A New Procedure to Calculate the Energy Consumption of Air Handling Units

Transcription

1 A New Procedure to Calculate the Energy Consumption of Air Handling Units Miklós Kassai #1, László Kajtár #2 Department of Building Service Engineering and Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Bertalan Lajos Street. 4-6., Budapest, H-1111, Hungary 1 kas.miklos@gmail.com 2 kajtar@epgep.bme.hu Abstract According to the 2002/91/EC, the Directive on the energy performance of buildings it is important to determine the expected energy consumption of the building in the step of the designing. There are imperfections in the actual available national and international regulations as for the methods to calculate the energy consumption of the air handling units. The actual calculation methods are fairly inexact approximations while they characterize the monthly energy consumption only with the average temperature or average enthalpy which takes into account the changing of the ambient air state only approximately. The most actual calculation procedures also not consider the systems that operate not continuously (only at night or in daytime). Based on the calculation procedure that uses the ambient temperature and enthalpy duration curves these problems can be solved. A new calculation method was worked out that takes into consideration the air handling energy consumption with the ambient temperature and enthalpy duration curves. Keywords energy consumption, air handling unit, new calculation procedure 1. Introduction The population and residential buildings represent almost 40% of the total energy consumption in Hungary. Their share is similar in the EU countries and if the buildings used in the industrial and transport sector are also taken into consideration, this figure even reaches 50% [1]. The major part of this 50% is used for air conditioning. From the point of view of sustainable development and international agreements (Kyoto protocol) the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption is an important issue. The energy consumption of air handling units can be calculated in two ways. In the case of working air handling units the actual consumption data can be exactly determined by measurement. But according to Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD) it is also important to determine the expected energy consumption of buildings in the designing phase. The directive was implemented by the Decree of no.

2 7/2006 of the Minister Without Portfolio [2]. The decree provides information and methods to calculate the energy consumption of building services but for instance the calculation of the energy consumption of air handling units is still problematic. Effective since 2008, Government Decree 264/2008. (XI. 6.) gives guidelines for the energy audit of boilers and air conditioning systems. Making a study of the international scientific literature, Erik Reichert worked out a calculation procedure in his Ph.D. thesis at the University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart, with which the net energy consumption of the air handling unit can be calculated. The method sepatares the Mollier h-x chart into 4 parts in accordance with the main changing processes of the air state (air humidification, cooling). With this procedure the energy consumption of the air handling units can be calculated with the help of statistical, meteorological database suitable for the geographic area of the analysed space [3]. Similarly in Germany with the leading of Professor Bert Oschatz a calculation method was developed to determine the energy consumption of the air-conditioning systems. This method uses specific values [Wh/m 3 h] to calculate the heating and cooling energy consumption of the air handling units also in monthly period [4]. Claude-Alain Roulet has also developed a calculation procedure to determine the annual energy consumption of the air handling systems. From the developed methods also standards were made: VDI 2067 (Blatt 21) based on the research work of Erik Reichert, DIN V /3/5/10 based on the research work of Professor Bert Oschatz and EN ISO based on the research work of Claude-Alain Roulet. The timeliness of this research theme shows that the current available calculation procedures enable the only the rough estimate of the energy consumption of air handling units. The mentioned methods do not take into account of the heat and moisture load of the air handled space. During our research our objective was to work out a calculation procedure which is suitable for the analysis of the energy consumption of air handling units taking into account the different and complex air handling processes and the above mentioned inadequacies. 2. The Developed Physical Model Calculation of heating and cooling energy consumption it is necessary to take account of variation of ambient air parameters (temperature, humidity and enthalpy) that vary in daily and season period [5,6]. The developed calculation procedure is introduced in the article by an air handling unit with air recirculation (AHU). The connection diagram can be seen of fresh supply air handling system on Fig. 1. The signs of the figure are the following:

3 PH: Pre-heater, AH: Adiabatic humidifier, C: Cooler, RH: Re-heater, V: Ventilator, F: Filter, SH: Shutter against the rain. Fig. 1. The connection diagram of the AHU Some parameters are given such as the temperature and relative humidity of ambient air in the dimensioning phase ( t OS ; ϕ OS ), the supply air that enters the room ( t S ; ϕ S ) and the outgoing air that leaves the room ( t OG ; ϕ OG ). To perform the energy calculations it is necessary to know the supply air volume flow and the density of the supply air. The values of indoor air parameters depend on the air distribution of the room and are shown between the supply air and outgoing parameters. The energy analysis is not influenced by the indoor air parameters. Throughout the calculation of the energy consumption of heating the supply air parameters were assumed to be constant during the heating season. This approximation was also applied for the supply and outgoing parameters in the dimensioning phase for the cooling season in the summer. In this paper the new developed method is demonstrated in cooling season. Analyzing the cooling energy consumption the calculation procedure is similar in the summer time. The dimensioning phase for the summer period is specified by the regulations (Fig. 2.). The average temperature of the surface of cooling coil ( t SA ) is about C when the cooling water temperature is 7/12 C.

