Bulletin of Energy Economics.
|
|
- Claribel Flynn
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Bulletn of Energy Economcs Energy Intensty and Technology Sourcng: A Study of Manufacturng Frms n Inda Santosh Kumar Sahu a,, K. Narayanan b a Madras School of Economcs, Gangh Mandapam Road, Kottur, Chenna, Taml Nadu, Inda, b Department of Humantes and Socal Scences, Indan Insttute of Technology Bombay, Powa, Mumba, Inda, Abstract Ths study focuses on the role of dfferent sources of technology n determnng the energy ntensty of the frms. Usng data from the Center for Montorng Indan Economy (CMIE), we model energy ntensty and dfferent sources of technologes usage. The major fndng of the study s; frms those use dsemboded technology mports are lessenergy ntensve. Addtonally, frms wth R and D actvtes are less-energy ntensve as compared to others. We also found an nverted U shaped relatonshp between energy ntensty and age of the frm, mplyng both older and younger frms tend to be more energy effcent. Keyword: Energy, Technology, Inda JEL Classfcaton: N7 I. Introducton Inda s a developng country wth more than a bllon populaton. There has been a rapd rse n the use of energy resources and consequently ncrease n emsson of greenhouse gas (GHG) due to structural changes n the Indan economy durng the past ffty years. The energy mx n Inda has shfted towards coal, due to hgher endowment, relatve to ol and gas, whch has led to a rapdly rsng trend of energy emssons ntenstes [1]. Energy ntensty s an ndcator that shows how effcently energy s used n the economy. The energy ntensty of Inda s over twce that of the matured economes, whch are represented by the OECD 1 member countres [2]. However, snce 1999, Inda s energy ntensty has been decreasng and s expected to contnue to decrease. These changes could be attrbuted to several factors, some of them beng demographc shfts from rural to urban areas, structural economc changes towards lesser energy ndustry, mpressve growth of servces, mprovement n effcency of energy use, and nter-fuel substtuton. Energy ntensty n Indan ndustres s among the hghest n the world. The manufacturng sector s the largest consumer of commercal energy compared to the other ndustral sectors n Inda. In producng about a ffth of Inda's GDP, ths sector consumes about half the commercal energy when the total commercal energy for ndustral use n Inda s taken n consderaton. Energy consumpton per unt of producton n the manufacturng of steel, alumnum, cement, paper, textle, etc. s much hgher n Inda, even n comparson wth other developng countres [1]. Several studes have been reported n estmatng Total Factor Productvty (TFP) and Techncal Effcency n Indan Manufacturng [3]. Studes have also estmated the TFP of energy ntensve ndustres n Indan manufacturng [4]. Many other studes have been carred out to study the varaton n R and D ntensty n Indan Manufacturng sector at the aggregate and dsaggregate levels [5] and determnants of R and D n Indan ndustres [6, 7, 8]. Demand for energy n Indan manufacturng Correspondng Author s Emal: santoshkusahu@mse.ac.n 1 Organzaton of Economc Co-operaton and Development
2 ndustres at the aggregate level as well as for specfc ndustres, have also been of much nterest to the energy researchers n Inda [9]. Over the last two decades, there has been sgnfcant growth n technology sourcng, such as computer-aded desgn and manufacturng and nformaton networks n manufacturng plants. The adopton of such nnovatons by manufacturng facltes can be vewed essentally as emboded techncal change. Techncal change has two prncpal effects on plant-level producton (a) shftng the producton functon, and (b) changng the nput mx. Recently [10] examned the role of technologcal efforts and frm sze n determnng the export behavor of frms belongng to the basc chemcal ndustry n Inda. They used three dfferent econometrc models, namely, the Tobt, the two-part (Probt and Truncaton) and the Heckman sample selecton model and compared the results. The results of the econometrc exercse confrm that the technologcal efforts, frm sze and other frm-specfc characterstcs are mportant n explanng the export behavor of the frms. However less emphass s gven n examnng the role of technology n determnng the energy ntensty for any ndustry or frm. Ths paper reports on how technology sourcng nfluence the factor for example, nput choce, and, n partcular, the effect they have on plant-level energy ntensty. Most economc studes of energy and technology use aggregate or ndustry-level data and model technology as a tme trend [11]. Frms n developng countres mostly follow mported adapt technologcal strategy. They source these technologes from mports as well as through n-house R and D efforts. Import of technology could be n the form of emboded and/or dsemboded technologes. Some frms could also allow foregn equty collaboratons for sourng ther technologes. Wth a presence of adaptng energy savng measures, frm n Indan manufacturng could use any of these sources for technologes. Ths study focuses on emboded as well as dsemboded techncal change and ther relatonshp wth the energy ntensty of the frms. Further ths study examnes the queston; are plants that employ emboded technology sourcng are more energy effcent as compared to the dsemboded technology sourcng? I.I Energy Consumpton and Technology Sourcng Two basc approaches have been taken to examne the relatonshp between energy and technology sourcng. One approach s to look at case studes of energy-savng technology nnovatons or technology sourcng [12, 13, 14, 15]. Ths nvolves the analyss of ndvdual producton processes from an engneerng perspectve. A second approach models producton functons and examnes the role of technology n shftng producton functons [16]. In the sprt of the producton studes, [17] estmated the determnants of energy ntensty for Indan manufacturng ndustres. The objectve of ther work was to look at the varables affectng the changes n the energy ntensty of manufacturng frms n Inda. They found captal ntensty, sze of the frm, age of the frm and labor ntensty are one of the major determnants of energy ntensty of Indan manufacturng ndustres. We econometrcally estmate energy-factor demand equatons usng the data for the Indan manufacturng ndustres. The man focus of ths paper s to explore the relatonshp between technology sourcng and energy ntenstes n Indan manufacturng frms. The effect of ncreased automaton through the adopton of manufacturng technologes s hypotheszed to mpact the overall energy consumpton at manufacturng frms n several ways. Although these advanced technologes are not prmarly desgned to reduce the energy requred to produce a good, advanced manufacturng technologes may ndrectly reduce overall energy ntensty by havng energy effcency spllovers. Besdes the effect of advanced manufacturng technologcal advancement n producton on energy usage, ths paper examnes whether older frms are more energy ntensve than ther younger counterparts. One mght expect plant age to nfluence energy effcency and energy mx through several dfferent mechansms. The frst s a technology effect. Older frms dd not have ntal access to recent energy-savng technologes as dd younger plants. Therefore, f older frms are locked nto old technologes then they may be more energy ntensve then newer plants. The second mpact age has on energy ntensty s presented n models by [18] and [19] whch demonstrate the mportance of expected relatve prces n the choce of technology. The models above state that f expected energy prces are hgh frms wll choose less energy-ntensve methods of producton. Thus, one mght hypothesze that plants
