials in November. FLUF clearly gives a faster response than Powder blue. The sulfur-coated urea materials gave responses intermediate between the slow releasing sources and soluble N (urea). Dwell-treated urea did give a longer response than urea alone, indicating some inhibition of nitrification did occur. Complete fertilizers (4-4- and 8-5-9) gave both short- and long term responses, although contains more soluble N than 4-4-, so the response 4

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9 Table N Carrier Study - Traverse City - Kentucky Bluegrass Blend. Treatments applied July 6. Averages of 3 replications. N applied at.5 pounds per 0 square feet. Treatment Evaluation date (9-l;9=dark green) Carrier N rate July 30 Aug 5 Sept 6 Nov 8 bs/m Oxamide (0)*.5 5.5eh ll 7.8ae 6.7bg 5.8e Oxamide (6-6)*.5 3.ij 4.0ok d Oxamide (0)*.0 6.7cf 7.3bf 6.3di 4.8hi Urea 0.5 Oxamide (0)* cf 7.5af 6.ej 4.3ik Urea.0 Oxamide (6-6)*.0 5.0fh 5.3ij 5.8gj 6.3d Urea 0.5 Oxamide (6-6)* eg 5.8gj 5.5ik 5.3fg Urea.0 FLUF*.5 6.5df 7.0cg 6.3di 4.8hi FLUF*.0 5.8eg 6.5ei 6.3di 4.3ik Urea 0.5 FLUF* be 7.5af 6.0fj 4.0jk Urea.0 Powder bue*.5 4.0hi 4.8jk 4.8k 4.7hi Powder blue*.0 6.0eg 6.7ei 5.7hk 4.3ik Urea 0.5 Powder bue* be 6.7ei 5.3jk 4.0jk Urea (Cleary).5 6.7cf 7.0cg 5.3jk 4.0jk 0-6- (LESCO).5 5.8eg 7.bg 7.ad 5.8e (LESCO).5 6.3ef 7.0cg 6.8bf 5.3fg (LESCO).5 5.7eh 6.5ei 7.0ae 5.5ef (LESCO).5 5.0fh 6.fi 7.5ab 5.7ef (ClL).5 7.be 7.7ae 7.5ab 5.3fg Urea.5 8.5ab 8.8a 5.3jk 3.5 Urea.5 8.5ab 8.3ac 6.5ch 4.5ij Dwell*.'0 Urea.5 8.5ab 8.5ab 6.8bf 5.0gh Dwel* 3.0 lbdu (coarse)*.5.8j 4.8jk 6.7bg 7.5c lbdu (coarse)*.0 3.3ij 5.3ij 6.7bg 6.5d Urea 0.5 9

10 Table 4, continued Carrier N rate July 30 Aug 5 Sept 6 Nov 8 lbs/m 4-4-*.5 6.0eg 6.0eg 6.8bf 5.5ef 8-5-9*.5 8.ad 8.ad 6.8bf 4.7hi Ammonium nitrate.5 9.0a 8.8a 5.3jk 3.8kl *Carriers are Oxamide from Estech; FLUF from Cleary; Powder blue from Boots- Hercules; Dwell from Olin-Matheson; IBDU from Estech; 4-4- from Estech; and from Lebanon. #Quality ratings in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 0

11 is quicker but does not last as long as Table 5 gives the treatments for a study on the effects of mlxlng N sources on responses of a Kentucky bluegrass blend at the Soils Research Farm in East Lansing. Plot size was 5 feet by 7 feet. Results were evaluated by quality ratings and clipping weights (Table 6). Responses were generally as would be expected, with some times when the response was limited due to the length of time between treatments (only 3 treatments a year). These effects were minimized by the use of IBDD as would be predicted because of its slower and longer release pattern. The effect of late season nitrogen fertilization and leaf removal on the quality of Pennlawn red fescue in the Shade Plots at East Lansing is given in Table 7. With the intensity of the shade in the area the turf is reasonably thin. The most significant effect on the turf was due to leaf removal. When leaves were removed in the fall, or where they were mulched with a mulching mower, turf quality was acceptable the next spring, regardless of N treatment. Where leaves were left on the site all winter, the turf quality was poor and almost no grass was left on the plots, even where leaves were removed in early April. Leaf removal in the fall shortly after leaf fall is essential for maintaining turf under shaded conditions. The lack of cation exchange capacity in sand soils results in ready leaching of applied potash. This was demonstrated by a study established at Traverse City. Potash treatments were applied in June and September, as shown in Table 8, on a blend of Kentucky bluegrasses. The sulfur-coated potash is from LESCO. The sulfur-coating should slow the availability of the potash so it will last longer. It is very apparent that the potash is readily leached. As high as 8 pounds of K0 applied as muriate of potash in June was not detectable by soil test in November. With split spring and fall applications, there was more available in November from the muriate of potash treatment. When sulfur-coated potash was applied in June, there was some residual available yet in November at the higher rates of application. But clearly, split applications of the sulfur-coated potash are still best. These data point out the importance of using several applications of potash per year, especially on sandy soils which are irrigated. These soils do not have sufficient cation exchange capacity to hold the potash, so multiple applications are necessary. The sulfur-coated potash does provide longer availability and is useful on sandy sites particularly. The nitrogen timing and rate study on the Kentucky bluegrass cultivars at Traverse City was continued in 98 with no data distinct from previous years. Perhaps the most noticeable result is the amount of encroachment of other grasses into the block of Fylking Kentucky bluegrass, which was thinned by susceptibility to Fusarium blight. It is apparent that some nitrogen is necessary to encourage whatever grass is present to fill in the blighted spots just to keep the area green and with reasonable density of turf.

