Project 4.23: Powertrain Thermal Management Strategies Based on Active Monitoring and Control PI: Ma (Virginia Tech)

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1 Project 4.23: Powertrain Thermal Management Strategies Based on Active Monitoring and Control PI: Ma (Virginia Tech) Project started: 2015 Estimated end: 2017 Resources / Funded effort: 2015 PI 1 SM, 1 GSRA 2016 PI 1 SM, 1 GSRA 2017 PI.1 SM, 1 GSRA (2 semesters) key: PI Principal Investigator (faculty unless otherwise indicated) co-pi co-principal Investigator (faculty unless otherwise indicated) FAC faculty quad member RS research scientist PD post-doctoral student GSRA graduate student research assistant RA/temp temporary student assistant (part time) SM summer month AY 9 months basis CY calendar year 12 month basis Eqpt equipment (> $5,000 requires executive committee approval) note: research supplies and travel are not listed

2 Project 4.23: Powertrain thermal management strategies based on active monitoring and control PROJECT REPORT Project Start Date: 1 January 2017 (this is the 3rd year for a project started on Jan 1, 2015) Quad Members: Name Position, Affiliation Contact Lin Ma (PI) Professor, Virginia Tech linma@vt.edu Heath Hofmann (collaborator) Associate Professor, University of Michigan hofmann@umich.edu Haoting Wang PhD Graduate Student, Virginia Tech haoting@vt.edu Tyler Capil MS Graduate Student, Virginia Tech tcapil@vt.edu Matthew Castanier Yi Ding Peter Schihl Data Analysis and Optimization US Army RDECOM-TARDEC Ground Vehicle Power & Mobility US Army RDECOM-TARDEC Ground Vehicle Power & Mobility US Army RDECOM-TARDEC matt.castanier@us.army.mil yi.ding8.civ@us.army.mil peter.schihl@us.army.mil Ed Hodge Chief Engineer, Rolls-Royce LibertyWorks C.Edward.Hodge@liberty.rollsroyce.com; Kim Yeow Engineer, AVL Powertrain Engineering kim.yeow@avl.com, Motivation, Background and Objectives: Thermal management is a critical challenge for the design of powertrain, particular hybrid systems involving batteries, due to their highly dynamic operation and wide range of operation environments. For example, the optimal temperature (T) range of operation for Li-ion batteries (~20 to 40 0 C) can be dramatically narrower than the operation range (which can vary between ~70 to C). Operating batteries working beyond their optimal temperature range can lead to decreased efficiency, life, and even catastrophe. Therefore in 2015, we proposed a new project to address four topics in the area of powertrain thermal management: 1) establish an experimental platform to study adaptive thermal management strategies, 2) develop and validate multi-disciplinary models integrating heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and electro-thermal dynamics, 3) design control strategies to maximize the cooling performance and minimize parasitic power consumption, and 4) augment collaborations with the ARC community. In the past three years, we have achieved all the objectives for the four topics. We have established the experimental platforms [1-5] and archived multi-disciplinary models [1, 2, 4] in the ARC depository in the area of powertrain thermal management. The active controlled thermal management successfully reduced the parasitic energy consumption while maintaining the cooling performance. For our 2017 efforts, we proposed the following specific objectives: 1) obtain experimental data to validate both detailed and reduced-order model (ROM) for a large pack, 2) obtain experimental measurements of T distribution along the cooling path of a battery pack using IR imaging, 3) extend 1

3 existing ROM to two-dimensional (2D) thermal model, 4) Study the active control of large pack using both unidirectional and reciprocating cooling flows based on the experimental platform and ROM model described above, 5) conduct exploratory study on the use of heat pipes and liquid cooling, 6) continue collaborating with other PIs and sharing well-documented experimental data in the ARC community. While the 2017 efforts are still ongoing, we are on schedule to complete the project as proposed. The two dimensional ROM model was first created for a large scale battery pack. The model combined the advantages of existing detailed (CFD or FEA) [3, 6] and simplified (1D ROM or 1D lumped model) [2, 7, 8] thermal models while avoiding their limitations. And experiments have been performed to measure the T distribution in the pack, the data were used to validate the thermal models and showed good accuracy of the model. Also, we have improved current active control strategy [4, 5] using continuous flow rate variation. The controlled temperature was more stable and the parasitic energy consumption was further reduced comparing to current on and off cooling in the wind tunnel test. Approach: To address the above objectives, this project proposed a coordinated experimental and modeling effort. The experimental aspects of this project are based on the platform shown in Figure 1. The platform consists of four major components: A) the battery pack consists of real prismatic cells and up to 16 dummy cells with adjustable heat generation rates; B) the cycler and control system to charge/discharge both the real and dummy cells in programmable patterns; C) a wind tunnel that provides controlled cooling flow; and D) diagnostic instrumentation such as IR imaging, pressure rake, and velocimetry probes. We used this experimental platform to accomplish the research goals proposed above. Specifically in last year we have used this experimental platform to: 1) obtain the experimental measurements of T distribution of a battery pack, 2) study active control on a large pack using both unidirectional and reciprocating cooling flows. Figure 1: Experimental platform and data acquisition devices 2