3 constructed durng the perod of hgh expected energy prces may have chosen less energy-ntensve producton facltes. Fnally, f plant survval s an ndcator of plant effcency, then old plants (plants that survve for a long tme) may n fact be generally more effcent than young plants. The thrd objectve of the paper s to observe those plants whch budget for the R and D expenses. R and D expenses s too a crucal factor that can be lnked wth the energy ntensty of the frm. More the R and D expenses, t can be hypotheszed that the ndustres/frms mprove ther technologes those produce the output and hence they nnovate less energy ntensve technology to mnmze the cost on the energy consumpton and hence mnmzng the cost of producton too. Ths n turn can be stated that the R and D expenses can have a drect relaton wth the energy ntensty of the ndustres/frms. II. An Emprcal Model of Energy Intensty To ncorporate these factors of technology nto an emprcal model of energy consumpton we follow [20] based on energy factor demand equaton from a cost mnmzaton model. Suppose each plant s short-run varable cost functon has the followng form: ~ ~ ~ ~ VC ( p, y, K, z, t) y. AVC ( p, K, z, t), (1) Where VC s a varable cost functon, p s a vector of nput prces, y s output, z s a vector of plant characterstcs expected to affect costs, K represents the fxed factor captal, t ncorporates measures of plant s technology, and AVC s an average varable cost functon. The above expresson equates total varable cost to output tmes average varable cost and mples a constant returns to scale technology. Dfferentatng (1) wth respect to the th nput prce p and applyng Sheppard s lemma yelds: C p AVC y p K z t x (2) ~ ~ *. (,,, ). p Where x s the cost-mnmzng quantty of the th factor. Ths s the standard expresson for the th factor demand equaton n a unt varable cost framework. In ths paper, we follow the approach as followed by [20] and focus on the factor demand equaton for energy and re-express t n ntensty form as: * x ~ ~ E AVC p k z t y (,,, ). (3) p E Equaton-3 express that energy consumpton per unt of output s a functon of nput prces, the captal stock, plant characterstcs, and technology. To estmate (equaton-3) we must frst specfy a functonal form for the AVC functon. We wll utlze a double-logarthmc form for the emprcal analyss, as follows: * j k k m x E p k k z t y (4) ln ln ln The dependent varable s measured as total energy consumed for the frm n INR, dvded by net sales as a proxy for the ndustral output. The frst set of ndependent varables represent factor prces at the plant. Ths vector ncludes the plant-level labor rate. The next set of the ndependent varable presents a plant specfc measure of the fxed factor captal. One of the reason for the specfcaton s t controls the varaton n energy ntensty dfferent plant sze. The vector z contans a set of producton process varables
4 The technology term wll be modeled wth two sets of varables. Frst, the plant age varables wll be ncluded to model the overall perod of the plant and relatonshp to energy ntensty of the frm. In an mprovement to the research by [20], we have added the sze of the frm. Here the sze of the frm s measured n terms of total energy consumpton. Here sze s consdered to capture the nter ndustry dfference of frms whch consumes hgher energy and those whch consumes lesser energy, whch allow us to fnd the nter-ndustry dfferences. Increases n energy effcency may take place when ether energy nputs are reduced for a gven level of servce or there are ncreased or enhanced servces for a gven amount of energy nputs. In developng countres lke Inda, mport of technology s one of the most mportant sources of knowledge acquston by enterprse. The technology mports are lkely to affect the energy ntensty. Whether these nnovaton actvtes lead to product or process nnovaton, they may have measurable effect on energy ntensty. In case of the Indan manufacturng ndustres, at secondary level t s dffcult to get the vectors of the technology mplemented. Hence we have classfed the technology sourcng as two components. The frst component takes care of the emboded technology nterventon and the second s the dsemboded technology used n the frms. The reason for consderng age of the frm s the frms havng long span of years n producton would lkely ncur relatvely more expendture on R and D compared to younger frms and hence age of the frm may affect the energy ntensty of the frm. We have used the OLS regresson model to analyze equaton-4. The study uses the followng defntons of varables (gven n Table-1). The data used n ths analyss were collected from the Center for Montorng Indan Economy (CMIE) database from 2000 to The general form of regresson equaton takes the followng functonal form: ln EI lnci WI AGE SIZE RI ETI DTI MNE u (5) Table-1. Defnton of the Varables and ther Expected Sgns No Varable Symbol Defnton Expected Sgn 1 Energy Intensty EI Rato of the power and fuel expenses to sales Dependent Varable 2 Captal Intensty CI Rato of the total captal employed to the +ve total value of the output 3 Labour Intensty WI Rato of the labours and salares to the +ve sales 4 Age AGE As a measure of age, we subtract the year +ve of ncorporaton from the year of the study. 5 Sze SIZE Sze of the frm s measured by the energy -ve consumed n volume. By takng the natural log of the energy consumed 6 Research RI Rato of RandD expenses to the sales. +ve / -ve Intensty 7 Emboded Technology Intensty ETI Expendture on mport of captal goods / Sales turnover of the frm -ve 8 Dsemboded Technology Intensty DTI Royalty, and techncal fees payments / Sales turnover of the frm 9 Industry Dummy MNE Ths dummy takes the value one for the foregn owned frms and zero for the rest -ve -ve
5 III. Emprcal Results The followng secton deals wth the emprcal analyss of technology sourcng and energy ntensty n Indan manufacturng ndustres. As stated earler, data for the study are collected from the CMIE from Two dfferent specfcatons n the data set are prepared. One set of the data s the full sample. However, the second sample carres only frms wth technology sourcng. Fgure-1 gves the hstogram of the energy ntensty of the full sample. From the fgure we can observe that the densty of the energy ntensty of the frms, are rangng from -9 to 1 (gven that the energy ntensty s n terms of ts log terms). The nterestng factor here s that most of the frms fall n the range of -5 to 0. The descrptve statstcs of the sample s gven n Table-3. Fgure-1: Densty of the Energy Intensty Densty Energy Intensty Table-2 gves a bref outlne of the sample characterstcs. The mean energy consumed n the sample s calculated to be (n the emprcal model we have followed a double log model). The standard devaton s calculated to be 1.81 wth the mnmum energy ntensty of and a maxmum of The mean captal ntensty s calculated at 3.31, wth a devaton of The mnmum captal ntensty of the sample s and the maxmum s at The mean labor ntensty or the labor ntensty of the sample s found at The standard devaton n the wage ntensty was calculated to at In the sample t can be observed that the youngest frm s of one year and the oldest frm s of 184 years. Hence the sample represents a dversfed age structure. Therefore, t s assumed that there mght be a dfference n the energy ntensty of the frms wth an older frm and those whch are younger. A smlar case can be observed from the sze of the frm. The mean sze of the frm s calculated The largest frm s consdered at and the smallest frm s at Here we can observe that n case of the sze of the frm there s a wde dfference, and ths dfference may also has an mpact on the varaton of energy ntensty of the manufacturng ndustres as well. Table-3 gves the correlaton analyss of the sample. We can observe that the labor ntensty and captal ntensty are postvely correlated. Further we can fnd out that the sze of the frm and the captal ntensty are postvely correlated. From the correlaton analyss t can further notced that energy ntensty and captal ntensty are postvely related
