Requirements of the ErP Directive on HVAC systems. What you need to know.

Transcription

1 Requirements of the ErP Directive on HVAC systems. What you need to know. The background to the Ecodesign Directive Under the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union has committed itself to reducing its CO 2 emissions by 20% by The EuP Directive 2005/32/EC (Energy-using Products Directive) was adopted in 2005 to achieve this goal. This was renamed the ErP Directive 2009/125/EC (Energy-related Products Directive) in 2009, also known as the "Ecodesign Directive". For energy-using products, it provides the general framework for their environmentally compatible design, i.e. for assessing savings potential, defining minimum energy efficiency requirements and considering resource efficiency over the entire product lifecycle. As there are a myriad of energy-using products, product groups (lots) have been created for each of which implementing regulations were then drawn up. For example, Lot 6 groups together ventilation units, Lot 11 fans and Lot 21 air heaters/coolers and fan coils. These relate to the implementing regulations EU 2014/1253 (Lot 6), EU 2011/327 (Lot 11) and EU 2016/2281(Lot 21). Difference between a directive and a regulation An EU directive is either transposed by the member states into national law for its implementation or it becomes effective via an EU regulation which then becomes directly valid in all member states. This procedure was chosen for the requirements of the Ecodesign Directive (ErP Directive 2009/125/EC) for electric motors, fans, as well as HVAC systems and their energy-relevant components. Regulation EU 2009/640 for electric motors This ErP implementing regulation came into force in 2011 and prescribes the efficiencies of IEC standard motors. These values were increased in 2015 and 2017 according to a specified timetable. Since the beginning of 2017, all motors with a rated output power of between 0.75 kw and 375 kw must either reach efficiency level IE3 or correspond to efficiency level IE2 and additionally have speed control. The requirements for electric motors are only of indirect importance for their use in HVAC units. Fans are used here, in which a functional unit is formed by the motor with impeller and nozzle and, if necessary, control electronics. 1 / 9

2 Regulation EU 2011/327 for fans This regulation applies to fans with motors with an electrical input power between 125 W and 500 kw. It came into force in 2011 and prescribes minimum target efficiency requirements (corresponding to system efficiency) in two steps. Stage 1 became effective at the beginning of In the 2 nd stage, which has been in force since the beginning of 2015, these values were increased again. The system efficiency of a fan unit represents the product of the efficiencies of the fan, motor, drive (V-belt, flat belt or direct) and speed control and is specified by the manufacturer. The system efficiency must be at least equal to or greater than the target efficiency. In Annex I 2, Table 2, equations for the target efficiencies η trgt are given for each fan type, which can then be calculated depending on the electrical input power and specified efficiency levels. In HVAC units, mainly radial fans with backward-curved blades without housing are used at present. For this type of fan, Table 2 shows the data used to determine its minimum efficiency ratings. The RoofVent RH-9B incorporates radial fans with backward-curved blades without housing, which have a static efficiency (system efficiency) of η sys = 63% with an electrical input power of P = 3 kw. In order to demonstrate compliance with the regulation, it is necessary to determine target efficiency. The input power is in the interval P 10, so the following equation is used: η = 4,56 ln ( P) 10,5 N [%], where N = 62 trgt + Inserting the values gives us: η trgt = 4,56 ln 3 10, [%] η trgt = 56,5% It turns out that the requirement of the regulation is met with η 56,5% η = 63%. trgt = Sys 2 / 9

3 Regulation EU 2014/1253 for HVAC systems This regulation came into force in 2014 and applies to ventilation equipment for which ecodesign requirements have been defined. It prescribes minimum requirements for the efficiency of HVAC systems that became effective in the first stage at the beginning of In the second stage, stricter requirements will apply as of 1 January 2018, which are discussed below. For further understanding, there are three concepts to be clarified: 1. For the purposes of the regulation, the reference configuration of a bidirectional ventilation unit (BVU) is a combination unit with at least one fan per air flow direction, a heat recovery system (HRS), a clean supply air filter (class F7) and an exhaust air filter (class M5). 2. The efficiency bonus (E) is a correction factor applied when the actual heat recovery coefficient is higher than the required minimum temperature efficiency. 3. The filter correction (F) is a correction value applied when a BVU deviates from the reference configuration (missing F7 or M5 filter or both). The regulation applies to HVAC systems with air flow rates of more than 250 m³/h, which are classified as "non-residential ventilation units" (NRVU). These will be subject to the additional requirements from 1 January 2018 compared with 2016: HVAC systems must have a multi-stage drive (at least 3-speed) or speed control. All BVUs must have a HRS with thermal diversion (this formulation means that it does not necessarily have to be a bypass). The following applies to the minimum temperature efficiencies and efficiency bonuses of all HRSs: Run-around HRS regen./recup. systems Minimum temperature efficiency 68 % 73 % Efficiency bonus E [Ws/m³] E = (η act ) 3000 E = (η act ) 3000 Figure 1: Minimum temperature efficiency and efficiency bonus according to EU 2014/1253 from 1 January 2018 onwards 3 / 9