4 The simulation aspect of this project was based on the ROM models developed by the PI s own group [1, 2, 4, 9] and also by other PIs [10-12] in the ARC community. Last year s work was focused on two aspects: 1) extend existing ROM to two-dimensional (2D) and to incorporate reciprocating cooling flows, 2) validate 2D ROM using T distribution measurements. Previous Year(s) Accomplishments: The following is a detailed list of the proposed tasks and the corresponding accomplishments from the beginning of the project Q1 Tasks: 1. Develop the experimental platform for adaptive battery control 2. Integrate ROM with electro-thermal mechanisms into the adaptive control scheme 3. Perform initial adaptive control experiments with the integrated ROM 2015 Q1 Accomplished: An experimental platform of small battery pack was built and experimental data were generated from this platform successfully. The ROM with electro-thermal mechanisms were studied with adaptive control scheme and validated through experimental data Q2 Tasks: 1. Summarize the results of Q1 into one journal publication 2. Integrate electro-thermal mechanisms into a CFD model 3. Perform comparative study of the ROM versus the full-scale CFD model 2015 Q2 Accomplished: The results of Q1 are summarized into a journal publication [4]. The electro-thermal mechanisms were integrated into a CFD model and the results were compared with the ROM data Q3 Tasks: 1. Analysis of the experimental data using the full-scale CFD model 2. Improve and continue the adaptive control experiments based on the above analysis 2015 Q3 Accomplished: The experimental data were analyzed and compared to the data generated by the CFD model, and the adaptive control strategy were examined and validated Q4 Tasks: 1. Study the integration of online parameterization into the control scheme 2. Perform initial adaptive control experiments with online parameterization 3. Summarize the results from Q2 and Q3 into at least one journal publication 2015 Q4 Accomplished: The online parameterization has been integrated into the control scheme. The results of Q2 and Q3 were summarized into a journal paper [2] Q1 Tasks: 1. Perform initial test of the 16 cell pack in the wind tunnel 2. Demonstrate independent and controllable heating of each cell in the pack 3

5 3. Measure temperature, pressure, and velocity distribution to characterize the thermal-fluid dynamics of the pack 2016 Q1 Accomplished: The experimental platform has been constructed and the initial tests of the 16 cell pack has been performed in wind tunnel. The independent and controllable heating of each cell in the pack has been demonstrated. The temperature, pressure and velocity data has been measured during the wind tunnel test to characterize the thermal-fluid dynamics of the pack Q2 Tasks: 1. Summarize the results in Q1 into at least one journal paper 2. Demonstrate close loop active control of the pack by regulating the direction and flow rate of batteries 3. Demonstrate close loop active control under dynamic charging/discharging cycles 4. Use the dummy cells as heating elements to study the thermal behavior of the real cells under extreme temperatures and the effects of different pack configuration 2016 Q2 Accomplished: The results of Q1 were summarized into a journal publication [5]. The closed loop active control has been demonstrated by regulating direction and flow rate of the cooling flow, and also has been demonstrated under dynamic cycles. The thermal behavior of real cell under extreme temperature was also studied through adjusting the heating power of dummy cells Q3 Tasks: 1. Perform CFD analysis and compare the results with the experimental data obtained in Q1 and Q2 2. Extend ROM developed in 2015 to a larger pack 3. Validate the extended model using CFD and experimental results 2016 Q3 Accomplished: The CFD and ROM models were developed on the larger pack. The results of the numerical models were validated by the experimental results Q4 Tasks: 1. Summarize the results in Q2 and Q3 into at least one journal publication 2. Demonstrate the active control of a large pack using the ROM developed 3. Explore the effectiveness of different cooling methods such as cold plate with liquid cooling and heat pipe 2016 Q4 Accomplished: The active control of a large pack was demonstrated under elevated temperatures, and a journal paper was published [5]. The effectiveness of heat pipe cooling was tested, the result shows that the heat pipe can enhance the passive cooling performance Q1 Tasks: 1. Use the existing real + dummy cell module to form a large scale battery pack with at least 18 cells 2. Perform initial wind tunnel test of the 18 cell pack 4

