Aspects of Forest Biodiversity, Harvest Decision of the Forest Owner and Roundwood Market Equilibrium Preliminary Results

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1 DRAFT - Conference on Policy Insrumens for Safeguarding Fores Biodiversiy Helsinki, January Aspecs of Fores Biodiversiy, Harves Decision of he Fores Owner and Roundwood Marke Equilibrium Preliminary Resuls Laura Peuhkuri, M.Soc.Sc., Universiy of Helsinki, Faculy of Foresry and Agriculure, Deparmen of Economics (Pos-graduae suden of Environmenal Economics) laura.peuhkuri@helsinki.fi Inroducion Non-indusrial privae fores owners (NIPF) role in Finnish foresry is significan. In 00, 7% of he oal growh of Finnish foress was locaed in privaely owned foress, and privae sources accouned for 66% of he indusry s imber procuremen (Mesäeollisuuden vuosikirja 003). Privae ownership is especially dominan in Souhern Finland, which has been recenly he focus of fores proecion plans and volunary measures for achieving ha (Ympärisöminiseriö 00). The radiion of wo-period harvesing models focuses on his owner group. Recenly research has been made regarding, for insance, opimal policy seing in an overlapping generaions economy (Amacher e al. 00). The issue of biodiversiy conservaion in Finnish foress is pressing and i has several implicaions o he economy. There is a need o find ou wha he implicaions of conservaion measures migh be for he roundwood supply and he marke price of wood. In his paper he focus is on how biodiversiy conservaion affecs he non-indusrial privae fores owner s decision o harves, hence imber supply, and analyzing he level of impac ha conservaion hrough new proecion areas could have on he Finnish roundwood marke. The fores owner s harvesing decision is analyzed wihin he woperiod harvesing model, which is an adapaion of he radiional Fisherian consumpionsavings model o imber supply. The fores owner maximizes his income from harvess over wo periods. The model is consruced so ha i differeniaes beween sofwood and hardwood. Biodiversiy conservaion is in his framework manifesed as valuaion of ree species diversiy, which appears in he decision equaion as a harvesing consrain on deciduous rees. The heoreic analysis is complemened wih a quasi-empirical, parameric model ha has been calibraed using recen hisorical daa (997-00) of he Finnish roundwood marke. The researcher is no familiar wih any oher sudy ha would have looked a he price

2 implicaions of changes in wood quaniies due o fores conservaion in he Finnish roundwood marke. The impacs of area conservaion are examined as alernaive proecion scenarios in an aggregaed supply-demand framework. The scenarios are consruced using various combinaions of wo key parameers: he share of impored wood of oal wood consumpion, and he size of proeced fores area. Theoreic Framework The basic version of he Fisherian wo-period consumpion-savings-harvesing model used here differed from he model in previous lieraure (Johansson e al. 985, Ollikainen 996, Koskela e al. 999a, Koskela e al. 999b) because i described he simulaneous producion of wo ree species, i.e. a mixed-species sand. The basic version of he model was complemened wih a exogenous harves consrain se by he sociey. Afer he inroducion and formulaion of he respecive models, he adapaion of fores owner s decision o harves o given exogenous facors (wood prices in wo periods, and ineres raes) was analyzed using he approach of comparaive saic analysis.. Fores Owner s Decision o Harves In he harvesing model here are wo ime periods: presen ime (period ) and he fuure (period ). The harvesing decision reflecs he shor-erm supply of he wo wood species ino he roundwood marke. The model is based on neoclassical economic heory s key assumpion of uiliy maximizing individuals. In his version, perfec capial markes and cerainy of he fuure imber prices have been assumed. The preferences of a represenaive fores owner deermine an addiive and separable uiliy funcion, which covers he presen and he fuure. The uiliy funcion is assumed linear when he fores owner maximizes he presen value of his imber income. Lineariy in erms of imber income means ha he fores owner regards he consumpion in he wo periods as perfec subsiues. () U = π = u( c + R c ) = c + R, c where c = px + qx s and c = p z + q z + Rs,

