Past, present and future of water treatment

Transcription

1 Past, present and future of water treatment Prof.dr.ir. Stijn Van Hulle Department of Industrial Biological Sciences UGent-Campus Kortrijk

2 Water: -> 1, km³ in total

3 Watercycle 3

4 Water use

5 5

6 Water use: depending on time of day

7 Water use: depending on time of day

8 8 Water: the past Drinking water From the river Pump or water delivery ( waterboer )

9 9 Water: the past Waste water On the street

10 10 Water: the past Waste water Cesspool > use as manure

11 11 Water: the past Result Disease (e.g. cholera) People drank beer (boiled) or dune water (filtered).

12 12 Water: the past Result Stench Louis XIV moved every 3 months Covering up waterways (in cities): e.g. Reep in Ghent.

13 13 Water: the past Result Gentse waterzooi with chicken instead of river fish.

14 14 Water: the past Oxygen depletion in rivers

15 15 Water: the past Result Eutrofication -> algal growth Efects on aquatic life (e.g. abces).

16 17 Development of treatment technology Drinking water production (start early 20 th century) Belgium was in 1906 the first country to use chlorine for desinfection E.g. IWVA started with drinking water technology left after WW I at Cabour

17 18 Development of treatment technology Sewage and waste water treatment E.g. Dresden 1921

18 19

19 20 Current situation Water from tap is perfectlty drinkable and 55 times cheaper (1-4 euro/m³) than bottled water (1-2 euro/l) (and more environmental friendly) Some countries understood that!.

20 21

21 22 Current situation Drinking water is produced based on a multi barrier approach (e.g. Weesperkarspel, Nederland).

22 Water production Regional distribution of drinking water companies

23 24 Current situation Waste water is treated by bacteria and air for C, N and P removal.

24 Aquafin (75% connected/65% is treated): Municipal waste water: Aquafin

25 Aquafin (75% connected/65% is treated):

26 27

27 28 Current situation Little or no water related diseases (as of 1900) Improved quality of surface water (as of 1980)

28 29 A world perspective More than 3 bilion people lack proper sanitation See e.g. world toilet day.

29 30 A world perspective Water delivery.

30 31 A world perspective Pump.

31 32 A world perspective Waste water discharge.

32 . 33

33 Desinfection remains important 34

34 Relation safe drinking water and children s death rate 35

35 How about us? COD + O 2 -> CO 2 Energy use

36 How about us? Sustainable? +/- 0,5-1% of GHG originates from water treatment 3% of N 2 O emissions (300x CO 2 )

37 Concern on N 2 O emission Agriculture 48% Industry 36% Traffic 10% WWTP 3%(*) Others 3%

38 How about us? No optimal use of Fresh water Nutrients (N and P) Organic content -> Currently discharged.

39

40 Inleiding Waterbeschikbaarheid

41 How about us? Virtual water:..

42 Water voetafdruk 45

43 How about us? Duurzaam? Ground water depletion (e.g. in Flanders) -> 75% reduction in pumping permits compared to 2000 in West Flanders.

44 47

45 48

46 How about us? Nutrient re-use (N en P) N:.

47 How about us? Nutrient re-use (N en P) NH 3 production based on Haber-Bosch from N 2 Yara Sluiskil, large producer in the Netherlands ( ton ammonia per year) is the biggest industrial user of natural gas in the Netherlands (1, m³ per year) NH 3 removal in water treatment based on conversion to N 2 (and very energy consuming).

48 How about us? Nutrient re-use (N en P) NH 3 production based on Haber-Bosch from N 2 Yara Sluiskil, large producer in the Netherlands ( ton ammonia per year) is the biggest industrial user of natural gas in the Netherlands (1, m³ per year) NH 3 removal in water treatment based on conversion to N 2 (and very energy consuming).

49 How about us? Nutrient re-use (N en P) P: limited reserves: depleted in 70 years (?).

50 90% of P reserves in 5 countries

51 54 How about us? Micropollutants O.a. medicines, drugs

52 55

53 Solutions? Resource Recovery!

54 57

55 60

56 Resource recovery Switch from aerobic to anaerobic treatment -> CH 4 production

57 Nieuwe behandeling afvalwater Switch van aerobe afbraak naar anaerobe afbraak-> o.a. CH 4 productie.

58 Nieuwe behandeling afvalwater Switch van aerobe afbraak naar anaerobe afbraak-> o.a. CH 4 productie. Cijfers: Jules van Lier, TU Delft

59 Nieuwe behandeling afvalwater Switch van aerobe afbraak naar anaerobe afbraak-> o.a. CH 4 productie. Cijfers: Jules van Lier, TU Delft

60 Oxidation level N Autotroof Oxygen and Carbon use Resource Recovery Autotrophic nitrification Advantage: +5 NO NO 2 - NO 2 - Heterotroof ANR O2 COD N 2 Volledig autotroof NH 4 + ½NH 4 + ½NH Classic 1 Partiële 2 ANR 3 nitrification/ nitrification/ denitrification denitrification Nitrification Denitrification Shortcut denitrification (Partiële) nitritification Anammox

61 Resource Recovery Partiële nitritation - Anammox

62 68 AOB NOB Anammox Inerte fractie

63 Resource recovery Autotrophic nitrification In granule: Green: AOB Blue: NOB Red: Anammox

64 Resource recovery Examples of nitrogen rich streams

65

66 Resource recovery P: struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) Fertiliser from waste water E.g. NuReSys..

67 Resource recovery P: struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) Fertiliser from waste water E.g. NuReSys : 78% removal Mg 2+ + NH HPO OH H 2 O MgNH 4 PO 4.6H 2 O..

68 Resource recovery P: struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) Fertiliser from waste water E.g. NuReSys : 78% removal..

69 Micro pollutants Removal with e.g. O 3 78

70 Examples

71 Nieuwe behandeling afvalwater Voorbeelden

72

73

74 83

75 Examples Flemish water company IWVA 5,5 million m³/year -> 45 % through waste water reuse after dune infiltration (40 days)

76 Nieuwe behandeling afvalwater Kringloopsluiting IWVA Productie van infiltratiewater uit RWZI effluent Opwerking van infiltratiewater na duinpassage (40 dagen) tot drinkwater Behoefte drinkwater 5,5 miljoen m³/jaar -> 45 % wordt geleverd via hergebruik.

77 We are all down stream

78 Lake Livingston 89

79 Cities of the future! Gentse waterzooi Opening up of water ways

80 Cities of the future! E.g. Tianjin Eco-city China

81 96