An Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
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1 An Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment Jeremy Gregory and Randolph Kirchain Materials Systems Laboratory Intro to LCA: Slide 1
2 How would you evaluate the environmental performance of options to support engineering, business, or consumer decisions? Intro to LCA: Slide 2
3 Example: Comparing Bottle Materials Your firm is going to launch a new line of all natural beverages that focuses on environmentally and socially conscious consumers Your team has been tasked to identify the type of material you will use for the bottle Aluminum or PET You have been tasked with identifying which material has the lower environmental burden What do you need to know? Intro to LCA: Slide 3
4 Comparing Aluminum and PET: Unit Forming Energy 25 Energy Usage (MJ) Hydroelectric Nuclear Fossil Fuels 0 Al Can Making (1 kg) PET Bottle Making (1kg) Franklin Associates, Prairie Village, Kansas, USA, 2000 Intro to LCA: Slide 4
5 Life Cycle of an Aluminum Can Intro to LCA: Slide 5
6 Comparing Aluminum and PET: Unit Production Energy 250 Energy Usage (MJ) Hydroelectric Nuclear Fossil Fuels 0 Aluminum (1 kg) PET (1kg) Franklin Associates, Prairie Village, Kansas, USA, 2000 Intro to LCA: Slide 6
7 What about product design? What would be an equivalent way to compare? Intro to LCA: Slide 7
8 Comparing Aluminum and PET: Production Energy of a Single Container Energy Usage (MJ) Aluminum (1 can: 14 g) PET (1 bottle: 45 g) Hydroelectric Nuclear Fossil Fuels Franklin Associates, Prairie Village, Kansas, USA, 2000 Intro to LCA: Slide 8
9 Comparing Aluminum and PET: Production Energy of a Common Volume Energy Usage (MJ) Aluminum (200 cl) PET (200 cl) Hydroelectric Nuclear Fossil Fuels Franklin Associates, Prairie Village, Kansas, USA, 2000 Intro to LCA: Slide 9
10 What happens to the container after production? Intro to LCA: Slide 10
11 Comparing Aluminum and PET: Production Energy of a Common Volume Energy Usage (MJ) Hydroelectric Nuclear Fossil Fuels 0 Franklin Associates, Prairie Village, Kansas, USA, 2000 Intro to LCA: Slide 11
12 Beyond Energy? Intro to LCA: Slide 12
13 Comparing Aluminum and PET: Production Emissions of a Common Volume 12 LC Emissions (kg) Aluminum (200 cl) PET (200 cl) 0 CO2 (/100) CO SOx NOx Part < 10 um (*10) VOC Franklin Associates, Prairie Village, Kansas, USA, 2000 Intro to LCA: Slide 13
14 How can we make a systematic choice based on environmental performance? Intro to LCA: Slide 14
15 Life Cycle Assessment: Basic Concept Energy Processing Chemicals Disposal / Recycling Raw Materials Materials Production Life Cycle Manufacture Releases to Land Air Emissions Water Effluents Product Quantify inflows and outflows Characterize how Use in & outflows Assembly change the world Intro to LCA: Slide 15
16 What is LCA used for? Learning/Exploration Improvement opportunities Liability concerns Evolution Decision-Making Product and process design Purchasing Policy-making Communication Eco-labeling Product Declarations Intro to LCA: Slide 16
17 What is Life-cycle Assessment? (ISO 14040) a technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product by: Compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs ; Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs; Interpreting those results in relation to the objectives of the study Intro to LCA: Slide 17
18 LCA: Methodology Goal & Scope Definition What is the unit of analysis? What materials, processes, or products are to be considered? Inventory Analysis Identify & quantify Energy inflows Material inflows Releases Impact Analysis Relating inventory to impact on world Goal & Scope Definition Inventory Analysis Impact Analysis Interpretation Intro to LCA: Slide 18