3 ( ) p is he price of sofwood (coniferous) in period (period ), p q( q) is he price of hardwood (deciduous) in period (period ), x ( z ) x ( z ) is he harvesed quaniy of sofwood in period (period ), is he harvesed quaniy of hardwood in period (period ), ( + ) R = r is he discoun facor, where r is he real ineres rae prevalen in he economy Placing he consumpion equaions o he uiliy funcion yields he following equaion () π = p x + q x + R p z + R q. z The fores owner sars off wih given ree socks; Q of conifers and Q deciduous rees; he imber from hese socks form his only source of income. The socks can also be called he iniial endowmens of he ree species. The growh of he sands is described wih he following funcions: f ( k i ), i =, for he coniferous/ ree species and ( l i ) he deciduous/ ree species. The growh funcions ( k ) g( ) i l i g, i =, for f, are assumed concave wih respec o he socks remaining afer harves, k i and l, hus f, g > 0 and f, g < 0. The i negaive sign of he second derivaive indicaes ha he fores growh funcion is increasing a a decreasing rae in Q i. Fuure harvess are described as a funcion of he iniial endowmen, curren harvess and growh of he ree sock. The fuure harvess of conifers is described by equaion (3a) and he fuure harvess of deciduous rees by (3b): (3a) z = ( Q x ) + f ( Q x ), (3b) z = ( Q x ) + g( Q x ). The fores owner maximizes presen value of he harvesing income (4) Max π = p x + R p z + q x + R q z, x, z, x, z 3

4 The firs order condiions for he opimizaion problem are formed by aking he derivaives of he uiliy funcion wih respec o he firs period harves quaniies of he wo ree species as follows: (5a) = p R ( + f ) p 0, U x 0 = (5b) = q R ( + g ) q 0. U x 0 = Equaions (5a) and (5b) also show he fores owner s harvesing. The owner harvess a he poin where curren income from harvess equals he presen value of fuure harvess including he growh of wood sock. In fac, all rees are harvesed a he beginning of he second period. Comparaive saic effecs show how changes in exogenous variables affec he fores owner s harvesing decision (i.e. imber supply). The analyzed exogenous variables included he curren and fuure prices of imber (p, p, q, q ) and he ineres rae r. The resuls of he unconsrained opimum can be summarized for sofwood and hardwood respecively. The resuls in he firs period become: (6a) x = x p, p, r, Q, q, q. 0 0 Supply of sofwood in period (6b) x = x p, p, r, Q, q, q. 0 0 Supply of hardwood in period The own harvess of he ree species are posiively affeced by a rise in he own firs period price, a growh in sanding sock, and a rise in he ineres rae. They are negaively affeced by a rise in he second period wood price. (6c) z = z p, p, r, Q, q, q. Supply of sofwood in period (6d) z = z p, p, r, Q, q, q. 0 0 Supply of hardwood in period + + The ineres rae is unambiguously deermined because capial markes have been assumed perfec. 4

5 The resuls in he second period are corresponding. The own harvess are posiively affeced by a rise in he own second period price, a growh in sanding sock, and negaively affeced by a rise in he ineres rae or firs period wood price.. Harvesing under Mandaory Biodiversiy Conservaion In a mixed fores, which is in economic use, he proporion of deciduous rees is usually smaller, and ye i is imporan for he endangered species in he fores. Hence, he sociey may recommend a cerain minimum level for he proporion of deciduous rees (for insance 0%). In he analysis he consrain appears in a simple modeling in which he firs period harves of hardwood is allowed o be a mos equal o he quaniy deermined by he sociey, hus he consrain becomes and indicaes he maximum allowable harves of hardwood. The consrain is binding for one of he ree species (deciduous) and he firs period. Placing a consrain on only one of he species is sufficien for influencing also he harvess of he oher species (coniferous) in he firs period. The unconsrained maximizaion problem of he previous sub-secion is complemened wih a consrain and he new maximizaion problem becomes: (7) Max U x, z, x, z = px + R p z + qx + R q z s.. x x. Equaion (7) is used for forming he following Lagrangean: (8) L = p x + R p z + q x + R q z + λ ( x ). x Equaions(9a) and (9b) describe he fuure harvess of boh species. (9a) z = ( Q x ) + f ( Q x ), (9b) z = ( Q x ) + g( Q x ). Using he previous equaions he following firs order condiions are formed: This analysis deals wih economic fores in paricular. In a fores ha is no harvesed he succession sage would markedly influence he share of deciduous wood. Early on in he succession deciduous rees dominae he fores, whereas he previously described would correspond o a raher lae sage in he succession. 5