6 Table-2. Descrptve Statstcs Varable Mean Std. Dev. Mn Max Energy Intensty Captal Intensty Labour Intensty Age of the Frm Sze of the Frm Emboded Technology Intensty Dsemboded Technology Intensty MNE Afflaton of the Frm Number of Observatons Table-3. Correlaton Analyss Varable EI CI WI AGE SIZE RD ETI DTI MNE EI CI WI AGE SIZE RD ETI DTI MNE Therefore a rse n captal ntensty can lead to a postvely rse n energy ntensty. Labor ntensty s negatvely related to the energy ntensty. Age of the frm s possblty related to the energy ntensty of Indan Manufacturng. Sze of the frm s negatvely related to the energy ntensty. Hence larger frms mght be hgher energy effcent. R and D expendture and dsemboded technology sourcng are negatvely related to energy ntensty of the frm. Plant-level energy ntensty varatons depend on many factors, ncludng the producton process that s beng employed by the frm, factor prces and the dfferent technology sourcng as per the frm. In the theoretcal model we have dscussed the constructon of the model and further the econometrc specfcaton. Ths secton dscusses the emprcal results based on the regresson analyss. We estmate the mpact of the frm specfc varables on energy ntensty. Table-4 gves the output of two dfferent regresson specfcatons. Each model s modfed from the earler specfcaton. In the frst model we have ncluded the square of the Age varable to capture the non-lner relatonshp between energy ntensty of the frm. Frst model gves the regresson result of the full sample. However, the second model gves the result of those frms whch have reported technology sourcng ether n terms of emboded or dsemboded technology sourcng. Both the regressons nclude the plant age, sze of the frm, labor, gross book value, and a set of producton varables and a dummy of MNE afflaton. Examnng the results of the frst model, captal ntensty has a postve relaton wth the energy ntensty of the frm, and s hghly sgnfcant at 1%. Whch s turn means that, the frms wth the larger captal are more energy ntensve compared to those wth smaller captal. Further t can be observed that, a 1% ncrease n the captal ntensty ncreases energy ntensty by 0.63%. Labor ntensty s negatvely related to the energy ntensty and sgnfcant at 1%. Ths ndcates that as employment rses, energy per unt of output falls. The varable age and square of the age are
7 sgnfcant and presents an nverted U-Shaped relaton wth the energy ntensty of the frm. Whch n turn ndcates that older the frms, lesser the energy ntensty. Further, when we observe the sze of the frm, t ndcates a negatve relaton wth the energy ntensty of the frm. Ths means, the bgger frms are more energy effcent as compared to the smaller frms. R and D varable s sgnfcant at 5% wth the energy ntensty and carres a negatve relaton. Ths ndcates that frms nvestng more n R and D are hgher energy effcent as compared to the frms nvestng less n research and development. Table-4. Results of Regresson Analyss Varables Coeffcent RSE T-value Coeffcent RSE T-value Model 1 Model 2 Captal Intensty *** *** Labour Intensty *** Age of the Frm *** ** Square of Age of the Frm *** NA NA NA Sze of the Frm *** *** Square of the Sze of the Frm *** RandD Intensty of the Frm ** Emboded Technology Intensty *** *** Dsemboded Technology Intensty *** *** MNE Afflaton of the Frm * Constant N N 748 F( 9, 33486) F( 9, 738) 62.1 Prob > F Prob > F R Note: ***: Sgnfcant at 1%, **: Sgnfcant at 5%, *: Sgnfcant at 10%, RSE- Robust Standard Error The emboded technology ntensty varable s postvely sgnfcant to the energy ntensty, whch means frms mportng emboded technology are hgher energy ntensve. However the dsemboded technology ntensty has a negatve relaton to the energy ntensty of the frm and sgnfcant at 1%. Ths ndcates that frms mportng dsemboded technology are less energy ntensve ones. Ths means, the royalty and techncal fees payments of the frms play an mportant role n reducng the energy ntensty of the frms. Further we can observe that 1% ncrease n the dsemboded technology ntensty of the frm decreases 0.019% of energy ntensty of the frm. The MNE afflaton of the frm s not hghly sgnfcant (sgnfcant at 10%), and carres a postve sgn wth per unt of energy consumed to the output. Ths mples that the frms wth the MNE afflaton are less energy effcent as compared to the domestc frms for ths sample. The second model, gves the result of only those frms whch have reported the technology mports. We have tred many specfcatons; however we have reported the best result n Table-4. Unlke the frst model the results for the captal varable has also turned out to be sgnfcant and postve. However here a 1% change n captal ntensty leads to a hgher percent change n energy ntensty of about 0.87%. Labor varable comparng to the earler
8 model has turned out to be not sgnfcant but carres the same relaton wth the energy ntensty. Age varable has also turned out to be postve as n the earler model. A postve relaton between Age of the frm and energy ntensty s found out. That mples that older frms are hgher energy ntensve. Here we have tred to look at the non-lnear relatonshp between sze of the frm and the energy ntensty. The result of the non-lnear relatonshp between the energy ntensty and the frm sze suggests hgher the frm sze of the frm lesser the energy ntensty. A smlar result s found for the emboded as well as the dsemboded technology ntensty of the frm. IV. Concludng Remarks Ths paper utlzes a frm-level data set from , from the CMIE to assess the role that technology sourcng and other plant-level characterstcs play n the consumpton of energy n the Indan manufacturng plants. The major result of the study ndcates that dsemboded technology use of the frms help them n reducng energy ntensty for both of the models. However, for both the models emboded technology mport has a postve relaton wth the energy ntensty of frms. Therefore emboded technology makes frms hgher energy ntensve as mport of captal goods could be hgher energy consumng. In general, the results ndcate that dfferences n plant-level energy demand are systematcally related to dentfable plant characterstcs. Even after controllng for technology mport varable, plant-level dfferences n producton process, age, technology affect, sze of the frm follows the same drecton. [20], found a smlar results for those varables. [17], found smlar results for captal ntensty, labor ntensty, age of the frm, sze of the frm. The ncreasng concern on clmate change, green house gases, and energy for future and emssons are matter of concern not only for developed countres but also for the developng as well as the underdeveloped countres. Inda beng the largest and rapdly growng developng country the ssue of energy ntensty needs specal focus. However, the dscusson on the energy ntensty should not be at the aggregate level/ at natonal level. Specfc nterest must be gven for the sub sectors as well. Ths work s an attempt n understandng the technology sourcng and energy ntensty n Indan manufacturng ndustres usng a panel data from In addton, energy ntensty n Indan manufacturng frms s a matter of concern gven the hgh mport burden of crude petroleum. Concerns have been renvgorated by the global and local envronmental problems caused by the ever-ncreasng use of fossl fuels, and so t s clearly an enormous challenge to fuel economc growth n an envronmentally sustanable way. References [1]. Internatonal Energy Agency (IEA). (2007). World Energy Outlook 2007 Hghlghts. [2]. Internatonal Energy Agency (IEA). (2007). Key World Energy Statstcs. [3]. Mtra, A. Varoudaks, A. and Veganzones, M. (1998). State nfrastructure and productve performance n Indan manufacturng. Techncal Paper, OECD Development Centre, Pars. [4]. Puran, M and Jayant, M. (1998). Productvty trends n Inda's energy ntensve ndustres: A growth accountng analyss. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Natonal Laboratory, LBNL [5]. Kumar, N. (1987). Technology mports and local R and D n Indan manufacturng. Developng Economcs, 25(3), [6]. Narayanan, K. Banerjee, S. (2006). R and D and productvty n select Indan ndustres. ICFAI Journal of Industral Economcs, 3(2), [7]. Kumar, N. and Saqb, M. (1996). Frm sze, opportuntes for adaptaton, and n-house R and D actvty n developng countres: The Case of Indan Manufacturng. Research Polcy, 25(2), [8]. Sddharthan, N. S. and Agarwal R. N. (1992). Determnants of R and D decsons: A crosssecton study of Indan prvate corporate frms. Economcs of Innovaton and New Technology, 2(2),
9 [9]. Saumtra, B. and Rajeev, K. C. (2000). Decomposton of Inda s ndustral energy use: A case study usng energy ntensty approach. Internatonal Journal of Global Energy Issue, 17(2), [10]. Bhat, S. and Narayanan, K. (2009). Technologcal efforts, frm sze and exports n the basc chemcal ndustry n Inda. Oxford Development Studes, 37(2), [11]. Berndt, E. R. (1990). Energy use techncal progress and productvty growth: A survey of economc ssues. Journal of Productvty Analyss, 2(1), [12]. Ayres, R. (1991). Energy conservaton n the ndustral sector, n Energy and the Envronment n the 21st Century, J. W. Tester, D. O. Wood, and N. A. Ferrar, eds. Cambrdge: MIT Press, pp [13]. Joyce, W. H. (1991). Energy consumpton sprals downward n polyolefns ndustry, n Energy and the Envronment n the 21st Century. J. W. Tester, D. 0. Wood, and N. A. Ferrar, eds. MIT Press, Cambrdge, MIT Press, pp [14]. Schmdt, P. S. (1987). Electrcty and ndustral productvty: A techncal and economc perspectve. Energy, 12(10/11), [15]. Sparrow, F. T. and Schmdt, P. S. (1993). Demand-sde management mplcatons of electrcally-based manufacturng technologes. Energy, 18(10), [16]. Berndt, E. R. and Wood, D. O. (1975). Technology, prces, and the derved demand for energy. Revew of Economcs and Statstcs, 57(3), [17]. Sahu, S. K. and Narayanan, K. (2010). Determnants of energy ntensty n Indan manufacturng ndustres: A frm level analyss. MPRA Paper No [18]. Abel, A. (1983). Energy prce uncertanty and optmal factor ntensty. Econometrca, 51(6), [19]. Lambson, V. (1991). Industry evoluton wth sunk costs and uncertan market condtons. Internatonal Journal of Industral Organzaton, 9(2), [20]. Doms, M. E. and Dunne, T. (1995). Energy ntensty, electrcty consumpton, and advanced manufacturng-technology usage. Technologcal Forecastng and Socal Change, 49(2),
emissions in the Indonesian manufacturing sector Rislima F. Sitompul and Anthony D. Owen
Mtgaton optons for energy-related CO 2 emssons n the Indonesan manufacturng sector Rslma F. Stompul and Anthony D. Owen School of Economcs, The Unversty of New South Wales, Sydney, Australa Why mtgaton
More information1 Basic concepts for quantitative policy analysis
1 Basc concepts for quanttatve polcy analyss 1.1. Introducton The purpose of ths Chapter s the ntroducton of basc concepts of quanttatve polcy analyss. They represent the components of the framework adopted
More informationVolume-3, Issue-8, January-2017 ISSN No:
THE DETERMINANTS OF INVESTOR VALUATION OF R&D EXPENDITURE: A STUDY OF IT INDUSTRIES IN INDIA Shalendra Kumar Trade Economc Intern, Mnstry of Commerce and Industry, Udyog Bhavan, New Delh110001, Inda. shal.du7@gmal.com
More informationInternational Trade and California Employment: Some Statistical Tests
Internatonal Trade and Calforna Employment: Some Statstcal Tests Professor Dwght M. Jaffee Fsher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economcs Haas School of Busness Unversty of Calforna Berkeley CA 94720-1900
More informationA Two-Echelon Inventory Model for Single-Vender and Multi-Buyer System Through Common Replenishment Epochs
A Two-Echelon Inventory Model for Sngle-Vender and Mult-Buyer System Through Common Replenshment Epochs Wen-Jen Chang and Chh-Hung Tsa Instructor Assocate Professor Department of Industral Engneerng and
More informationDevelopment trajectory of energy consumption and carbon emissions in developing countries
Ar Polluton XIV 667 Development trajectory of energy consumpton and carbon emssons n developng countres A. Dela Cruz Generosa & T. Fujta Graduate School of Economcs, Kyushu Unversty, Japan Abstract Ths
More informationInnovation in Portugal:
Innovaton n Portugal: What can we learn from the CIS III? Innovaton and Productvty Pedro Moras Martns de Fara pedro.fara@dem.st.utl.pt Globelcs Academy 2005 25 May 2005 Introducton The study of the relatonshp
More informationFirm Performance and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Transition Economies. Abstract. Department of Economic, University of Texas at Arlington
Frm Performance and Foregn Drect Investment: Evdence from Transton Economes Mahmut Yasar Department of Economc, Unversty of Texas at Arlngton Catherne J. Morrson Paul Department of Agrcultural and Resource
More informationThe Effect of Outsourcing on the Change of Wage Share
Clemson Unversty TgerPrnts All Theses Theses 12-2017 The Effect of Outsourcng on the Change of Wage Share Tanq L Clemson Unversty Follow ths and addtonal works at: https://tgerprnts.clemson.edu/all_theses
More informationProblem Set 4 Outline of Answers
Advanced Internatonal Trade Prof. A. Waldkrch EC 378 Fall 2006 Problem Set 4 Outlne of Answers 1. a) Dscuss the meanng and mportance of the eontef paradox. eontef found that US mport substtutes were more
More informationVolume 30, Issue 4. Who likes circus animals?
Volume 30, Issue 4 Who lkes crcus anmals? Roberto Zanola Unversty of Eastern Pedmont Abstract Usng a sample based on 268 questonnares submtted to people attendng the Acquatco Bellucc crcus, Italy, ths
More informationFDI and Intra-industrial Technology Spillovers ---Empirical Study on China s Manufacturing Industries
Page 1 of 20 ANZAM 2009 FDI and Intra-ndustral Technology Spllovers ---Emprcal Study on Chna s Manufacturng Industres Prof. Zengyao Zhao * School of Busness, Soochow Unversty, Suzhou, Chna Emal: zzy63@sna.com
More informationFactors Decomposition of Energy Intensity: The case of Liaoning province in China
Factors Decomposton of Energy Intensty: The case of Laonng provnce n Chna He Yong-Xu, Tao We-Jun, Zhang Song-Le, L Yan and L Fu-Rong Abstract- Ths paper ntroduces logarthmc mean Dvsa ndex (LMDI) method
More informationPaper No October Anabel Marin* and Martin Bell** (*SPRU and Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, **SPRU)
SPRU Electronc Workng Paper Seres Paper No. 118 Technology Spllovers from Foregn Drect Investment (FDI): an Exploraton of the Actve Role of MNC Subsdares n the Case of Argentna n the 1990s Anabel Marn*
More informationKey Words: dairy; profitability; rbst; recombinant bovine Somatotropin.
