Issues and Countermeasures

Transcription

1 Urban Greening 1

2 Issues and Countermeasures Need for urban greening Heat island mitigation Japan average temp. Toyota countermeasures 1) Apply specialized greening technology to car parks, walls, roofs, etc. 1 C rise in 100 years Tokyo 3 C rise in 100 years Source: Japan Meteorological Agency Causes of temperature rise in cities Air in cities is heating up 2) Apply technology to create cool spots using trees and the like. Waste heat from buildings, vehicles, factories and homes Surface heating due to asphalt and similar materials Cool breeze Reduction of green spaces 2

3 New Products and Technology Specialized greening: new products * Commercial launch on October 3, 2011 Car park greening system: Smart Green Parking New cool-spot creation technology Predict effect of greening Shade Transpiration Create cool and comfortable living spaces Wall greening system: Smart Green Wall (wire type) Residential area with no trees Creation of cool spots using trees *Both jointly developed with Ohshima Landscape Construction Co., Ltd [ C] Surface temperature 3

4 Smart Green Parking Car-park Greening System Background Outdoor car parks in cities are potential greening spaces. (about 10%) Car-park greening market is growing. Connection with the vehicle market. 3 Size of car park greening market Example of outdoor car parks (yellow) Greened area (ha) Area around Fushimi in central Nagoya: applicable area is 8% (Estimated by Toyota) 4

5 Smart Green Parking Greened car park temperature reduction effect Asphalt car park Greened car park Asphalt car park Greened car park Note: Photographs taken in sunny weather on July 19, 2010 at Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory The temperature of a greened car park is approximately 15 C less than an asphalt car park. 5

6 Smart Green Parking Differences to other car-park greening systems Competing system Toyota s Smart Green Parking Significant damage to plant life due to scraping from tires, etc. Both plant sustainability and safety of walkability ensured 6

7 Smart Green Wall Wall Greening System Background Energy saving is key, and a simple wall-greening system can be effective. Cumulative p ower consump tion ( wh) Energy saving effect The Smart Green Wall system has an energy saving effect of approximately 25%. Comparison of air conditioning power consumption 0 0:00 2:00 Without 緑化無し wall greening With 緑化有りwall greening 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 Results from tests using the laboratory of the Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory (measured on September 20, 2011). 18:00 20:00 22:00 Approx. 25% reduction Wall greening No wall greening Wall surface temperature difference is approximately - 10 C. 7

8 Smart Green Wall Wall Greening System Characteristics of Smart Green Wall Points of differentiation Climbing plants are guided by wires - Wires are light and easy to attach to buildings. - Plants easily grow up the ladder style wires. - Adjustable tension reduces flapping in wind. Adjustable tension Roll of ladder style wire Comparison with commercial green-wall technology Item New Toyota SGW Commercial green wall Material Metal wire Plastic Installation Year-round Summer only Wind resistance Typhoon level (wind speed: 34 m/s) Must be taken down in strong winds Inclusion in green space Yes No Target users Companies Homes 8

9 Cool-spot Creation Technology Background Use plant transpiration capabilities to create cool spots and help create towns that consume less energy. (Per unit of leaf area) Evergreen oak (average surface temperature: 30.4 C) A (100.0) Evergreen oak a Transpiration capability Yoshino cherry Aucuba Surface temperature Yoshino cherry (average surface temperature: 31.2 C) a 30.3 A (-20.0) (100.0) (-20.0) Aucuba (average surface temperature: 36.3 C) (100.0) A a Transpiration (μg/cm 2 s) (-20.0) 9

10 Cool Spot Creation Technology Blocking of solar radiation by conventional shading Creating cool spots with trees Blocking of solar radiation by trees Surface temperature increases due to solar radiation Building Heat dissipation Sensible heat Transpiration (vaporized) Latent heat Surface temperature increases due to solar radiation Building Surface temperature decreases Surface temperature decreases Shade Ground surface Ground surface Heat balance prediction model (jointly developed with Tokyo Institute of Technology) 10

11 Cool Spot Creation Technology What is cool spot creation technology? A new technology for designing green spaces by evaluating the energy effect of greening in advance by simulation. Optimization of tree selection, number and arrangement 38 C Example of cool spot evaluation Sensible temperature index SET* distribution (15:00) N 32 C Cool-spot creation by greening Power consumption Example of energy saving effect Prediction of air conditioning power consumption (Assuming family of 2 adults, 2 children) 10% reduction 25% reduction No greening Greening (creating shade) Greening (creating shade + transpiration effect) SET* ( C) Height: 1.5 m 11

12 Urban Greening (Tour Material) 12

13 Tour Material (1) Smart Green Parking Car Park Greening System Current situation of car park greening systems Harsh conditions for plants (load, insufficient sunlight, damage from tires) Process Req. Characteristics Plant sustainability Surface safety Strengthened-mat type - Strengthen using net-shaped mat - Cover mat with grass x Uniform-reinforcement type - Use evenly-spaced block-shaped reinforcements, etc. - Grow plants between blocks x 13