6 (0a) = p R ( + f ) p 0, L x = (0b) = q R ( + g ) q λ 0, L x = (0c) = x x = 0. L λ A rise in own price of sofwood increases is harves and a fall in price decreases hem. In he firs period all adjusmens o changes in he price of sofwood occur hrough sofwood harves because he harvess of hardwood are bound by he consrain. A change in he fuure price of sofwood does no affec he firs period harvess of hardwood. A change in he price of sofwood affecs he harvess of iself negaively. Changes in he price of hardwood do no affec he harvess in eiher of he periods. Sofwood harvess are unaffeced by hardwood price changes because of he missing cross effecs. The supply of hardwood is price inelasic due o he consrain as () shows: () x q z q, x q, z q = 0., For he unconsrained ree species (coniferous) also he ineres rae impacs are of he familiar ype. A rise in he ineres rae increases he harvess of sofwood in he firs period and decreases hem in he second period. Changes in he ineres rae have no impacs on he harves quaniies of hardwood because he consrain is binding: () x r, z r = 0. The sociey can, should i desire o do so, aler he size of he hardwood harves consrain. This would be a change in an exogenous variable o he model, jus like he ones examined before. The impacs of changes in he harves resricion o he harvesed quaniies hus become: (3a) x x = 0. (3b) z x = 0. (3c) x x = ( R f p )( R g q ) > 0. 6

7 (3d) z x ( ) = + g x x < 0. As equaions (3a) and (3b) show, a change in he harves resricion has no impac on he harvesed quaniies of sofwood in eiher of he period. The resul is inuiive because he consrain is on he oher species. A loosening of he consrain has in he firs period a posiive impac o he harvess of deciduous wood (3c). A ighening resricion means an increasing ransfer of harvess o he second period when he consrain is no longer binding. The impac on harvesed quaniy of hardwood in he second period is negaive as a higher harves allowance in he firs period implies lower harvess in he second period (3d). The condiion describes he exen of conservaion as a funcion of biodiversiy valuaion by he sociey. Alernaive conservaion measures are analyzed in he parameric model of secion 3..3 Deriving Roundwood Demand The effecs on he demand of roundwood are derived using he producion choice of he firm as he saring poin. Sofwood and hardwood are assumed o be incomplee subsiues in producion, which means ha hey can o a cerain exen bu no fully be used as subsiues. The producion funcion is hence in boh periods a funcion of he supply of wo species. Boh he curren and he fuure producion funcion are assumed known wih cerainy. The demand effecs of price changes are crucial in examining he marke implicaions of he harves consrains. The profi funcion of he firm is (e.g. wood processing indusry): (4) Π = φ f ( x, x ) p x q x + R φf ( z, z ) [ p z q z ], where i) φ is he marke price of he end produc, ii) Demand is periodical i.e. no invenories are kep, iii) The wood species are incomplee subsiues in producion. The firs order derivaives of he profi funcion (5a)-(5d) show ha he value of he marginal produc of he inpu is a he opimum equal o he price of he marginal produc for boh ree species and periods: 7

8 (5a) Π = p 0, x φ f x = (5b) Π = q 0, x φ f x = (5c) Π = R f R p 0, = φ z z (5d) Π = R f R q 0. = φ z z When comparaive saic analysis is applied he impacs of he changes in firs period prices o he firs period wood demand (d is added as a superscrip o denoe demand) become: d (6a) x p ( π ) < 0, = x x d (6b) x p = ( π ) > 0, x x d (6c) x q = ( π ) > 0, x x d (6d) x q ( π ) < 0. = x x When firs order condiions are differeniaed correspondingly wih respec o he second period prices and, he second period demand impacs become: d (7a) z p = R ( π ) < 0, z z d (7b) z p = R ( π ) > 0, z z (7c) z d q = R ( π ) > 0, z z (7d) z d q = R ( π ) < 0. z z The impacs reflec he assumpion of he ree species as subsiues; hence a price rise of one species increases he demand of he oher in he same period (posiive cross-effecs). 8