4 The following applies to the filter correction: F = 0 in the case of the complete reference configuration according to point 1. F = 150 if there is no M5 F = 190 if there is no F7 F = 340 if neither filter is fitted A visual or audible warning must indicate that the ultimate filter pressure has been reached. The maximum permissible internal specific fan power SFP limit [Ws/m³] of a BVU is determined as follows as a function of the nominal volumetric flow q nom : Run-around HRS Regen./Recup. systems q nom < 2 m³/s SFP limit = 1,600 + E qnom/2 - F SFP limi t = 1,100 + E qnom/2 - F q nom 2 m³/s SFP limit = 1,300 + E - F SFP limit = E - F Figure 2: Permitted specific fan power according to Regulation EU 2014/1253 from 1 January 2018 onwards Proof of compliance with the ErP Directive taking RoofVent devices as an example Compliance with this regulation must be verifiably demonstrated. The example of RoofVent devices RH-6B and RH-9B will show how this works in practice. For this purpose, the actual values of the specific fan powers SFP act are determined on the basis of the given device data and compared with the SFP limit values resulting from the regulation. The ErP Directive is considered to be fulfilled if the actual values are lower than the limit values. The given data is summarised in Figure 3. The values of the heat recovery system (plate heat exchanger) are calculated with the Eurovent certified design program Hoval Enventus CASER. 4 / 9

5 RoofVent RH-6B RoofVent RH-9B Nominal air flow rate q nom 5,500 m³/h 1.53 m³/s 8,000 m³/h 2.22 m³/s Fan efficiency η fan 63 % 63 % Pressure drop fresh air filter Δp fresh air filter 78 Pa 110 Pa Pressure drop exhaust air filter Δp exhaust air filter 50 Pa 67 Pa Pressure drop HRS supply air Δp HRS supply air 223 Pa 201 Pa Pressure drop HRS exhaust air Δp HRS exhaust air 223 Pa 201 Pa Temperature efficiency η act 77.2 % 77.3 % Figure 3: Data of RoofVent devices, extract from Design Handbook Determining the SFP act values The SFP act values are determined for both air directions. The sum of both values results in the specific fan power of the device. With the same volume flow rates, this can be solved in a simplified way in one calculation step by combining the pressure drops of the filter and HRS on both sides. Consequently: P effective ( p fresh air filter + pexhaust air filter + phrs su pply air + phrs exhaust air ) = qnom [ W ] (1) h fan Peffective 3 With = SFPact [ W s / m ], the actual value for the specific fan power from (1) is: q nom SFP act = p p ( fresh air filter + exhaust air filter + phrs su pply air + phrs exhaust air 3 h fan ) [ W s / m ] (2) Inserting the values from Figure 3 in (2) produces the SFP actual value for the RoofVent RH-6B: SFP act RH ( ) N 3 6 = = W s / m (3) 0.63 m² 5 / 9

6 RoofVent RH-9/B: SFP act RH ( ) N 3 9 = = W s / m (4) 0.63 m² Determining the SFP limit values The actual values (3) and (4) are now compared with the specific fan outputs SFP limit, which are derived from Regulation no. 1253/2014. It is considered fulfilled if the condition SFP act SFP limit is met. The calculation is as follows: Determining the filter correction (F) The devices have a reference configuration according to point 1, i.e. for both devices the filter correction F = 0. Determining the efficiency bonus (E) Both devices have a higher temperature efficiency than required and thus receive an efficiency bonus (see equations in Figure 1). Consequently: RH-6B: E = (η act RH ) 3000 = ( ) 3,000 = 126 W s/m³ (5) RH-9B: E = (η act RH ) 3000 = ( ) 3,000 = 129 W s/m³ (6) Determining the specific fan power SFP limit According to Figure 2, row 2, column 3, the following applies to the RH-6B: SFP limit RH-6 = 1,100 + E q nom /2 - F [W s/m³] With E according to equation (5), q nom = 1.53 m³/s and F = 0, it follows that SFP limit RH-6 = 1, /2-0 W s/m³ SFP limit RH-6 = Ws/m³ (7) According to Figure 2, row 3, column 3, the following applies to the RH-9B: SFP limit RH-9 = E - F [W s/m³] With E according to equation (6), q nom = 2.22 m³/s and F = 0, it follows that 6 / 9