AgBoForum Volume 4, Number 2 2001 Pages 115-123 THE ESTIMATED PROFIT IMPACT OF RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN ON NEW YORK DAIRY FARMS FOR THE YEARS 1994 THROUGH 1997 Loren W. Tauer 1 Data from New York
More informationCalculation and Prediction of Energy Consumption for Highway Transportation
Calculaton and Predcton of Energy Consumpton for Hghway Transportaton Feng Qu, Wenquan L *, Qufeng Xe, Peng Zhang, Yueyng Huo School of Transportaton, Southeast Unversty, Nanjng 210096, Chna; *E-mal: wenql@seu.edu.cn
More informationDriving Factors of SO 2 Emissions in 13 Cities, Jiangsu, China
Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com ScenceDrect Energy Proceda 88 (2016 ) 182 186 CUE2015-Appled Energy Symposum and Summt 2015: Low carbon ctes and urban energy systems Drvng Factors of SO 2 Emssons
More informationICT Intermediates, Growth and Productivity Spillovers Evidence from Comparison of Growth Effects in German and US Manufacturing Sectors
Ifo Insttute Lebnz Insttute for Economc Research at the Unversty of Munch ICT Intermedates, Growth and Productvty Spllovers Evdence from Comparson of Growth Effects n German and US Manufacturng Sectors
More informationImpact of Internet Technology on Economic Growth in South Asia with Special Reference to Pakistan
Pakstan Journal of Socal Scences (PJSS) Vol. 35, No. 2 (2015), pp. 777-784 Impact of Internet Technology on Economc Growth n South Asa wth Specal Reference to Pakstan RzwanaYasmeen FUUAST, School of Economc
More informationRegression model for heat consumption monitoring and forecasting
E3S Web of Conferences 39, 03005 (018) https://do.org/10.1051/e3sconf/0183903005 Regresson model for heat consumpton montorng and forecastng Tatyana Dobrovolskaya 1*, and Valery Stennkov 1 1 Melentev Energy
More informationBiomass Energy Use, Price Changes and Imperfect Labor Market in Rural China: An Agricultural Household Model-Based Analysis.
Bomass Energy Use, Prce Changes and Imperfect Labor Market n Rural Chna: An Agrcultural Household Model-Based Analyss by Qu Chen Junor Researcher Department of Economc and Technologcal Change Center for
More informationU.S. Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Intensity Trends: A Decomposition Approach
U.S. Commercal Buldngs Energy Consumpton and Intensty Trends: A Decomposton Approach by Behjat Hojjat, Ph.D. and Steven H. Wade, Ph.D. Economsts, U.S. Energy Informaton Admnstraton, 1 Independence Avenue,
More informationThe ranks of Indonesian and Japanese industrial sectors: A further study
Journal of Physcs: Conference Seres PAPER OPEN ACCESS The ranks of Indonesan and Japanese ndustral sectors: A further study To cte ths artcle: Ubadllah Zuhd 2017 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 820 012029 Vew the
More informationEconometric Methods for Estimating ENERGY STAR Impacts in the Commercial Building Sector
Econometrc Methods for Estmatng ENERGY STAR Impacts n the Commercal Buldng Sector Marvn J. Horowtz, Demand Research Angela Coyle, U.S. Envronmental Protecton Agency ABSTRACT The early stages of developng
More informationNumerical Analysis about Urban Climate Change by Urbanization in Shanghai
Numercal Analyss about Urban Clmate Change by Urbanzaton n Shangha Hafeng L 1, Wejun Gao 2 and Tosho Ojma 3 1 Research Assocate, School of Scence and Engneerng, Waseda Unversty, Japan 2 Assocate Professor,
More informationLabour Demand Elasticities in Manufacturing Sector in Kenya
Internatonal Journal of Busness and Socal Scence Volume 8 Number 8 August 2017 Labour Demand Elastctes n Manufacturng Sector n Kenya Anthony Wambugu Unversty of Narob School of Economcs P.O.Box 30197-00100
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering & Technology Sciences Volume 03, Issue 06, Pages , 2015
Internatonal Journal of Engneerng & Technology Scences Volume 03, Issue 06, Pages 372-381, 2015 ISSN: 2289-4152 Evaluaton of Intensty and Structural Effects on Energy Consumpton Trend n Ngera Usng the
More informationAn Empirical Study about the Marketization Degree of Labor Market from the Perspective of Wage Determination Mechanism
An Emprcal Study about the Marketzaton Degree of Labor Market from the Perspectve of Wage Determnaton Mechansm Qushuo He Shenzhen Insttute of Informaton Technology, Shenzhen 51809, Chna heqs@szt.com.cn
More informationThe Impact of M&As on Technology Sourcing Strategies
The Impact of M&As on Technology Sourcng Strateges Elena Cefs a* a Unversty of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy and T.C.Koopmans Research Insttute, Utrecht Unversty, Utrecht, the Netherlands September 2008 Abstract
More informationRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUSINESS STRATEGIES FOLLOWED BY SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT APPROACH
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUSINESS STRATEGIES FOLLOWED BY SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT APPROACH Carlos F. Gomes, School of Economcs, ISR- Insttute of Systems and Robotcs, Unversty
More informationA Group Decision Making Method for Determining the Importance of Customer Needs Based on Customer- Oriented Approach
Proceedngs of the 010 Internatonal Conference on Industral Engneerng and Operatons Management Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 9 10, 010 A Group Decson Makng Method for Determnng the Importance of Customer Needs
More informationEvaluating the statistical power of goodness-of-fit tests for health and medicine survey data
8 th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Carns, Australa 3-7 July 29 http://mssanz.org.au/modsm9 Evaluatng the statstcal power of goodness-of-ft tests for health and medcne survey data Steele, M.,2, N. Smart,
More informationWISE 2004 Extended Abstract
WISE 2004 Extended Abstract Does the Internet Complement Other Marketng Channels? Evdence from a Large Scale Feld Experment Erc Anderson Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern Unversty Erk Brynjolfsson
More informationEnvironmental Policy and Technological Innovation: Evidence from Taiwan Manufacturing Industries
Envronmental Polcy and Technologcal Innovaton: Evdence from Tawan Manufacturng Industres Dana H. Tsa Professor, Graduate Insttute of Economcs, Natonal Sun Yat-Sen Unversty Correspondence: Dana H. Tsa Graduate
More informationExtended Abstract for WISE 2005: Workshop on Information Systems and Economics
Extended Abstract for WISE 5: Workshop on Informaton Systems and Economcs How Many Bundles?:An Analyss on Customzed Bundlng of Informaton Goods wth Multple Consumer Types Wendy HUI Ph.D. Canddate Department
More informationVolume 29, Issue 2. How do firms interpret a job loss? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Volume 29, Issue 2 How do frms nterpret a job loss? Evdence from the Natonal Longtudnal Survey of Youth Stephen M. Kosovch Stephen F. Austn State Unversty Abstract Emprcal studes n the job dsplacement
More informationA DUOPOLY MODEL OF FIXED COST CHOICE. Charles E. Hegji*
004 DUOPOY MODE O IXED OST HOIE harles E Hegj* INTRODUTION omparson of frms n ournot and Stackelberg eulbrum s a subject that has receved much attenton unversally mposed assumpton n most dscussons of the
More informationDECOMPOSITION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES Mary Joy D. Engbino, Michael L. Ayala and Ed D. Cruz a
DECOMPOSITION OF ENERG CONSUMPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES Mary Joy D. Engbno, Mchael L. Ayala and Ed D. Cruz a Abstract Ths paper analyzes e energy consumpton n e Phlppnes n 2 to 21 usng e Complete Decomposton
More informationInternational Trade and California s Economy: Summary of the Data
Internatonal Trade and Calforna s Economy: Summary of the Data by Professor Dwght M. Jaffee Fsher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economcs Haas School of Busness Unversty of Calforna Berkeley CA 94720-1900
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INNOVATION AND PRODUCTIVITY ACROSS FOUR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Rachel Griffith Elena Huergo Jacques Mairesse Bettina Peters
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INNOVATION AND PRODUCTIVITY ACROSS FOUR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Rachel Grffth Elena Huergo Jacques Maresse Bettna Peters Workng Paper 12722 http://www.nber.org/papers/w12722 NATIONAL
More informationTHE IMPACT OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION-FIRM KNOWLEDGE LINKS ON FIRM-LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY IN BRITAIN. RICHARD HARRIS, QIAN CHER LI AND JOHN MOFFAT.