9 .4 Esablishing Roundwood Marke Equilibrium The marke equilibrium is deermined in curren period by equaion (8a) and in he fuure period by equaion (8b). d d s s (8a) x + x = x + x, d d s s (8b) z + z = z + z, where he subscrip d denoes he quaniy demanded of he wood species and he subscrip s he quaniy supplied. The supply impacs are expressed using he same noaion as in he earlier chapers. The impacs of he harves resricion on he marke prices of he ree species in boh periods is gained by aking he parial derivaives of boh sides of equaions (8a) and (8b) wih respec o he desired price and he harves consrain. Nex we examine he impac of he harves consrain on he firs period marke price. We differeniae he equaion (8a) wih respec o and as follows: d d s s s (9) [ x p + x p ] dp = [ x p + x p ] dp + [ x x ] d. x The supply effecs on he righ side of equaion are formed based on he resuls gained in he analyses. Ou of he parial derivaives wih respec o he consrain only he impac on he consrained wood species remains. The resricion has no impac on he demand side. The impacs of he harves consrain o he equilibrium price become: (0) = p ( x ) p, = q ( x ), q = p ( x ) + p, q = q ( x ). + Lowering of he allowable harves level of hardwood raises he marke price of sofwood in he firs period, because he excess demand caused by he resricion affecs he coniferous species. The change in he firs period price of hardwood becomes negaive; loosening he harves consrain increase he supply, which causes he marke price of hardwood o fall. The impac of he harves consrain on he price of sofwood in he second period is 9

10 posiive; lowering he harves consrain in he firs period lowers he supply of hardwood in he second period and increases he supply of sofwood. As a resul, he second period price of sofwood falls. Finally he impac of he harves resricion on he marke price of hardwood in he second period when he consrain is no longer effecive becomes posiive. The resul implies ha lowering he allowable harves in he firs period leaves more hardwood o be harvesed in he second period and hence lowers he fuure marke price of he species. 3 Parameric Model of Roundwood Marke In his secion he roundwood marke balance is analyzed applying a simple supplydemand model (Kuuluvainen e al. 998, Hildén e al. 999). The model is quasi-dynamic and has been calibraed o presen he siuaion of he Finnish roundwood marke The model is used for analyzing six alernaive cases ha are scenarios of increased fores proecion due o biodiversiy conservaion and wo levels of impored roundwood quaniies. In addiion o hose a basic scenario ha reains he level of impors and includes no new proecion measures has been used as a benchmark. 3. Srucure of he Model The model consiss of a demand funcion, a supply funcion, equilibrium, and a funcion describing he developmen of fores sock. These componens are describes wih equaions (4a)-(4d) as follows: (4a) ln D a0 + a ln P + a ln D = (4b) ln S = b b lnv 0 + b ln P + (4c) ln S = ln D = ln Q (4d) V = V + gv Q where D is demand in period and D - lagged demand of he previous period, P is 0