6 2017 Q1 Accomplished: A large scale battery pack has been formed by the existing real and dummy cells. The initial wind tunnel tests have been performed on the 18-cell pack Q2 Tasks: 1. Achieve continuous variation of the cooling flow rate passing through the battery pack by improving current active control cooling strategy 2. Apply reciprocating and active controlled cooling to reduce the T non-uniformity and the parasitic energy consumption 3. Organize the results on active control of a large pack into at least 1 journal paper 2017 Q2 Accomplished: The continuous variation of cooling flow rate has been achieved in the wind tunnel test using PID control. The reciprocating and active controlled cooling has been performed, the T non-uniformity and the parasitic energy consumption has been reduced. We are working on a journal paper that will summarize these results [13]. The tasks proposed for Q3 and Q4 of 2017 are undergoing and we anticipate an on-schedule completion of these tasks Q3 Tasks: 1. Measure the core temperatures of the cells at different cooling conditions 2. Use the IR camera to measure the T distribution of the large scale battery pack, validate the IR imaging data with the thermocouple measurements 2017 Q4 Tasks: 1. Create two dimensional reduced order models for large battery pack 2. Validate the 2D ROM by comparing the T distribution data with the IR image data, and comparing the core temperature data with the thermocouple measurements 3. Incorporate reciprocating flow in 2D ROM, investigate reducing the T non-uniformity in large scale battery pack by applying different cooling strategies 4. Organize the result on 2D model into at least 1 journal paper External Review Board Recommendations and Researcher Feedback Reviewer 1: Reviewer comments: This project is in its third year and they have shown promise to date with high impact publications. We should allow them to finish the third year. PI response: We thank the very positive feedback and encouragement from this reviewer. Reviewer 2: Reviewer comments: I found it difficult to review this proposal. On the one hand, developing thermal management strategies for batteries and powertrain systems is very important. On the other hand, the actual experimental system that has been built seems to be missing several important physical 5

7 properties of automotive battery systems that would be required for the experiments to be truly relevant to actual systems. Therefore, although I think this work could be used to help validate some of the underlying models, I m not convinced that it can be used to properly explore and prove out thermal management strategies. PI response: We are glad that the reviewer recognizes the importance of developing thermal management strategies for batteries and powertrain systems. We further agrees with the reviewer that our work cannot, and is not intended to, be conducted under truly practical conditions. Our intention and strength, exactly as the reviewer also pointed out, is to help validate the underlying models. Furthermore, due to some of the innovative experimental approaches, we can validate the underlying models and even explore some of the high-risk approaches with manageable cost and rapid turnaround time. Reviewer 3: Reviewer comments: This is the continuation of a previous project targeted on thermal management strategies based on active monitoring and control. The specific extended efforts on battery pack and its temperature non-uniformity by obtaining experimental data for model validation, Extend existing ROM to two-dimensional (2D), and study of active control may bridge the gap and potentially support the efforts for military vehicle electrification and 6T format Li-ion battery applications. The transition of the research results has not been detailed in the proposed efforts. The funding requested does not cover the travel cost to participate AIAA conference. The Offeror may need to increase the requested funds or may want to mention that he is going to use other funds to cover the travel cost. PI response: We thank the reviewer for recognizing that our work may bridge the gap and potentially support the efforts for military vehicle electrification and 6T format Li-ion battery applications. Regarding the comments about transition of the work, we do have plans to archive (and have been archiving) results and models in the ARC depository; and we will do a better job communicating our plan to transition our work in future reports, proposals, and meetings with our quad members. Lastly, regarding the comment about travel cost for the AIAA conference, the fund we requested from ARC is indeed not sufficient, and the PI s plan was to combine funds from his other projects as usually the attendance of AIAA conference is relevant to and will benefit multiple of his projects. Reviewer 4: Reviewer comments: This plan presented in the proposal was well thought out and shows good collaboration with other PI's working in the same thrust area. The use of IR imaging to obtain temperature measurements in a controlled experiment will provide a chance to advance that technique. PI response: We thank the positive feedback from the reviewer, and we are also excited about the new data that the IR technique is expected to enable. Reviewer 5: Reviewer comments: The proposed exploratory research on heat pipes near the end of this project is dubious to say the least. The PI should confer with TARDEC thermal management engineers to ensure there is interest in light of the fact that TARDEC has explored heat pipes on various occasions during the last few decades. This project is truly focused on HEV architecture where there is a significant sized battery pack for energy storage. TARDEC isn t as focused as they used to be in the past of HEV and thus this projects relevancy to TARDEC is minor. 6

