<eps. Vapor Cloud Explosion, BLEVE, and Flash Fire Hazards. Guidelines for %WILEY. Pressure Vessel Burst, Second Edition

Transcription

1 Guidelines for Vapor Cloud Explosion, Pressure Vessel Burst, BLEVE, and Flash Fire Hazards Second Edition Center for Chemical Process Safety New York, New York <eps Jt* An AlChE Technology Alliance Center for Chemical Process Safety %WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 CONTENTS List of Tables List offigures Glossary Acknowledgements xi xiii xxi xxv 1. Introduction 1 2. Management Overview Flash Fires Vapor Cloud Explosions Pressure Vessel Bursts BLEVEs Prediction methodologies 6 3. Case histories Historical experience Flash fires Donnellson, Iowa, USA: Propane Fire Lynchburg, Virginia, USA: Propane Fire Quantum Chemicals, Morris, Illinois, USA: Olefins Unit Flash Fire Vapor Cloud Explosions Flixborough, UK: Vapor Cloud Explosion in Chemical Plant Port Hudson, Missouri, USA: Vapor Cloud Explosion after v

3 GUIDELINES FOR VCE, PV, BURST, BLEVE AND FF HAZARDS Propane Pipeline Failure Jackass Flats, Nevada, USA: HydrogenAir Explosion during Experiment Ufa, WestSiberia, USSR: Pipeline Rupture Resulting In a VCE Phillips, Pasadena, Texas USA: Propylene HDPE Unit VCE and BLEVEs BP, Texas City, Texas USA: Discharge from Atmospheric Vent Resulting in a VCE Pressure Vessel Burst Kaiser Aluminum, Gramercy, Louisiana USA: Alumina Process Pressure Vessel Burst Union Carbide Seadrift, Texas USA: Ethylene Oxide Distillation Column Pressure Vessel Burst Dana Corporation, Paris, Tennessee USA: Boiler Pressure Vessel Burst BLEVE Procter and Gamble, Worms, Germany: Liquid C02 Storage Vessel Explosion San Juan Ixhuatepec, Mexico City, Mexico: Series of BLEVEs at LPG Storage Facility San Carlos de la Rapita, Spain: Propylene Tank Truck Failure Crescent City, Illinois, USA: LPG Rail Car Derailment Kingman, Arizona USA: LPG Railroad Tank Car BLEVE 48 Basic Concepts Atmospheric Vapor Cloud Dispersion Ignition Thermal Radiation PointSource Model SolidFlame Model Explosions VCE 64

4 CONTENTS vii Deflagration Detonation Blast Effects Manifestation Blast Loading Ground Reflection Blast Scaling Flash Fires Overview of Experimental Research China Lake and Frenchmen Flats cryogenic liquid tests Maplin Sands Tests Musselbanks Propane Tests HSE LPG Tests of Flash Fires and Jet Fires FlashFire Radiation Models Sample Calculations Vapor Cloud Explosions Introduction Organization of Chapter VCE Phenomena Definition ofvce Confinement and Congestion Vapor Cloud Deflagration Theory and Research Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Speed Mechanisms of Flame Acceleration Effect of Fuel Reactivity Effect of Confinement Effects ofother Factors University of Leeds Correlation TNO GAME Correlation Shell CAM Correlation 143

5 TNT MultiEnergy GUIDELINES FOR VCE, PV, BURST, BLEVE AND FF HAZARDS 6.3. Vapor Cloud Detonation Theory and Research Direct Initiation of Vapor Cloud Detonations Detonability of Commonly Used Fuels DeflagrationtoDetonation Transition (DDT) Blast Effects Produced by Vapor Cloud Detonations VCE Prediction Methods TNT Equivalency Method VCE Blast Curve Methods TNO MultiEnergy Method BakerStrehlowTang (BST) Method Congestion Assessment Method Numerical Methods Sample problems Sample Problem Sample Problem Equivalence Method 218 Method BST Sample Problem CAM Example Problem 236 Pressure Vessel Bursts Mechanism of a PVB Accident Scenarios Damage Factors Phenomena Factors that Reduce Available Explosion Energy Scaling Laws Used in PVB Analyses Blast Eeffects of PressureVessel Bursts FreeAir Bursts of GasFilled, Massless, Spherical Pressure Vessels Effects Due to Surface Bursts Effects Due to Nonspherical Bursts Methods for Predicting Blast Effects from Vessel Bursts Development of Blast Curves 261

6 Failure CONTENTS <X Factors Influencing Blast Effects from Vessel Bursts Procedure for Calculating Blast Effects Adjustments for Vessel Temperature and Geometry Sample Problem: Airblast from a Spherical Vessel Fragments from a PVB Generation of Fragments frompvbs Initial Fragment Velocity for IdealGasFilled Vessels Ranges for Free Flying Fragments Ranges for Rocketing Fragments Statistical Analysis of Fragments from Accidental Explosions Predicting Fragment Effects from Vessel Bursts Analytical Analysis Example Problem during Testing Basic Principles of BLEVEs Introduction Definition of a BLEVE Theory Thermodynamics of Boiling Mechanics ofvessel Failure Description of a "Typical" BLEVE BLEVE Consequences Airblast Thermal Hazards Fragment and Debris Throw Ranges for Rocketing Fragments Analytical Models Sample Problems Sample Problem #1: Calculation of Air Blast from BLEVEs Sample Problem #2: Calculation of Fragments from

7 CONVERSION VIEW TABULATION X GUIDELINES FOR VCE, PV, BURST, BLEVE AND FF HAZARDS BLEVEs Sample Problem #3: Thermal Radiation from a BLEVE References 361 APPENDIX A FACTORS FOR SELECTED CONFIGURATIONS 407 APPENDIX B OF SOME GAS PROPERTIES IN METRIC UNITS 409 APPENDIX C FACTORS TO SI FOR SELECTED QUANTITIES 411