Tradable Permits, 2011

Transcription

1 Belgium Flanders EU Emission Trading Scheme for CO 2 Wallonia EU Emission Trading Scheme for CO 2 Flanders Tradable green electricity and CHP certificates Flanders Tradable green electricity and CHP certificates Flanders Tradable green electricity and CHP certificates Flanders Nutrient emission right for farmers International CO 2 emission allowances International Tonnes of CO 2 emission allowances "Green" electricity certificates "Green" electricity certificates Certificates guaranteeing that 1,000 kwh of electricity are produced by combined heat and power generation. Certificates guaranteeing that 1,000 kwh of electricity are produced from renewable energy sources. Certificates guaranteeing that 1,000 kwh of electricity are produced from renewable energy sources. Nitrogen to water Nutrient Emission Rights (Calculation based on the amount of nutrients N and P produced by the animals.) Electricity producers and providers Electricity producers and providers Electricity producers and providers Farmers Fine of EUR 40 per tonne CO 2eq in first trading period. Fine of EUR 40 per tonne CO 2eq in first trading period EUR 100 for the second period. Per missing certificate a fine of EUR 40 has to be paid. Per missing certificate a fine of EUR 125 has to be paid. Per missing certificate a fine of EUR 125 has to be paid. Fines if more animals are kept then. The electricity providers must submit a minimum number of CHP certificates to the governing body (VREG). This number of certificates to be submitted corresponds to a minimum percentage of electricity delivered (increasing from 1.19% in 2005 to 5.23% in 2010). The electricity providers must submit a minimum number of green electricity certificates to the governing body (VREG). This number of certificates to be submitted corresponds to a minimum percentage of electricity delivered (increasing from 0.8% in 2002 to 6% in 2010). The electricity providers must submit a minimum number of green electricity certificates to the governing body (VREG). This number of certificates to be submitted corresponds to a minimum percentage of electricity delivered (increasing from 0.8% in 2002 to 6% in 2010). At each trading there is a reduction of the nutrient emission with 25%, except for complete company take over or trading between spouses or between descending relatives in the first degree, or when 25% of the manure is processed. Page 1 of 8

2 Denmark Estonia France Hungary The CO 2 emission allowance CO 2 emission trading in the electricity sector European Union Emission Trading Scheme International Emission Trading according to the Kyoto Protocol Landscape preservation European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) EU Emissions Trading Scheme Kyoto Emissions Trading Scheme International Tonnes of CO 2 EUR 40 fee per tonne CO 2 Permission to 1 tonne of CO 2 International Emission allowances representing 1 tonne of CO 2 International Greenhouse gas emission units (AAU/ERU) Land use Tradable development International Allowance to emit a tonne of carbon International Tonnes of CO 2 emission allowances Electricity generators generating more than 100,000 tonnes of CO 2 per year (10-15 emission sources), covering 90% of total CO 2 of the sector. Finland, Sweden, Netherlands, Austria, Japan, Spain, Luxembourg, Switzerland There is an extra tax of DKK 40/ton for exceeding the s. In case of misreporting companies will be fined. Industrial installations have approved monitoring plan, according to which they survey and report their during the year. Reporting to European Commission each odd year. The Danish is a part of the EU CO 2 trading scheme. Annual caps: 2001: 22 million tonnes; 2002: 21 million tonnes; 2003: 20 million tonnes. Land owners Others Initial issue of s according to urban housing density limits. Small number of transactions (small urban areas), but reduced developmentrelated stress. Industrial facilities Energy consuming companies in industry sectors like power generating and manufacturing. Monitoring protocol in environmental consistent with EU monitoring and reporting guidelines. Page 2 of 8