12 Table 5. Treatments for effect of nitrogen carrier and timing study on responses of a blend of Adelphi, Baron and Victa Kentucky bluegrasses. East Lansing. Treatments initiated October, 979. Treatment - lbs. N/I0 ft. sq. No. Carrier May May 5 Jun Jun 5 Aug Sep Oct 5 Coarse lbdu lbdu:0 ClL:0 Urea IBDU:40 ClL:0 Urea lbdu:60 ClL:0 Urea ClL Coarse ledu IBDU:0 ClL:0 Urea lbdu:40 ClL:0 Urea lbdu:60 ClL:0 Urea ClL Coarse lbdu lbdu:0 ClL:0 Urea IBDU:40 ClL:0 Urea lbdu:60 CIL:0 Urea ell

13 S bo o Xl N OQ OUuO ONOO NNN uuu ««u \OOOl'OO NlJ""tC""")C""") '''\0 OOCl OUUUO I'NC""") NNN U Oq \OONOO NC""") U UUUU ««C""")C""") C"""). lj""tlj""t o o N lj""t!x:l <<O OO\OOON COl'OOC""") NN UU I'0lJ""t ONC""") N o C""") N o. I' o \0 N C-'C-'C-'C-' O lj""tlj""tl'c""")0 \0 \0 I' \0 \0 C-'OC-'C-' C-'UO... 0l'I'C""") lj""tl'i'\o..o C-'C-' «<... C""")C""")OOOOO uu....i-j CI) OJ,.Cl II uoo lj""t0lj""tlj""tl'. I' I' \0 \0 \0 GoG... 0 \oi'\olj""tlj""t C-'U H..., lj""tnc""") I' 0 lj""t\o\oi'oo i=cloo «i=cl!x:l<.. C""")I'NNI' I' I' I' I' 0 UUUU I'NI'I'I' \0'\0\0..0. O OU lj""tlj""tlj""t0c""") \OlJ""tlJ""tl'I' o lj""t ou Ui=Qi=Cl< C""")OOOC""") 0 I'I'OOOO G C""")C""")I'0lJ""t. OOlJ""tlJ""t\O\O...,..., H H H NlJ""tO. o lj""t lj""t -ic U OU!X:l< lj""tc""")lj""t0. \0'' Xl C-' '' lj""tlj""tlj""t..., OO...,H... C""")Ol'NlJ""t '..0 \0 N C""")C""") 3

14 Table 7. Fall N-Leaf Removal Study on Pennlawn Red Fescue. Crop Science Shade Research Area. Treatment Evaluations - May, 98 N Rate Quality rating Ibs/l0 Leaf removal (9 = best) Turf cover % 0 Fall 6.5 a* 57 a Fall 5.3 ab 5 a Fall 5. ab 56 a 0 Mulched mower 5.3 ab 56 a Mulched mower 6. a 67 a Mulched mower 5.8 a 66 a 0 Spring.7 c 8 b Spring.3 c 3 b Spring.7 bc 3 b 0 Leave.7 bc 4 b Leave.5 c 9 b Leave.3 c 3 b *Means in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other at the 5% level with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 4

15 Table 8. Residual soil potassium tests on Kalkaska sand at Traverse City. Soils sampled November, 98. Averages for 3 replications. Treatment K soil test Carrier K 0 Rate Date of application lbs/m lbs/ A Muriate June 76gh ll Muriate June 89fg Muriate 3 June 84fh Muriate 4 June 83fh Muriate 8 June 87fh. Muriate, June, Sept l0ce Muriate, June, Sept l5b S.C. Potash* June 7gh S.C. Potash June 8lgh S.C. Potash 3 June loef S.C. Potash 4 June lde S.C. Potash 8 June l4cd S.C. Potash, June, Sept l35bc S.C. Potash, June, Sept l88a Check 0 67h *S.C. Potash is sulfur coated potash from LESCO. IISoil test values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 5