STRATHCLYDE DISCUSSION PAPERS IN ECONOMICS THE IMPACT OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION-FIRM KNOWLEDGE LINKS ON FIRM-LEVEL PRODUCTIVITY IN BRITAIN. BY RICHARD HARRIS, QIAN CHER LI AND JOHN MOFFAT. NO. 10-17
More informationAppendix 6.1 The least-cost theorem and pollution control
Appendx 6.1 The least-cost theorem and polluton control nstruments Ths appendx s structured as follows. In Part 1, we defne the notaton used and set the scene for what follows. Then n Part 2 we derve a
More informationRobert Kappel GIGA, Hamburg Global Change and SME Development
Robert Kappel GIGA, Hamburg Global Change and SME Development November 2012 Lepzg Introducton Globalsaton has changed North-South and South South trade relatons Exports growng faster than GDP Emergng economes
More informationIndicators of carbon emission intensity from commercial energy use in India
Ž. Energy Economcs 22 2000 441 461 Indcators of carbon emsson ntensty from commercal energy use n Inda Barnal Nag, Jyot Parkh Indra Gandh Insttute of De elopment Research, Gen. A. K. Vadya Marg, Goregaon
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HOW LARGE ARE THE IMPACTS OF CARBON MOTIVATED BORDER TAX ADJUSTMENTS. Yan Dong John Whalley
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HOW LARGE ARE THE IMPACTS OF CARBON MOTIVATED BORDER TAX ADJUSTMENTS Yan Dong John Whalley Workng Paper 15613 http://www.nber.org/papers/w15613 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
More informationAn Analysis on Stability of Competitive Contractual Strategic Alliance Based on the Modified Lotka-Voterra Model
Advanced Scence and Technology Letters, pp.60-65 http://dx.do.org/10.14257/astl.2014.75.15 An Analyss on Stablty of Compettve Contractual Strategc Allance Based on the Modfed Lotka-Voterra Model Qng Xueme
More informationLIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN CHINA
Proceedngs: Indoor Ar 2005 LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN CHINA DJ Gu 1,*, JJ Lu 1, LJ Gu 1 1 Department of Buldng Scence, School of Archtecture, Tsnghua Unversty,
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES UNMASKING THE POLLUTION HAVEN EFFECT. Arik Levinson M. Scott Taylor. Working Paper
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES UNMASKING THE POLLUTION HAVEN EFFECT Ark Levnson M. Scott Taylor Workng Paper 10629 http://www.nber.org/papers/w10629 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue
More informationMarket Dynamics and Productivity in Japanese Retail Industry in the late 1990s
Market Dynamcs and Productvty n Japanese Retal Industry n the late 1990s Toshyuk Matsuura, Research Insttute of Economy, Trade and Industry Kazuyuk Motohash, Unversty of Tokyo & Research Insttute of Economy,
More informationOffshoring and Immigrant Employment: Firm-level theory and evidence
ffshorng and Immgrant Employment: Frm-level theory and evdence Gorgo Barba Navarett () Guseppe Bertola () Alessandro Sembenell () February 2008 Abstract: We propose and solve a smple model of frm-level
More informationCOAL DEMAND AND TRANSPORTATION IN THE OHIO RIVER BASIN:
COAL DEMAND AND TRANSPORTATION IN THE OHIO RIVER BASIN: ESTIMATION OF A CONTINUOUS/DISCRETE DEMAND SYSTEM WITH NUMEROUS ALTERNATIVES * by Kenneth Tran and Wesley W. Wlson December 2011 Abstract Coal-fred
More informationThe Spatial Equilibrium Monopoly Models of the Steamcoal Market
Advances n Management & Appled Economcs, vol.2, no.3, 2012, 125-132 ISSN: 1792-7544 (prnt verson), 1792-7552 (onlne) Scenpress Ltd, 2012 The Spatal Equlbrum Monopoly Models of the Steamcoal Maret Hu Wen
More informationObjectives Definition
Pod Product, Servces, and ng Strateges Chapter 9 Objectves Be able to defne product and dk know the major classfcatons of products and servces. Understand the decsons companes make regardng ther ndvdual
More informationLABOUR PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INTENSITIES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INTENSITIES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING Tomáš Volek Martna Novotná Abstract Technologcal ntensty s a crtcal determnant of enterprses labour productvty
More informationExperiments with Protocols for Service Negotiation
PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON APPLICATIONS OF SOFTWARE AGENTS ISBN 978-86-7031-188-6, pp. 25-31, 2011 Experments wth Protocols for Servce Negotaton Costn Bădcă and Mhnea Scafeş Unversty of Craova, Software
More information6.4 PASSIVE TRACER DISPERSION OVER A REGULAR ARRAY OF CUBES USING CFD SIMULATIONS
6.4 PASSIVE RACER DISPERSION OVER A REGULAR ARRAY OF CUBES USING CFD SIMULAIONS Jose Lus Santago *, Alberto Martll and Fernando Martn CIEMA (Center for Research on Energy, Envronment and echnology). Madrd,
More informationOffshoring and Immigrant Employment: Firm-level Theory and Evidence
WWWDAGLIANUNIMIIT CENTR STUDI LUCA D AGLIAN DEVELPMENT STUDIES WRKING PAPERS N 245 Aprl 2008 ffshorng and Immgrant Employment: Frm-level Theory and Evdence Gorgo Barba Navarett * Guseppe Bertola ** Alessandro
More informationA SIMULATION STUDY OF QUALITY INDEX IN MACHINE-COMPONF~T GROUPING
A SMULATON STUDY OF QUALTY NDEX N MACHNE-COMPONF~T GROUPNG By Hamd Sefoddn Assocate Professor ndustral and Manufacturng Engneerng Department Unversty of Wsconsn-Mlwaukee Manocher Djassem Assstant Professor
More informationDevelopment and production of an Aggregated SPPI. Final Technical Implementation Report
Development and producton of an Aggregated SPP Fnal Techncal mplementaton Report Marcus Frdén, Ulf Johansson, Thomas Olsson Servces Producer Prce ndces, Prce Statstcs Unt, Statstcs Sweden 2010 ntroducton
More informationLogistics Management. Where We Are Now CHAPTER ELEVEN. Measurement. Organizational. Sustainability. Management. Globalization. Culture/Ethics Change