3 Italy Netherlands Energy Efficiency Certificates (TEE) Credits Authority for Electricity and Gas - (AEEG). EU Emission Trading Scheme for CO 2 International GME is the independent authority which grants the regular functioning of this, the transparency of the market as well as, inter alia, the management of the trading venues for s. Green certificates RECS Renewable energy certificate Tradable fishery s "Green" electricity certificates "Green" electricity certificates Fishing s Poland VOC control Other air Slovenia Spain Sweden Emission allowances trade Greenhouse gas trading scheme Greenhouse gas and other greenhouse gases and other greenhouse gases Electrical Services Manager International A RECS-certificate can be issued for every MWh of renewable energy. Individual transferable Participation in the scheme is voluntary Credits Electrical Services Manager RECS certificates are complementary to the green certificates as an alternative for plants excluded from the Italian legislation for green certificates. Fishery operators Local Industrial plants International EUA - EU emission allowance Right to emit a tonne of CO 2 equivalent during the period in which the Allocation Plan is in force ( , plus every 5 years). Quota/ to emit a tonne of CO 2 equivalent. According to Directive 2003/87/EC Any person or legal entity from the EU, or from third countries if an international agreement exists. Not required to have an initial allocation. Industries, transport and domestic sectors. Industries currently exempted from CO 2 emission tax are to be excluded. Sanctions are detailed in Law 1/2005 and can be up to EUR 2,000,000. For the period , s for an emission of 176,621 Mt CO 2 per year, plus a 1.87% reservation for new participants. 2,070 transactions occurred during the period, involving million s. Domestic trading in Sweden is expected to begin when the EU-wide trading scheme is introduced in Page 3 of 8

4 United Kingdom Packaging waste recovery note and packaging waste recovery export note Greenhouse gas (GHG) trading scheme Emissions Reduction Plan Trading of dust Emissions Reduction Plan Trading of NO x and SO 2 Waste No.,O ther greenhouse gases Other air Permits for GHG emission under the cap, and credits for emission reduction against baseline under the Climate Change Levy Agreements. Any individual or company can trade-the only requirement being to have opened an account in the registry. All direct participants undergo independent verification from accredited verifiers of their baseline and annual. Climate change agreement participants claiming over-achievement must have this independently verified before receiving allocations. NO x, SO 2 Norway Switzerland Greenhouse gas Control of VOC and NO x Swiss CO 2 Emissions Trading Scheme and other greenhouse gases NO x/voc Local (Basel Canton) Quota to emit a tonne of CO 2 equivalent Permits to emit a unit of VOC and NO x in a given period One gives the right to emit a tonne of CO 2 All emission sources and Kyoto gases technically possible to measure (about 90% of 1997 levels) incl. metallurgic, oil, power plants, cement, etc. Initial allocation method yet to be determined. Partial auctioning, partial grandfathering likely. Industries Everyone Yearly reporting to UNFCCC. Established in Page 4 of 8

5 Australia Canada Individual transferable fishing s New South Wales Saline discharges into the Hunter River Pilot Interstate Water Trading Project Allowance for methyl bromide (MBr) NO x and VOC HCFCs allowance Alberta Water allocation transfers Alberta Hunting Fishing s Water Water withdrawal Ozone depleting substances No Local Salt allocations for coal mines Rights to abstract water for irrigation Mining operations and electricity generators Irrigators trade water either on permanent or temporary basis Several sellers, one actual trade Methyl bromide Each transfer must be presented and approved by Environment Canada. Those found guilty are subject to fines, imprisonment and/or other court orders. NO x/voc Local Power plants and large industry Ozone depleting substances Water withdrawals Other natural resources Temporary transfers: AUD per million litres. Permanent transfers: AUD per million litres. Prices appear to decline over time. Starting 1 Jan 2005, prohibits the manufacture, use, sale, offer to sell, import or export of MBr unless specifically authorized by Environment Canada in the case of purposes as quarantine and pre-shipment applications. Imposed record keeping, etc. HCFCs Each transfer has to be presented to and approved by Environment Canada. Guilty parties are subject to fines, imprisonment and/or other court orders. The right to engage in big game hunting Hunters Regulations on the import, export, transit shipment, manufacture, use, sale and offer for sale of any HCFCs or products that contain or are intended to contain HCFCs. Water allocation transfers allow all or part of an existing water allocation to be transferred from an existing licence holder to another person or corporation for use in a new location permanently or for a fixed period of time. Prior to the authorization of transfers, water allocation licences were permanently attached to a particular parcel of land. Page 5 of 8