8 PI response: We thank the reviewer for the suggestion on the exploratory work we mentioned about heat pipes, and we will indeed need to confer with TARDEC about the relevance of heat pipes should our exploratory results encourage further work in this area. However, for this current project, our focus is not on heat pipes - probably more than 90% of the proposed efforts does not involve heat pipes. And we will put in a stronger effort to articulate this more clearly in our future communications with the ARC community. Major Milestones and Deliverables since Project Start: Year/Month 2015/06 The design of the experimental platform of a small battery pack was completed and the experimental demonstration of adaptive control scheme was conducted on this platform. 2015/09 Both ROM and CFD model were built and integrated with the electro-chemical mechanism, and the models were verified by the experimental data. The CFD and ROM models were validated by these experimental data and archived in the ARC depository. 2016/06 The design of the experimental platform of the large battery pack was completed and the experiment demonstration of adaptive control scheme was conducted at both room temperature and elevated temperature environment. 2017/01 The existing ROM was expanded to the two dimensional ROM and demonstrated to provide accurate temperature distribution in pack. ARC/TARDEC/Industry Benefits: This project investigated several key aspects in adaptive battery cooling, and integrate these aspects to explore optimal control strategies using both experimental and simulation studies. The following interactions and benefits are expected: 1) Interactions with and benefits to other ongoing ARC research The PI has been and will continue to closely collaborate with other PIs. For example, in the past, we have shared heat transfer and pressure drop data in a wide range of flow velocities to Dr. Wagner (Clemson) and Dr. Yeow (AVL) for the study of powertrain modeling and battery cooling. The active control demonstration proposed here is expected to enjoy strong synergies among several ARC PIs and augment the PI s collaboration with them. For example, we expect our work to complement the activities of Dr. Stefanopoulou s group (Michigan, online parameterization and ROM development), and Drs. Filipi and Wagner (Clemson, in the area of multi-objective optimization of powertrain). The experimental demonstration is expected to integrate and highlight the breakthroughs in these areas, and also to provide archival data of adaptive control for these groups. This year, we plan to augment our collaborative efforts and also initiate a collaboration with Prof. Heath Hoffman s group (University of Michigan, currently working on e-motor thermal management). We plan to collaborate on the choice of optimal turbulence models, measurements of T distributions, and the development of ROMs. All these issues are important for both groups, given the near-wall effects and complicated geometries involved in both battery packs and e-motors. 2) Interactions with and benefits to ongoing TARDEC work The PI has been actively soliciting advice and inputs from Drs. Anna Stefanopoulou, Yi Ding, Peter Schihl, and Dr. Matthew Castanier in the strategic design of both the experimental and modeling 7