7 SFP limit RH-9 = W s/m³ SFP limit RH-9 = 929 W s/m³ (8) The comparison of the setpoints (7), (8) and actual values (3), (4) is shown in Figure 5. The result is that RoofVent devices of version 2018 are ErP-compliant. SFP act [W s/m³] SFP limit [W s/m³] SFP act SFP limit? RH-6B ok RH-9B ok Figure 4: Demonstration of ErP compliance for RoofVent devices Regulation EU 2016/2281 for air heating products, cooling products, process coolers with high operating temperature and fan coils This regulation came into force in 2016 and covers all building services equipment products that have not yet been subject to any regulation. The following individual products are summarised in the collective terms above: 1. Air heating products: heating boilers for heating oil or natural gas, electric heaters and electrically and thermally driven heat pumps with a rated heat output of up to 1 MW. The heated air is supplied to an air-ducted heating system or directly to the room to be heated. 2. Cooling products: multi-split/vrf air-conditioners above 12 kw and electrically and thermally driven chillers with flow temperatures in the cooling circuit above +2 C with a nominal cooling capacity of up to 2 MW. The cold generated is transferred to the rooms to be cooled via air or water distribution systems. 3. Process coolers with high operating temperature: chillers for process cooling in the temperature range from 2 to 12 C and a nominal cooling capacity of up to 2 MW. 4. Fan coils: conventional air heaters and coolers. 7 / 9

8 In a 1 st stage with effect from 1 January 2018 and in a 2 nd stage from 1 January 2021, the regulation lays down guidelines on how the environmentally compatible design of these products can be achieved. The following requirements are laid down in Annex II: Products under 1. must comply with annual room heating utilisation ratings according to Tables 1 and 2 (corresponding to level 1 or 2). Products under 2. must comply with annual room cooling utilisation ratings according to Tables 3 and 4 (corresponding to level 1 or 2). Products under 3. must comply with annual performance factors (SEPR, Seasonal Energy Performance Ratio) according to Tables 5 and 6 (corresponding to level 1 or 2). Nitrogen oxide emissions from air heaters, heat pumps, comfort coolers and airconditioning units must not exceed the values given in Table 8 (from 26 September 2018) and Table 9 (from 1 January 2021). The binding scope of the product information of the individual products is given in tabular form in Annex III, with the aim of facilitating a comparison between competing brands. For example, the specified product information for fan coils (traditional air heaters and coolers) can be found in Annex III, Table 13. There are no technical specifications in this regulation for conventional air heaters and coolers (see 4. Fan coils). Regulation EU 2011/327 must certainly be applied for fans. According to the FAQ of the EU Commission, question Q11, supply air units with a fresh air content of < 10% are considered recirculation units and are therefore not subject to EU Regulation 2014/1253 for air-conditioning systems (but the statements in the FAQ are not legally binding, even if they are supported by the EU Commission). What about the future for HVAC devices? Requirements for the period from 1 January 2020 onwards have not yet been set. Annex VII of Regulation EU 2014/1253 contains non-binding reference values, which would lead to the following tightening up: 8 / 9

9 Run-around HRS Regen./Recup. systems μ min 80 % 85 % q nom < 2 m³/s SFP limit = 1,350 + E q nom /2 - F SFP limit = E q nom /2 - F q nom 2 m³/s SFP limit = 1,150 + E - F SFP limit = E - F Figure 5: Non-binding reference values according to Regulation EU 2014/1253 from 2020 onwards An increase in the minimum temperature efficiencies should be safe. It is considered unlikely that it will be equal to the reference values. Estimates for plate heat exchangers are in the order of approximately 78%. The reduction of the SFP limit values in comparison to the requirements as of 1 January 2018 can be achieved with lower inflow velocities. As a conclusion, it remains to be seen how exactly the situation will develop. But it will certainly be interesting. Contact in case of questions: Hoval Aktiengesellschaft Tel mailto:info.klimatechnik@hoval.com 9 / 9