6 Canada (cont.) New Zealand United States consumption allowances for degreasing solvents Allowance for TCE and PERC fishing s Revised district scheme fishing Ozone transport commission NO x Programme Water Fishing s The right to consume TCE and PERC during vapour solvent degreasing Individual transferable Land use Local Tradable development Fishing s Individual Environment Canada Fishery operators House owners Other Initial issue of s according to density allowances. Fishery operators No banking after NO x Stationary sources Lead in gasoline Lead in petrol Allowance to have 1 gram of lead in gasoline Colorado Tradable phosphorous discharge Dillion Reservoir Federal Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) SO 2 and NO x allowance trading Phosphorous to water Includes both point and non-point sources. NO x, SO 2 Allowance to emit a ton of NO x and SO 2 in a given period Oil refineries Industrial sources, mainly power plants No trade has taken place 2009, CAIR will reduce NO x by 1.7 mill. tons or 53% from 2003 levels. In 2015, CAIR will reduce power plant NO x by 2 mill. tons, achieving a regional level of 1.3 mill. tons, a 61% reduction from 2003 levels. 1990, national NO x from power plants were 6.7 mill. tons, compared to 2.2 mill. tons that will be achieved with CAIR. Page 6 of 8

7 United States (cont.) Federal Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) SO 2 and NO x allowance trading (cont.) Federal Clean Air Mercury Rule emission trading RECLAIM ( Clean Air Incentives Market) Los Angeles Mobile emission sources Montgomery County Land management Other air In 2010, CAIR will reduce SO 2 by 4.3 mill. tons 45% lower than 2003 levels, across states covered by the rule. By 2015, CAIR will reduce SO 2 by 5.4 mill. tons, or 57%, from 2003 levels in these states. In 1990, national SO 2 from power plants were 15.7 mill. tons compared to 3.5 mill. tons that will be achieved with CAIR. New coal-fired power plants ( new means construction starting on or after Jan. 30, 2004) will have to meet stringent new source performance standards in addition to being subject to the caps. The first phase cap is 38 tons and will be reduced by taking advantage of co-benefit reductions that is, mercury reductions achieved by reducing sulphur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen oxides (NO x) under CAIR. In the second phase, due in 2018, coal-fired power plants will be subject to a second cap, which will reduce to 15 tons upon full implementation. NO x and SO 2 Local NO x, 370 emission sources, SO 2, 40 emission sources NO x and other air Firms Averaging Land use Local Tradable development Land owners Others Initial issue of s according to housing density limits. 4,300 transactions covering 34,000 acres preserved since 1980, slowing down land conversion. Page 7 of 8

8 United States (cont.) Ozone depleting substances (ODS) Watershed management (Lake Tahoe) Pinelands management fishing Effluent discharges into the Lower Fox River (Wisconsin) Ozone depleting substances Manufacturers and importers Land use Local Tradable development Land use Local Tradable development Fishing s BOD-causing to water Individual transferable Waste treatment and paper and pulp plants CHP: Combined Heat and Power; VOC: Volatile organic compounds; HCFC: Hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a compound consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon; UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; PERC: Tetrachloroethylene; TCE: Trichloroethylene; BOD: Biochemical oxygen demand. 321 million kg; 561 trades during US was to achieve both production and consumption of ODS by Land owners Others Initial issue of s according to CC (-construction coefficients.) 374 transactions covering 7,000 m 2 preserved since Land owners Others Initial allocation according to zone assessment process. 1,424 transactions covering 12,538 acres preserved since 1980, slowing down land conversion. Fishery operators Only one trade has taken place so far. Source: OECD/EEA database on environmentally related taxes, fees and charges, other economic instruments and voluntary approaches used in environmental policy and natural resources management ( accessed 14 September Page 8 of 8