19 LCA: Key Issues to Consider Functional Unit What is compared to what? Beverage cans Laundry Detergent System boundaries What will be included? Impact assessment What impacts will be considered? How to trade-off impacts? Intro to LCA: Slide 19
20 Goal & Scope Definition: Identifying the Functional Unit Reference flow against which all others are related Establishes a common level of performance across the systems to be considered Examples Light bulbs Detergent Wallpaper vs. paint Intro to LCA: Slide 20
21 Functional Unit Matters Only Processing, Common Mass 25 Life-cycle, Common Volume 25 Energy Usage (MJ) Energy Usage (MJ) Al Can Making (1 kg) PET Bottle Making (1kg) 0 Aluminum (200 cl) PET (200 cl) Intro to LCA: Slide 21
22 Scope of LCA is Important Use : 5 years Mercury : 0 mg Mercury : 6 mg Mercury : 0.6 mg Mercury : 2 mg Intro to LCA: Slide 22
23 Examples of LCA application Intro to LCA: Slide 23
24 Case 1: Alkaline Batteries Where do you think the environmental hot spot would be for this product? Production Use End-of-Life Intro to LCA: Slide 24
25 Case 1: Overall Life Cycle Impact Intro to LCA: Slide 25
26 Case 1: Production of Alkaline Batteries Where in production are the hot spots? Production Intro to LCA: Slide 26
27 Case 1: Breakdown of Production Impact 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% CED GWP EI Transport (except raw materials) Packaging Materials and Facility Manufacturing Facility Materials Production Intro to LCA: Slide 27
28 Case 1: Raw Material Production Strategies What strategies can a battery manufacturer take to reduce their raw material impact? Change materials Change suppliers CED (MJ) Raw Materials Production Manufacturing Facility Packaging Transportation Intro to LCA: Slide 28
29 Case 2: Boots Botanics Shampoo Where do you think the environmental hot spot would be for this product? Greenhouse gas emissions Production Use End-of-Life Carbon Trust: Working with Boots: Product carbon footprinting in practice Intro to LCA: Slide 29
30 Case 2: Boots Botanical Shampoo Lifecycle Intro to LCA: Slide 30
31 Case 2: Use Phase Dominates Use phase dominates lifecycle impact What strategies can Boots implement to address this impact? Intro to LCA: Slide 31
32 Case 2: Changing Consumer Behavior Shorter showers? Colder showers? 3.5 Use Phase Carbon Footprint Water temperature (C) Intro to LCA: Slide 32
33 Case 2: Boots In-store strategy Encouraging consumers to use cooler water to wash their hair Intro to LCA: Slide 33
34 Case 2: Evaluate in-house impacts Intro to LCA: Slide 34
35 Case 2: In-house impacts Raw materials Distribution What in-house strategies did Boots implement? Intro to LCA: Slide 35
36 Case 2: Raw Materials in Packaging Used more recycling materials in packaging 30% post-consumer recycled PET Reduced disposable packaging Reusable shipping containers Intro to LCA: Slide 36
37 Case 2: Distribution Far East to EU More ship travel, less air travel More efficient packing of shipping containers Within EU More efficient packing of trucks Reduced amount of empty backhaul Intro to LCA: Slide 37
38 Common Life Cycle Hot spots Production Materials Production Impacts can be far upstream Recovery / Recycling Manufacture and Assembly You are here Use Use Impacts can be far downstream Intro to LCA: Slide 38
39 Standardizing approach: Greenhouse gas protocol scopes Source: GHG Protocol Intro to LCA: Slide 39
40 Results from Corporate Reporting Apple is Placing Emphasis on Comprehensive Analysis Intro to LCA: Slide 40
41 Life cycle thinking needs to be incorporated more into design process Intro to LCA: Slide 41
42 There is a need for LCA specialists A key issue that holds back environmentally conscious design Lack of LCA specialists LCA knowledgeable Product designers Process designers Courtesy: S Murphy, ThinkStep Intro to LCA: Slide 42
43 Thank you Jeremy Gregory Intro to LCA: Slide 43
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