CHAPTER ELEVEN Logstcs Management McGraw-Hll/Irwn Copyrght 2011 by the McGraw-Hll Companes, Inc. All rghts reserved. Where We Are Now Relatonshps Sustanablty Globalzaton Organzatonal Culture/Ethcs Change
More informationDo Farm Programs Explain Mean and Variance of Technical Efficiency? Stochastic Frontier Analysis
Do Farm Programs Explan Mean and Varance of Techncal Effcency? Stochastc Fronter Analyss Rahul Ranjan Master Student Dept. of Agrbusness and Appled Economcs NDSU, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 E-mal: rahul.ranjan@ndsu.edu
More informationConstruction of Control Chart Based on Six Sigma Initiatives for Regression
2018 IJSRST Volume 4 Issue 2 Prnt ISSN: 2395-6011 Onlne ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Secton: Scence and Technology Constructon of Control Chart Based on Sx Sgma Intatves for Regresson ABSTRACT R. Radhakrshnan
More informationOptimization of Technological Water Consumption for an Industrial Enterprise with Self-Supply System
, March 13-15, 2013, Hong Kong Optmzaton of Technologcal Water Consumpton for an Industral Enterprse wth Self-Supply System Ioan Sarbu, Gabrel Ostafe and Emlan Stefan Valea Abstract Modern ndustry uses
More informationPRODUCTIVE PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION WITH ENDOGENOUS PRICE MARKUP: COMMENT
PRODUCTIVE PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION WITH ENDOGENOUS PRICE MARKUP: COMMENT Luís F. Costa (ISEG, Unversdade Técnca de Lsboa and UECE) Nuno Palma (London School of Economcs) ABSTRACT In
More informationCooperative R&D and Firm Performance*
Cooperatve R&D and Frm Performance* René Belderbos Katholeke Unverstet Leuven and Unverstet Maastrcht Martn Carree Unverstet Maastrcht Bors Lokshn Unverstet Maastrcht Correspondence: Department of Organzaton
More informationSources of information
MARKETING RESEARCH FACULTY OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Ph.D., Eng. Joanna Majchrzak Department of Marketng and Economc Engneerng Mal: joanna.majchrzak@put.poznan.pl Meetngs: Monday 9:45 11:15 Thursday 15:10
More informationAn Analysis of the Impact of ICT Investment on Productivity in Developing Countries: Evidence from Cameroon
Afrca Development, Vol. XXXIX, No. 4, 2014, pp. 117 132 Councl for the Development of Socal Scence Research n Afrca, 2015 (ISSN 0850-3907) An Analyss of the Impact of ICT Investment on Productvty n Developng
More informationINNOVATION CAPABILITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE HETEROGENEITY IN THE SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISE SECTOR
INNOVATION CAPABILITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE HETEROGENEITY IN THE SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISE SECTOR BY SUNG SUP KIM DISSERTATION Submtted n partal fulfllment of the requrements for the degree of Doctor
More informationANALYZING INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The 7 th Internatonal Days of Statstcs and Economcs, Prague, September 19-21, 2013 ANALYZING INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Vladmír Hajko Abstract The logarthmc mean Dvsa ndex decomposton
More informationDo not turn over until you are told to do so by the Invigilator.
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Economcs Man Seres PG Examnaton 016-17 FINANCIAL ECONOMETRICS ECO-7009A Tme allowed: HOURS Answer ALL FOUR questons. Queston 1 carres a weght of 5%; queston carres 0%;
More informationDiscussion Papers No. 521, November 2007 Statistics Norway, Research Department
Dscusson Papers No. 521, November 2007 Statstcs Norway, Research Department Cathrne Hagem * The clean development mechansm versus nternatonal permt tradng: the effect on technologcal change Abstract: The
More informationA Longer Tail?: Estimating The Shape of Amazon s Sales Distribution Curve in Erik Brynjolfsson, Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, Michael D.
A Longer Tal?: Estmatng The Shape of Amazon s Sales Dstrbuton Curve n 2008 1. Introducton Erk Brynjolfsson, Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, Mchael D. Smth The term The Long Tal was coned by Wred s Chrs Anderson (Anderson
More informationChinese Economic Reform and Labor Market Efficiency
Chnese Economc Reform and Labor Market Effcency John A. Bshop* Department of Economcs East Carolna Unversty Greenvlle, NC 27858 Emal: bshopj@ecu.edu Phone: 252 328 6756 Fax: 252 328 6743 Andrew Grodner
More informationSupplier selection and evaluation using multicriteria decision analysis
Suppler selecton and evaluaton usng multcrtera decson analyss Stratos Kartsonaks 1, Evangelos Grgorouds 2, Mchals Neofytou 3 1 School of Producton Engneerng and Management, Techncal Unversty of Crete,
More informationKey Issues: Carbon Fertilization, Irrigation, and Trade
3 Key Issues: Carbon Fertlzaton, Irrgaton, and Trade Before proceedng to the man estmates of ths study, t s mportant to hghlght three major ssues. The frst s carbon fertlzaton. The estmates developed n
More informationIntroducing income distribution to the Linder hypothesis
Introducng ncome dstrbuton to the Lnder hypothess Helena Bohman Jönköpng Internatonal Busness School Jönköpng Unversty P.O. Box 1026 SE-551 11 Jönköpng E-mal: helena.bohman@jbs.hj.se Désrée Nlsson Jönköpng
More informationEffect of crop choice on split fertilizer application. Mira Nurmakhanova
Effect of crop choce on splt fertlzer applcaton Mra Nurmakhanova Department of Economcs Iowa State Unversty Ames, Iowa (515) 294-5051 mra@astate.edu Selected Paper prepared for presentaton at the Amercan
More informationFirm Productivity in Jamaica: An Investigation of Total Factor Productivity with Micro-Level Firm Data.
