Managing Biosolids Hay Production

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Gavin Jonas Peters
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1 Managing Biosolids Hay Production Hayiscut6to to 9 times per year Hay is cut and left to dry for 3-4 days Hay is rowed and baled within 1 day

2 Managing Biosolids Round Bales Typically y round bales are shipped to dairies across the island

3 Managing Biosolids Round Bales Dairy cattle benefit greatly from the higher protein content

4 Managing Biosolids Square Bales Square bales are typically for local dairies i and farms

5 Managing Biosolids Square Bales Square bales are typically for local dairies i and horses Paso Fino

6 Managing Biosolids Green Chop Green Chop is sold to local farmers for cattle and horses, care must be taken due to the high protein content

7 Managing Biosolids Green Chop Local farmers mix the high protein green chop with local grasses lower in protein

8 Managing Biosolids Silage Silage is sold exclusively to dairies i

9 Managing Biosolids Silage When mixed with native forage grasses the silage improves milk production, reproductive health and muscle growth

10 Managing Biosolids Monitoring Regulatory sampling and analysis is conducted regularly 18 wells and 14 canals Ground water, biosolids and vegetation

11 Managing Biosolids Forage Analysis Analysis Used Description Fermentation Started various silage Analysis acids; lactic, acetic, proprionic and butyric Microbial Analysis Annual Yeast and mold counts Mycotoxin Screens Monthly Levels of Aflotoxin, produced by molds

12 Managing Biosolids Monitoring Parámetros de Aguas Aguas Parámetros en Cumplimiento Frecuencia Subterráneas Superficiales cumplimiento (pozos) (canales) ^RECA Sólidos disueltos totales trimestral x x x Carbón órganico total trimestral x x x ph trimestral x x x Demanda química de oxígeno trimestral x x x Coliformes totales trimestral x x x

13 Managing Biosolids Monitoring Parámetros de Aguas Aguas Parámetros en Cumplimiento Frecuencia Subterráneas Superficiales cumplimiento (pozos) (canales) ^RECA TKN trimestral x x x Nitrógeno-nitrato trimestral x x x Nitrógenoamonia trimestral x x x Sodio trimestral x x x Cloruro trimestral x x x Fósforo total trimestral x x x Sulfuro-sulfato trimestral x x x

14 Managing Biosolids Monitoring Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Calidad de Biosólidos Inyectados Clase B EPA Ceiling Part 503 Compliance Part 503 Concentration period YEAR 2000 Pollutant limits (mg/kg) min avg max Arsenic Cadmium Cromium 3, Copper 4, Lead Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Zinc 7, Fecal Coliform < 2,000, ,472 60,531

15 Treatment Conclusion VOC s and Hydrogen Sulfide presented the greatest challenges, Constant MLSS Strategy worked best, No Chlorination, Extensive testing gproved forage crops safe for dairy and meat cattle and other livestock, High nitrogen wastes require careful application modeling,

16 Emerging Contaminants t

17 Why are Emerging Contaminants t of Concern? Increasing degradation of available water from anthropogenic sources Discovery of adverse health effects at increasingly minute concentrations of contaminants

18 Why are Emerging Contaminants of Concern? Sensational media reports of EDCs and PPCPs in water Customer trust can be built through effective communications on ECs Pro-active approach to dealing with ECs when engaging in master planning

19 What are Emerging Contaminants t (EC)? How to define emerging contaminants No regulatory definition Possible definition: Contaminant with two or more of these characteristics: Not regulated under SDWA Limited info on fate, transport, and/or treatment Limited info on toxicological effects on humans and/or ecosystems Limited occurrence data Detected in drinking water sources at levels l above background

20 Surface Waters Impacted by Anthropogenic Activity it Effluent organic matter Precursors to disinfectant byproducts (DBPs) Effluent derived micropollutants Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)

21 Groundwater Contamination Perchlorate MTBE NDMA 1,4-Dioxane WW + CLM VOCs/SOCs EDCs/PPCPs

22 Examples of EDCs - Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) interfere with endocrine system function - EPA formed Endocrine Disruptor Screening & Testing Advisory Committee in Estimated 87,000 EDCs (62,000 that could potentially cross biological i l membranes) Examples Alkyl phenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates Bisphenol A Cadmium Dioxin Hormones and metabolites (estradiols, testosterone, progesterone) Lead Organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan, lindane, methoxychlor, atrazine, DDT) Phthalates [diethyl, di (2-ethylhexyl)] Polychlorinated biphenyls Source: AWWA