11 sumpage price, S is supply, V is he fores sock a he beginning of period, Q is he equilibrium quaniy. The average annual growh rae of he fores sock is g. The domesic demand for roundwood depends on. he parameer a 0, ha is influenced by he growh of demand for fores indusry producs and he impor of wood; his is he shif parameer of demand ha deerminaes he locaion of he demand curve. he parameer a, ha is he price elasiciy of demand 3. he parameer a, ha is he assumed adjusmen speed of he capaciy; he elasiciy of demand wih respec o demand in previous period The aggregae supply of roundwood depends on 4. he parameer b 0, ha is influenced by fores policy measures; his is he shif parameer of supply 5. he parameer b, ha is he price elasiciy of supply 6. he parameer b, ha represens he developmen of fores sock in volume The model balanced supply and demand in each period fulfilling equaion (4c), and is updaed periodically using equaion (4d). In his basic version of he model here is no differeniaion beween sawnwood and pulpwood, or differen wood species. The prices and elasiciies used are based on available saisics and recen research on he Finnish roundwood marke. The fixed parameers concerning elaciciies are aken as defined in Hildén e al. 999, because no essenial updaes were considered available since he wriing of ha repor. The price elasiciy of demand is aken a -0.5, which reflecs he elasiciies repored in lieraure for sawnwood and pulpwood (e.g. Toppinen e al. 997), puing emphasis on he significance of pulpwood. The adapabiliy of indusry o changes in demand was valued a 0.5 (adjusmen parameer a ) (Kuuluvainen e al. 988). The price elasiciy of supply is aken o be 0.5, which reflecs he phenomena ha price effecs end o have become more eviden during he 980's and 990's (Toppinen 998).

12 The elasiciy of supply wih respec o sock was aken a 0.4. This parameer has only been esimaed using fores owner specific daa and he resuls varied beween 0.3 and.0 (Ovaskainen e al. 994). The wood consumpion by fores indusry is assumed o be growing a.5% annually (Finnish Fores Indusries Federaion). 3. Analyzed Scenarios There has been an ongoing debae abou he fores proecion Finland. The Meso commiee on proecion of souhern Finnish foress recenly decided o rely on volunary measures insead of providing new proecion area arges a his sage (Ympärisöminiseriö 00). A new arrangemen is also he making of deals wih privae fores owners in which he owner is paid o refrain from harvess for a predefined period of ime, e.g. 0 years. In 003 some Finnish ENGOs 3 published a repor abou he fuure of he Finnish foress and saed ha hey would like o have an addiional ha of foress proeced in Souhern Finland and some regions of Oulu region and wesern Lapland by 00 (Harkki e al. 003). In his paper hree alernaive wood supply scenarios have been esed. The firs one is he business-as-usual scenario wih no new proecion areas. The second is a scenario is a proecion of an addiional ha of fores area ha of his is in Souhern Finland and ha in Norhern Finland. This case represens a modes version. The high proecion scenario assumes ha he proecion areas are ha of fores Souhern Finland and ha in Norhern Finland. The losses in volume are esimaed on average yield basis and he annual loss is equal o he poenial growh. This approach is jusified especially if he proecion is emporary in naure. The sock is hus assumed inac despie he proecion. Since he proporion of impored wood is significan ( on average 6%; Finnish Saisical Yearbook of Foresry 00) he quaniy of impors is also considered as a variable. The uncerain fuure developmens of e.g. invesmens o fores indusry on he oher side of he Russian border could poenially have a marked effec on he Finnish roundwood marke. The raes of impor esed for in he scenarios are 0% and 0%. Of 3 BirdLife Finland, Greenpeace, Luono-Liio, Finnish Naure Proecion Associaion (SLL)

13 course a consan rae of impors is a radical simplificaion o he acual siuaion in which impors are largely deermined by he price of impored wood as well as availabiliy. If, for insance, he ranspor disance would rise subsanially impored wood migh no be as lucraive of an alernaive anymore. In he average price of domesic sofwood was 3.8 EUR/m 3, hardwood was. EUR/m 3 and in he same ime period average value of impored sofwood was 34.3 EUR/m 3 and impored hardwood 3.4 EUR/m 3. These are average prices ha do no reveal he differen uses and qualiies of wood. The analyzed scenarios are presened in Table. Table Analyzed Alernaives of New Proecion and Level of Impors Level of Impors/ Level of Proecion No new proecion areas Modes proecion ha by 00 (+.7%) 0% High impor/ High impor + modes proecion/ 3 0% Low impor/ Low impor + modes proecion/ 4 High proecion ha by 00 (+3.5%) High impor + high proecion/ 5 Low impor + high proecion/ 6 The proecion is assumed o be emporary for a period up o 00. The losses in harvesed quaniies occur over a number of years from 004 o 009 as he proecion plans gradually ake place. I is assumed ha he arge is reached by increasing he proecion by an equal amoun annually. The modes proecion scenario implies ha a oal annual loss of fores growh of million m 3 and he high proecion scenario implies a loss of fores growh a.8 million m 3. Figure illusraes how he new proecion areas gradually lower he aggregae wood supply. The annual decrease in harvesed volume has been aken ino he model so ha i changes he parameer ha shifs supply and hence affecs he raded quaniy. Only new proecion (i.e. he change from previous year) has been included. 3

