Water Supply in Developing Countries

Transcription

1 Water Supply in Developing Countries Ernest R. Blatchley III, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue Water Community Presented to: Unleashing the Global Supply Chain 11 February 2011 The Dauch Center for Management of Manufacturing Enterprises Global Supply Chain Management Initiative

2 Presentation Outline Water in Developing Countries Issues Scope Drinking Water Treatment, Principles Constraints in Developing Countries Microbial Pathogens Fluoride Arsenic Summary, Conclusions, Opportunities

3 Water in Developing Countries Drinking Water o 1/6 th of World s Population Lacks Safe Drinking Water o >1 Billion People Roughly 2.5 Billion People Lack Basic Sanitation

4 Implications of Water/Sanitation Shortages Communicable Diseases o More than 2 Million Deaths per Year o Children Age < 5 Yrs per Day o 50% of World s Hospital Beds Occupied by Patients Suffering from Waterborne Diseases o More DeathsThan War Decreased Productivity Absence from School Women and Children Disproportionately Affected Large Populations Political l Instability

5 National Academy of Engineering (NAE): Grand Challenges hll for Engineering Provide Access to Clean Water Global Distribution Does Not Match Demand Need for Water Reuse/Recycle Desalination New Water Treatment Technologies Decentralized Systems See:

6 UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) See:

7 UN MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability bl Four Targets Target 3: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of thepopulation without sustainableaccessaccess to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Source: The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2010, UN.

8 Conventional Drinking Water Treatment: FeCl 3 Multiple Barrier Concept Sedimentation (Sand) Filtration Coagulation Flocculation Treatment Targets: Colloidal Particles Microbial Pathogens Multiple Processes for Removal of Each Target Additional Processes Added as Needed for Other Targets Disinfection (Chlorine)

9 Constraints to Drinking Water Treatment in Developing Countries Tend to be Non Technical Political Economic Cultural Social Site Specific Specific Cotaminants, Characteristics No Unique Solution Common Themes

10 Opportunities for Water Treatment in Developing Countries No single solution, common themes Simple technologies Use locally available resources Human resources (***) Natural resources Create sustainable business opportunities Learn from applications Indigenous knowledge Translation to developed countries Student interest is high Interdisciplinary teams Multi cultural experiences

11 Microbial Pathogens Common WaterborneDiseases Chronic Diarrhea Cholera Typhoid Often Associated with Particles in Water Wt Treatment Approach Physical Separation Microbial Inactivation

12 Biologically Active Sand Filtration

13 Aqua Clara Business Model Identification of local entrepreneurs Teaching Water treatment principles Manufacture of filters Locally available materials Sales/marketing of filters Fair market price Promotion of local economy Provision of clean water Homes, schools, clinics, etc.

14 Community Scale Water Filter St. Catherine s Girls School, Eldoret, Kenya

15 Solar UV Disinfection

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18 SOUTHERN NEVADA S WATER RESOURCES Other Water Resources, 10% Colorado River, 90% Nevada receives 90 percent of its water supply from the Colorado River. Slide Courtesy of Southern Nevada Water Authority

19 DROUGHT CONDITIONS Sustained drought in the Colorado River Basin has significantly reduced the amount of water stored in Lake Mead. Lake Mead, 2000 Lake Mead, 2010 Slide Courtesy of Southern Nevada Water Authority

20 DROUGHT CONDITIONS Since 2000, Lake Mead s elevation has dropped approximately 127 feet. January 2000 Elevation: 1,214 4ft. July Elevation: 1,087 ft. Slide Courtesy of Southern Nevada Water Authority

21 Fluoride Health Effects: Concentration > 1 mg/l Dental Fluorosis Skeletal Fluorosis Images from: T. Gossa (2006) Fluoride Contamination and Treatment in the Ethiopian Rift Valley, WWF4 Mexico

22 Fluoride Removal Defluoridation Adsorption to Granular Media Ati Activated tdalumina Bone Char

23 Fluoride Removal Defluoridation Fluoride has high affinity for polyvalent cations Calcium Aluminum Pass water through h bed of granular material Flouride accumulates on solid surfaces From: Medellin Castillo et al. (2007) Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char, Char Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, Image from: action/emergencies/images/kenya_pubhealth/ defluoridation2.jpg

24 Fluoride Recovery Uses of Fluoride Cavity prevention Fluoropolymers: Cookware/bakeware Fabrics (Gore Tex) Biomedical Surgical implants Pharmaceuticals HF (Glass etching) New business opportunity? Rift Valley Fluoride?

25 Summary, Conclusions, Opportunities Need for improved water quality is clear Technology is available Interest is high, spreading Small investment, large return Human resources Skills and experiences of affected populations Long term benefits Natural resources New treatment technologies Sustainable practices Translation to developed countries

26 Thank You! Ernest R. Blatchley III, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Professor, School of Civil Engineering Division i i of Environmental l& Ecological lengineering i Purdue Water Community Purdue University West Lafayette, IN blatch@purdue.edu

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28 Arsenic Removal Arsenic Chemistry Several oxidation states As(III) (Arsenite = AsO 2 ) As(V) (Arsenate = AsO 3 4 ) As(V) is easier to remove from water Arsenic Toxicity As(III) more toxic than As(V) Several endpoints Treatment Processes Oxidize As(III) As(V) Removal by: Precipitation Membranes (reverse osmosis) Adsorption Activated alumina Others Many other processes

29 Opportunities Need for Work is Clear Student Interest Organizational i Interest NGOs Foundations Churches Public Service Groups

30 Work at Purdue Biologically Active Sand Filtration Solar UV Disinfection Student Groups University Structure GlobalSustainability Initiative Global Policy Research Institute International Programs Global Engineering Program Purdue Water Community

31 Biologically Active Sand Filtration Service Learning Class Cass Spring Semestereste 13 Students, Diverse Backgrounds Testing of Lab ScaleFilters Existing Design Aqua Clara International Design Full Scale Filter Construction of Filter: St. Catherine s Girls School, Eldoret, Kenya Testing of Filter

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35 Profile: 1000 L/day Filter

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46 Solar UV Disinfection

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49 Water in Developing Countries Profound Problems Drinking Water Sanitation Agriculture RltdT Related Technical li Issues (Soil, Water Wt Conservation) Opportunities Exist to Address Problems Rapidly Emerging Issue

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