9 work. The PI will work with ARC and our TARDEC quad members to discuss the potential of implementation and transfer of the research to Army. 3) Interactions with and benefits to ongoing work at Industry partner The PI has been working with Dr. Kim Yeow (AVL Powertrain Engineering) since 2010, and has been providing results valuable for the evaluation of 3D effects, optimal packing, and power consumption for practical battery cooling. Starting in 2013, Dr. Ed Hodge from Rolls Royce has expressed interests in several aspects of the research and agreed to serve as an industrial quad member (see letter of support). Dr. Hodge has been supporting the PI in the area of advanced diagnostics for power systems, and the diagnostic and instrumentation development supported by Rolls Royce will facilitate the experimental aspects proposed in this ARC project. The PI regularly updates the quad members and integrates their inputs into the research (via both in person meetings and teleconference/ s). During the past two years, the PI has delivered onsite ARC seminars, presentations, and posters at the ARC review meeting, and discussed the projects regularly with the quad members. Seminars and reports given during are listed below: [1] L. Ma, Thermal Management Strategies Based on Active Monitoring and Control, 2016 Automotive Research Center Collaborative Research Seminar Series, Ann Arbor, MI, October 28, [2] L. Ma, 2016, invited keynote talk, TARDEC Innovation Talk, US Army RDECOM TARDEC, Powertrain Thermal Management Strategies Based on Active Monitoring and Control - Towards Higher Temperature and Larger Scale, Warren, MI, June 27, [3] H. Wang, T. Capil, L. Ma, Powertrain thermal management based on active monitoring and control toward higher temperature and larger pack, in: 2016 ARC conference, Ann Arbor, MI, [4] H. Wang, Active thermal control of Li-ion batteries at elevated thermal environment, in: CREATe seminar, Blacksburg, VA, February 26, [5] H. Wang, Y. Wu, F. He, L. Ma, Thermal Management of Li-ion Batteries Employing Active Control Strategies, SAE 2015 AeroTech Congress & Exhibition, September 22-24, 2015 [6] L. Ma, meeting with industrial quad members, Indianapolis, IN, Rolls-Royce, July [7]. Invited talk, L. Ma, Nonintrusive optical diagnostics for practical propulsion systems, 2015 General Electric Global Research Center Gas Turbine Combustion Seminar, June 11 and 12, 2015, Niskayuna, NY. [8] F. He, H. Wang, L. Ma, Experimental demonstration of active thermal control of a battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells, in: 2015 ARC Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, May Finalist of the Best Poster Award. [9] H. Wang, F. He, L. Ma, Active thermal control of prismatic battery cells demonstrated in a wind tunnel, in: 2015 ARC Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, May [10] H. Wang, F. He, L. Ma, Thermal management of energy storage systems based on battery modules, in: NAWEA 2015 Symposium, Blacksburg, VA, June Leveraged Funding: In this project, the PI has been and will continue to leverage 1) a Rolls-Royce project in the development of advanced diagnostics and instrumentation for power systems (see letter of support in appendix), and 2) an NSF grant for the development and implementation of non-intrusive sensors and data processing algorithms in thermal-fluid systems (NSF project , , ~$100k per year). This project has also benefited from the PI s startup fund at Virginia Tech in terms of upgrades to the wind tunnel, and 120 hours of machine shop service per year free of charge. Since Jan 2016, this project was also able to leverage an MS student (Tyler Capil) supported by the PI s home department. 8

10 Publications, Presentations, Copyrights, Patents or other Tech Transfer: Papers [1] H. Wang, W. Xu, L. Ma, Actively controlled thermal management of prismatic Li-ion cells under elevated temperatures, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 102 (2016) [2] H. Wang, F. He, L. Ma, Experimental and modeling study of controller-based thermal management of battery modules under dynamic loads, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 103 (2016) [3] F. He, L. Ma, Thermal Management in Hybrid Power Systems Using Cylindrical and Prismatic Battery Cells, Heat Transfer Engineering, 37(6) (2016) [4] L. Ma, Nonintrusive and Multidimensional Optical Diagnostics and Their Applications in the Study of Thermal-Fluid Systems, Heat Transfer Engineering 37 (3-4), [5] F. He, L. Ma, Thermal Management of Batteries Employing Active Temperature Control and Reciprocating Cooling Flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 83 (2015) [6] F. He, H. Wang, L. Ma, Experimental demonstration of active thermal control of a battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 91 (2015) [7] H. Wang, L. Ma, Thermal management of a large prismatic battery pack based on reciprocating flow and active control, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, under review (2017). [8] H. Wang, L. Ma, Two dimensional lumped parameter thermal modeling and experimental validation of Li-ion battery pack, (in preparation) Presentations [1] L. Ma, Thermal Management Strategies Based on Active Monitoring and Control, 2016 Automotive Research Center Collaborative Research Seminar Series, Ann Arbor, MI, October 28, [2] L. Ma, 2016, invited keynote talk, TARDEC Innovation Talk, US Army RDECOM TARDEC, Powertrain Thermal Management Strategies Based on Active Monitoring and Control - Towards Higher Temperature and Larger Scale, Warren, MI, June 27, [3] H. Wang, T. Capil, L. Ma, Powertrain thermal management based on active monitoring and control toward higher temperature and larger pack, in: 2016 ARC conference, Ann Arbor, MI, [4] H. Wang, Active thermal control of Li-ion batteries at elevated thermal environment, in: CREATe seminar, Blacksburg, VA, February 26, [5] H. Wang, Y. Wu, F. He, L. Ma, Thermal Management of Li-ion Batteries Employing Active Control Strategies, SAE 2015 AeroTech Congress & Exhibition, September 22-24, 2015 [6] L. Ma, meeting with industrial quad members, Indianapolis, IN, Rolls-Royce, July [7]. Invited talk, L. Ma, Nonintrusive optical diagnostics for practical propulsion systems, 2015 General Electric Global Research Center Gas Turbine Combustion Seminar, June 11 and 12, 2015, Niskayuna, NY. [8] F. He, H. Wang, L. Ma, Experimental demonstration of active thermal control of a battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells, in: 2015 ARC Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, May Finalist of the Best Poster Award. [9] H. Wang, F. He, L. Ma, Active thermal control of prismatic battery cells demonstrated in a wind tunnel, in: 2015 ARC Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, May [10] H. Wang, F. He, L. Ma, Thermal management of energy storage systems based on battery modules, in: NAWEA 2015 Symposium, Blacksburg, VA, June Students 9