4 Fig. 2. Cooling process on the Mollier h-x chart in the dimensioning phase in summer time In light of the above mentioned data the area proportional to the energy consumption of the cooling coil can be drawn in the ambient enthalpy duration curve. In consideration of the fact that there is condensation on the surface of the cooling coil, the ambient enthalpy duration curve was used to determine the annual energy consumption of the cooling coil (Fig. 3.). Fig. 3. The area on the ambient enthalpy duration curve that represents the energy consumption of the cooling coil The energy consumption of the cooling coil: where: ρ [kg/m 3 ] hos [ 1 F ( h) ] Q C = ρ V& C O dh ; kj/year (1) hs the air density,

5 V & C [m 3 /h] the air volume flow in the cooling coil, h [kj/kg] the enthalpy of the supply air, S h [kj/kg] the enthalpy of the supply air in the dimensioning phase, OS F O (h) [-] the ambient enthalpy duration curve (07-19 hours). In light of the energy consumption of the cooling coil the electricity consumption of the compressor can be calculated as follows [7]: where: Wc = QC /(SEER 3600) ; kwh/year (2) SEER [-] Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio. In the event that there is heat recovery unit operation in the same way there is possible to determine the energy saving with the heat recovery system. The area proportional to the energy consumption of the saved energy in the case of the cooling coil can be seen on Fig. 4. Fig. 4. The area on the ambient temperature duration curve that represents the saved energy of the heat recovery unit in summer time

6 The saved energy of the heat recovery unit (for the cooling coil): t OS thrs Q HR(C) = cpa ρ V& [ 1 FO ( t) ] dt [ 1 FHR (t)] dt ; kwh/year (3) t G tg where: c pa [kj/kg C] heat capacity of the air at constant pressure, V & [m 3 /h] t [ C] G OS air volume flow in cooling coil, the outgoing air that leaves the room, t [ C] ambient air temperature at sizing state, t [ C] air temperature after the heat recovery unit at sizing HRS state, which value depends on the efficiency of the heat recovery, the outgoing air and the ambient air temperature, F O (t) [-] duration curve of the ambient air temperature, F HR (t) [-] air temperature curve after the heat recovery unit, which can be drawn by the efficiency of the heat recovery, the outgoing air and the ambient air temperature curve. By this manner the energy consumption of heaters also can be determined. On this wise there is possibility to analyse the energy consumption of other constructed air handling units for example with energy recovery or dehumidifying operation. 3. The Mathematical Model The ambient temperature (Fig. 5.) and enthalpy duration curves are not known analytically, in this manner the integral values that we developed were determined with appreciative numerical computing.

7 Fig. 5. The ambient enthalpy duration curve from October until March (Budapest, measured temperatures between ) [8] We digitalised the duration curves from the scientific literature, that were fixed in three hours period during the meteorological monitoring, then we placed points to the functions (Fig. 6.). For this task Autodesk AutoCAD 2006 program was right. Wittingly the scale of the duration curves the areas (the values of the integrals) could be computable numerical. Fig. 6. Application of spline interpolation with Autodesk AutoCAD 2006 program In the mathematical sciences the spline is a special function that consists from more polynomial. Autodesk AutoCAD 2006 uses rational B-spline curbes (NURBS).

8 4. Results In our research work a comparative analysis was made between the new calculation procedure we had developed and the existing international calculation methods. During our analysis the net energy consumption of three air handling units for heating and cooling was determined and the volume flow rate of the air was 3000 m 3 /h. The energy analysis was performed using meteorological data for Budapest. The elements of the AHUs are presented in Table 1. The symbols are the following: HR: Heat recovery unit, ER: Energy recovery unit, PH: Pre-heater, C: Cooling coil, AH: Adiabatic humidifier, SH: Steam humidifier, RH: Re-heater. Table 1. Elements of the AHUs HR ER PH C AH SH RH AHU 1. X X X X X AHU 2. X X X X X AHU 3. X X X X The annual net energy consumption of the analysed air handling units for heating and cooling can be seen on Fig [kwh/year] New Method Erik Reichert Bert Oschatz Claude-Alain Roulet Fig. 7. Annual net energy consumption of the AHUs for heating

9 [kwh/year] New Method Erik Reichert Bert Oschatz Claude-Alain Roulet Fig. 8. Annual net energy consumption of the AHUs for cooling 5. Conclusion The tables show that the results of the energy consumption different if calculated using the new procedure or the method by Erik Reichert, Bert Oschatz, Calude-Alain Roulet. But in each examined case (AHU 1-3.) the result of the international calculation methods is almost the same as the figures obtained through the new calculation procedure. In the case of AHU 2 equipped with an adiabatic humidifier there is a larger difference with regard to energy consumption for heating. In our view the present international methods do not take into consideration the higher energy consumption of the re-heater, caused by the adiabatic humidifier. Another reason for the different results is that effective regulations define the monthly energy consumption by a single figure only, e.g. average temperature or average enthalpy which only approximately takes into account the changing of the ambient state of the air. 6. Acknowledgment The research work was supported by Sustainable Energy Program of BUTE Research University. 7. References [1] L. Bánhidi. Korszerű gyakorlati épületgépészet, Verlag Dashöfer Kiadó, Budapest, 7. chapter pp.1 (2010) [2] Decree of no. 7/2006 of the Hungarian Minister Without Portfolio, complying the European Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings, 2006.

10 [3] E. Reichert. Ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Energie- und Stoffaufwands zur Luftbehandlung bei raumlufttechnischen Anlagen, Universität Stuttgart, pp (2000). [4] B.M. Schmidt, T. Hecker, D. Fischhaber. Der einfache Weg zur DIN V (Teil 3.), IHKS Fach.Journal - Fachzeitschrift für Planungsbüros, Anlagenbau, Öffentliche Hand und Fachhandel, pp (2006) [5] J. Pfafferott, S. Herkel, M. Wambsganß. Design, monitoring and evaluation of a low energy office building with passive cooling by night ventilation, Energy and Buildings, ISSN , pp. 458 (2004) [6] L. Kajtár, M. Kassai, L. Bánhidi. Computerised simulation of energy consumption of air handling units. Energy and Buildings, pp (2011) [7] C. Dunlop. Air conditioning & Heat Pumps. pp 126. (2003) [8] R. Kiss. Légtechnikai adatok, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, ISBN , pp (1980)