23 Examples of PPCPs - Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) often enter waters through sewage, antibiotic use in animals - EPA has sponsored extensive PPCP research into fate and transport, exposure pathways, ecological and human health effects, and monitoring tools Examples Antibiotics Anti-inflammatory medicines Antiepileptic medicines Blood lipid regulators Cough syrup Fragrances Hormones Pain medication X-ray contrast media Source: AWWA

24 USGS National Reconnaissance: Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams Source: USGS

25 Other ECs Disinfectant byproducts Trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids Persistent t (and emerging) pathogens e.g., Legionella Salinity Nutrients Nanoparticles and nanotechnology

26 Culmination of Factors Our drinking water supplies are increasingly affected by trace pollutants Influence of wastewater and human activity Natural algal l activities iti Improved analytical techniques are allowing studies on the impact of low levels contaminants New trace contaminants New DBPs Very minute concentrations of contaminants may be significant from health and environmental perspectives

27 Water and Wastewater Industry Outlook Additional thoughts on regulatory trends that could result in more treatment needs: Regulation of PPCPs and EDCs: It is not anticipated that PPCPs will be regulated for wastewater treatment plants in the next 5-10 years except maybe for WWTP discharges to a sensitive habitat MCLs established for new contaminants Multipurpose treatment may gain popularity: e.g., U.S. EPA may eventually regulate by treatment process due to increasing difficulty associated with regulating contaminants one at time Treatment t requirements for recycled water injection into aquifers

28 Regulatory Significance of ECs EC z Continuum of emerging contaminants Federal Regulations EDCs Some Some EDCs pesticides pesticides such such as as atrazine, chlordane, atrazine, chlordane, DDT, DDT, eldrin, eldrin, lindane, lindane, methoxychlor, methoxychlor, y, simazine, i i and d simazine, and toxaphene; toxaphene; other other organics, organics, such as benzo(a) such as pyrene, di(2benzo(a)pyrene, eth ethylhexyl lhe l phthalae, phthalae di(2-ethylhexyl dioxin, and PCBs) phthalae, dioxin, Inorganics and PCBs) such as Cd, Pb, Hgsuch as Inorganics Cd, Pb, Hg Regulations in some states Perchlorate MTBE Notification Levels 1,4-Dioxane 1,4 Dioxane 1 4-Dioxane Some nitrosamines 1,2,3-TCP Unregulated Hexavalent Many EDCs chromium and PPCPs Nanomaterials Many EDCs and PPCPs Others Nanomaterials Others

29 Conventional Wastewater Treatment t Influent Effluent Bar Screen Grit Chamber Primary Clarifier Activated Sludge, Trickling Filters Secondary Clarifier Disinfectant

30 Ad ti P Adsorption Processes GAC Activated C b Carbon PAC

31 PAC Treatment Results Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007

32 GAC Treatment Results Meprobamate Iopromide Ibuprofen Hydrocodone Sulfamethoxazole l Iopromide 5% Breakthrough 20% Breakthrough Estrone Estradiol Caffeine Atrazine Acetaminophen Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, ,000 40,000 60,000 80, , , , , ,000 Bed Volumes

33 Adsorption Pros and Cons Effective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs Competitive Adsorption Provides Other WQ Benefits Cost of Carbon No By-Product Issues Spent Media Disposal / Replacement

34 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) UV + H 2 O 2 O 3 AOP UV AOP AOP + H 2 O 2 O 3

35 UV and UV AOP Results Percent Removal 0 Trimethoprim Acetaminophen Atrazine Caffeine Estradiol Estrone Hydrocodone Ibuprofen Testosterone UV (548 mj/cm2) UV (537 mj/cm2) + H2O2 (7.5 mg/l) Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007

36 Ozone and Ozone AOP Results Ozone=1.3 mg/l 70 Ozone=1.2 mg/l + H2O2= mg/l Pentoxifylline Caffeine Testosterone Progesterone Androstenedione Ibuprofen Dilantin Diazepam DEET Iopromide Meprobamate Atrazine Percent Removal (%) Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007

37 AOP Treatment Pros and Cons Effective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs Partial Oxidation Products Provides WQ Other Benefits Energy Intensive Processes Disinfection Scavenging & Interferences

38 Membrane Treatment

39 Integrated Membrane Treatment t MF/UF NF/RO Pre Treatment MF/UF NF/RO

40 RO Treatment - Pros and Cons Effective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs Disposal of Brine Stream Bottled ldwater Quality Energy Intensive Process Other Benefits High Life Cycle Cost

41 Questions Jess Richard Neff Senior Consultant Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. 645 Griswold St. Suite 1950 Detroit, MI

The Future of Treatment: Advanced Technologies for Emerging Contaminants

The Future of Treatment: Advanced Technologies for Emerging Contaminants Drivers for Advanced Technologies As water resources are stressed, utilities often forced to consider less pristine sources Wastewater