14 Tour Material (2) Smart Green Parking Car Park Greening System Development issues Plant sustainability - No load on plants from car - Sufficient space for roots to grow Blocks: - Large level difference - Wide spacing Trade off Block Key development points 1. Use blocks with sufficient growth space 2. Add walking supports after planting that don t divide growth space 3. Support vehicle weight using blocks (weight resistance: 4 t) 4. Use recycled bumper materials Walking support Block Ensures both plant sustainability and surface safety Plant (grass, monkey grass, thyme, dichondra, etc.) Surface safety Area must be flat Block Blocks: - Small level difference -Narrow spacing Walking support Aim: Achieve both plant sustainability and surface safety (Jointly developed with Ohshima Landscape Construction Co., Ltd.) 14

15 Tour Material (3) Smart Green Parking Car Park Greening System Performance of developed product Initial cost Appearance Durability Surface safety Plant diversity Grass Monkey grass Thyme Moss phlox Sustainability Competing product Toyota-developed product Asphalt car park Greened car park Asphalt car park Greened car park The surface temperature of a greened car park is approximately 15 C less than an asphalt car park. 15

16 Smart Green Wall Wall Greening System Tour Material (4) Background Energy saving is key, and a simple wall-greening system can be effective. Characteristics of Smart Green Wall Climbing plants are guided by wires - Wires are light and easy to attach to buildings. - Plants easily grow up the ladder-like wires. - Adjustable tension reduces flapping in wind. Comparison with commercial green wall technology Item New Toyota SGW Commercial green wall Material Metal wires Plastic Installation Year-round Summer only Wind resistance Typhoon level (wind speed: 34 m/s) Must be taken down in strong winds Inclusion in green space Yes No Target users Companies Homes 16

17 Smart Green Wall Wall Greening System Tour Material (5) Structure and key points of differentiation Roll of ladder-like wire Bracket (wire attachment process) Energy saving effect The Smart Green Wall system has an energy saving effect of approximately 25%. Eye bolt (for plant growth) Wire end adjustor (for plant growth) Adjustable tension M12 bolt (wire attachment process) Base steel material (wire attachment process) Cumulative power consumption (wh) Air conditioning power consumption Without 緑化無し wall greening With 緑化有りwall greening Approx. 25% reduction 0 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 Results from tests using the laboratory of the Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory (measured on September 20, 2011). Tension adjustor (for plant growth) Bracket (wire attachment process) Wire end adjustor (for plant growth) Base steel material (wire attachment process) M12 bolt (wire attachment process) Wall greening No wall greening 17 Wall surface temperature difference is approximately -10 C.

18 Aims Tour Material (6) Smart Green System Integrated Urban Greening/Smart Grid Model - To enhance greening systems by utilizing the power/information management functions of smart grids - To supply renewable energy to irrigation devices and save labor for maintaining greening Smart Green System Toyota Smart Center Monitoring of information on state of plant growth Solar panels Smart phone Remote operation of irrigation Energy management unit (electricity storage, charging & distribution) Renewable energy Power/irrigation control Charging control Power control Greening systems Car (PHV, EV) Smart house 18

19 Weight (kg) Cool Spot Creation Technology Tour Material(7) Measurement method Zelkova Height: 6.4 m Conventional Porometer TDP sensor Measurement results Example measurement results for amount and weight of water supply and drainage (August 29, sunny) 650 Amount of water supplied Weight Amount of water drained Transpiration Water supply and drainage (L/10 min) New method Large scale bench measurement Dissipation Maximum transpiration of 36 L/day (L/day) 40 Dissipation Ambient temperature Daily change in dissipation by zelkova (August 9 to 22, 2010) Maximum ambient temperature: 37.5 C Ambient temp. ( C)

20 Standard Processes in Plant Breeding Tour Material (8) Planning Selection Evaluation Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 Process Study requirements Study breeding feasibility Cross fertilization, etc. processes Selection (harvest superior stock) Verify repeatability Evaluate productivity Sales preparation Outline Benchmark competing products and identify development requirements using market surveys, etc. Acquire wide range of target plants, study various treatment conditions, and perform predevelopment tests. Perform cross fertilization and mutation processes, then observe initial growth and cultivate seedlings until selection of individual stock. Select individual stock from parent population. Verify uniformity, proliferation, and differences from original variety using groups of superior stock. Evaluate production period at farm, quality, and productivity. (Third party evaluation) Create basic cultivation manual for location of cultivation. - Secure production farms - Create production plan Selection from various individual stock Large scale crossfertilization Repeatability verification (using cuttings) - Uniformity - Proliferation - Differences with original varieties Mutation (Chemical and physical processes) Superior stock 20