Aprl 2011 (DRAFT) Frm Productvty n Jamaca: An Investgaton of Total Factor Productvty wth Mcro-Level Frm Data. Taff Bryson 1 Research Servces Department Research and Economc Programmng Dvson Bank of Jamaca
More informationLearning-by-exporting in Korean Manufacturing: A Plant-level Analysis
Chapter 8 Learnng-by-exportng n Korean Manufacturng: A Plant-level Analyss Chn Hee Hahn Korea Development Insttute Chang-Gyun Park College of Busness Admnstraton, Chung-Ang Unversty March 2009 Ths chapter
More informationAre the Chinese Really More Risk Averse? A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Risk-Return Relationship
Are the Chnese Really More Rsk Averse? A Cross-Cultural Comparson of the Rsk-Return Relatonshp Cha-Hsn Cheng, Department of MIS, Kang-Nng Junor College of Medcal Care and Management, Tawan ABSTRACT Bowman
More informationHousehold Budget and Calorie Consume of Livestock Products: Evidence from Indonesia SUMMARY
Household Budget and Calore Consume of Lvestock Products: Evdence from Indonesa M.A.U. Muzayyanah 1, S.Nurtn 1 & S.P. Syahlan 1 1 Departement of Soco-Economcs, Faculty of Anmal Scence, Gadjah Mada Unversty,
More informationBuilding Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions in China
Buldng Energy Consumpton and CO 2 Emssons n Chna ZHOU WEI, MI HONG 2,2 Supervser of Admnstraton School Zhejang Unversty CHINA ttomcc@gmal.com 2 spsswork@63.com(correspondng author) Abstract: - Based on
More informationBeijing energy consumption carbon emission characteristics and cause analysis
Avalable onlne www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemcal and Pharmaceutcal Research, 2014, 6(10):473-477 Research Artcle ISSN : 0975-7384 CODN(USA) : JCPRC5 Beng energy consumpton carbon emsson characterstcs and
More informationImpact of international trade
Impact of nternatonal trade on employment n Polsh ndustral sector Gabrela Grotkowska; Department of Macroeconomcs and Internatonal Trade Theory, Faculty of Economc Scences, Warsaw Unversty Revsed verson,
More informationAnalyses Based on Combining Similar Information from Multiple Surveys
Secton on Survey Research Methods JSM 009 Analyses Based on Combnng Smlar Informaton from Multple Surveys Georga Roberts, Davd Bnder Statstcs Canada, Ottawa Ontaro Canada KA 0T6 Statstcs Canada, Ottawa
More informationImpact of trade liberalization on firm s labour demand by skill: The case of Tunisian manufacturing
Impact of trade lberalzaton on frm s labour demand by skll: The case of Tunsan manufacturng Rm Ben Ayed Mouelh October 2003 (Frst draft) (LEA, ISCAE, Unversty of la Manouba, Campus unverstare la Manouba)
More informationSpatial difference of regional carbon emissions in China
Avalable onlne www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemcal and Pharmaceutcal Research, 2014, 6(7): 2741-2745 Research Artcle ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Spatal dfference of regonal carbon emssons n Chna
More informationMarket Competitiveness and Demographic Profiles of Dairy Alternative Beverages in the United States: The Case of Soymilk. Senarath Dharmasena*
Market Compettveness and Demographc Profles of Dary Alternatve Beverages n the Unted States: The Case of Soymlk Senarath Dharmasena* Oral Capps, Jr.* *Agrbusness, Food and Consumer Economcs Research Center
More informationThe link between immigration and trade in Spain
1 The lnk between mmgraton and trade n Span José Vcente Blanes-Crstóbal March, 2003 Abstract Ths paper tests for the mpact of mmgraton on blateral trade usng Spansh data. It also explores some possble
More informationEconomic incentives and the quality of domestic waste: counterproductive effects through waste leakage 1
Economc ncentves and the qualty of domestc waste: counterproductve effects through waste leakage 1 H. Bartelngs 2, R. B. Dellnk and E.C. van Ierland, Envronmental Economcs and Natural Resources Group,
More informationTechnological Change and its Relationship with Total Factor Productivity in Iran's Petroleum Refineries
Technologcal Change and ts Relatonshp wth Total Factor Productvty n Iran's Petroleum Refneres Nader Dasht a*, Mahd Rostam b, Reza Rashd c a Assstant Professor,Energy Economcs and Management Department,Petroleum
More informationRelative income and the WTP for public goods
CERE Workng Paper, 2014:6 Relatve ncome and the WTP for publc goods - A case study of forest conservaton n Sweden Thomas Broberg Centre for Envronmental and Resource Economcs, Umeå Unversty, Sweden The
More informationCENTRE FOR ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 219 DECEMBER 1994 WAGES, EFFORT AND PRODUCTIVITY S. NICKELL AND D. NICOLITSAS
CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 219 DECEMBER 1994 WAGES, EFFORT AND PRODUCTIVITY S. NICKELL AND D. NICOLITSAS ABSTRACT Emprcal analyses of longtudnal data on some 66 manufacturng companes
More informationEvaluation Method for Enterprises EPR Project Risks
, pp.350-354 http://dx.do.org/10.14257/astl.2016. Evaluaton Method for Enterprses EPR Project Rsks L-Yongmng 1,2 1 College of Economcs and Management, Nanjng Unversty of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs, Nanjng,
More informationModelling and analysis of international recycling between developed and developing countries
Resources, Conservaton and Recyclng 46 (2006) 1 26 Modellng and analyss of nternatonal recyclng between developed and developng countres Peter J.H. van Beukerng a,, Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh a,b a Insttute
More informationTechnical Efficiency of Maize Farmers in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Oyo State
Internatonal Journal of Agrcultural Economcs & Rural Development - 1 (): 008 Techncal Effcency of Maze Farmers n Ogbomoso Agrcultural Zone of Oyo State Adedapo, K. D Department of Agrcultural Economcs
More informationOptimal Issuing Policies for Substitutable Fresh Agricultural Products under Equal Ordering Policy
06 Internatonal Academc Conference on Human Socety and Culture (HSC 06) ISBN: 978--60595-38-6 Optmal Issung Polces for Substtutable Fresh Agrcultural Products under Eual Orderng Polcy Qao- TENG,a, and
More informationResearch on the Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility under the Background of Low Carbon Economy
http://jba.scedupress.com Internatonal Journal of Busness Admnstraton Vol. 7, No. 5; 2016 Research on the Evaluaton of Corporate Socal Responsblty under the Background of Low Carbon Economy Xaofang Zhang
More informationTHE ESTIMATION OF AN AVERAGE COST FRONTIER TO CALCULATE BENCHMARK TARIFFS FOR ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
THE ESTIMATION OF AN AVERAGE COST FRONTIER TO CALCULATE BENCHMARK TARIFFS FOR ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION AEA Internatonal Conference on Modellng Energy Markets Techncal Unversty of Berln, September 10-11,
More informationEnergy demand and energy-related CO 2 emissions in Greek manufacturing: assessing the impact of a carbon tax. by Nikolaos Floros and Andriana Vlachou
Energy demand and energy-related CO 2 emssons n Greek manufacturng: assessng the mpact of a carbon tax by Nkolaos Floros and Andrana Vlachou Abstract The purpose of ths paper s to study the demand for
More information