11 Fan He, PhD dissertation defended in May Current position: CAE engineer, FCA Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, supported by ARC since Aug Xuesong Li, PhD dissertation defended in Oct Current position: postdoctoral Fellow at University of Minnesota, supported by ARC for 2 years, winner of Virginia Tech s Outstanding Doctoral Students of Haoting Wang, PhD expected 2017, supported by ARC since Aug 2014 Tyler Capil, MS student expected 2017, student supported by department since Jan 2016 Honors, Awards, Keynote/Plenary and Named Lectures, Special Memberships: 2016 Dean s Award for Excellence in Research, Virginia Tech Air Force Summer Faculty Fellowship, 2015, 2016 SAE Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award, 2015 PhD graduate (Xuesong Li) selected as VT s Outstanding Doctoral Student, 2014 Member of AIAA Technical Committee on Aerodynamic Measurement Technology, Associate fellow, AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics), since 2011 References [1] F. He, H. Wang, L. Ma, Experimental demonstration of active thermal control of a battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 91 (2015) [2] F. He, L. Ma, Thermal Management of Batteries Employing Active Temperature Control and Reciprocating Cooling Flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 83 (2015) [3] F. He, L. Ma, Thermal Management in Hybrid Power Systems Using Cylindrical and Prismatic Battery Cells, Heat Transfer Engineering, 37(6) (2016) [4] H. Wang, F. He, L. Ma, Experimental and modeling study of controller-based thermal management of battery modules under dynamic loads, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 103 (2016) [5] H. Wang, W. Xu, L. Ma, Actively controlled thermal management of prismatic Li-ion cells under elevated temperatures, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 102 (2016) [6] H. Park, A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles, Journal of Power Sources, 239 (2013) [7] L. Ma, A.J. Wickersham, W. Xu, S.J. Peltier, T.M. Ombrello, C.D. Carter, Multi-angular Flame Measurements and Analysis in a Supersonic Wind Tunnel Using Fiber Based Endoscopes ASME Turbo Expo 2015, Accepted (2014). [8] X. Lin, H.E. Perez, J.B. Siegel, A.G. Stefanopoulou, Y. Li, R.D. Anderson, Y. Ding, M.P. Castanier, Online parameterization of lumped thermal dynamics in cylindrical lithium ion batteries for core temperature estimation and health monitoring, Control Systems Technology, IEEE Transactions on, 21(5) (2013) [9] A. Taha, D.J. Ewing, Y. Zhao, L. Ma, Numerical Investigation of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Systems, SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing, 2(1) (2009) [10] N.A. Samad, J.B. Siegel, A.G. Stefanopoulou, A. Knobloch, Observability analysis for surface sensor location in encased battery cells, in: 2015 American Control Conference (ACC), IEEE, 2015, pp [11] X.W. Tao, J. Wagner, A thermal management system for the battery pack of a hybrid electric vehicle: modeling and control, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 230(2) (2016)

12 [12] X. Tao, J.R. Wagner, An Engine Thermal Management System Design for Military Ground Vehicle- Simultaneous Fan, Pump and Valve Control, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Electronic and Electrical Systems, 9( ) (2016) [13] H. Wang, L. Ma, Thermal management of a large prismatic battery pack based on reciprocating flow and active control International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, in review (2017). 11