14 Figure Gradual Esablishing of Proeced Areas and Consequen Losses in Harvesed Volumes Annual loss in harvess as 000 m s 3&4 5& Resuls Figure shows a comparison of average sumpage prices in wo ime periods , and Figure Average Sumpage Price of Roundwood and ,0 37,0 35, EUR/m3 33,0 3,0 9,0 7, ,0 Basic Scenario The average price level for all species is 30.6 EUR/m 3. The basic case shows he price developmen a average rae of impors 6%. The price rises up o 33 4

15 and 34 EUR/m 3. s, 3, and 5 in which impors are fixed a 0% he price increases remain very small. On he conrary, he cases, 4, and 6 show ha he impac of considerably reduced impors would be significan. The level of prices is deermined by he exen of impor, ha is he quaniy of wood procured from domesic marke, whereas he relaive posiion of scenarios and he seepness of price increase is deermined by he conservaion of producive fores land assumed in he scenarios. The equilibrium quaniy of domesic roundwood in is 6.8 million m 3. Figure 3 shows he quaniies associaed wih prices in Figure. Figure 3 Average Domesic Equilibrium Quaniy of Roundwood and ,0 7, ,0 million m3 68,0 66,0 64,0 6, ,0 58,0 Basic Scenario Table shows wha he resuls mean in erms of fores owners income and he conras beween he basic (business-as-usual) case and he alernaive scenarios. 5

16 Table Average Annual Sumpage Income and Comparisons Scenario Average Annual Sumpage income Million EUR Difference o Scenario Basic Basic 86 0% + 7.6% % % % % % 4 Discussion The heoreic secion shows he formaion of imber supply, demand and he marke equilibrium wih join producion of wo wood species. The proecion of diversiy appears in a consrained opimum in which a binding harves consrain on one of he species in he firs period affecs he supply and prices of boh species in ha period. In he second period he impac remains on he consrained species, whose harvess depend on he amoun harvesed in he firs period. Anoher aspec o fores biodiversiy conservaion is offered by a quasi-empirical modeling of he Finnish roundwood marke. The resuls indicae ha he level of impors is decisive for he level of domesic wood and wood prices. However, he naure proecion scenarios deermine he slope of growh. The sock is sill growing sufficienly o make he fores proecion measures used in scenarios only o slow down he growh. Hisorically 0% is a high rae of impor bu oday i seems quie a realisic level should impors coninue o evolve as has been he case recenly. The case of a mere 0% was included because of poenial hreas o wood supply due o regulaion or compeiive environmen. Furher research is going o be done o complemen he parameric model wih he ree species diversiy aspecs. Anoher concern is he modeling of impors so ha hey could be responsive o wood prices. The level presened here is very aggregaed bu provides a direcion and magniude of changes poenial new biodiversiy proecion measures migh 6

17 imply. The ree species aspec is also ineresing wih respec o he balance beween impors and domesic supply of roundwood. Today he vas majoriy of impored roundwood is hardwood pulpwood. References Amacher, G. S., Koskela, E. & Ollikainen, M. 00. Opimal fores policies in an overlapping generaions economy wih imber and money bequess. The Research Insiue of he Finnish Economy. Discussion Papers 756. Harkki, S., Savola, K. & Walsh, M Palaako elävä mesä? mesiensuojelun avoieia 000-luvun Suomessa. BirdLife Suomen julkaisuja 5. (In Finnish wih English summaries) Hildén, M., Kuuluvainen, J., Ollikainen, M., Pelkonen, P. & Primmer, E Kansallisen mesäohjelman ympärisövaikuusen arvioini. Loppurapori. Maa- ja mesäalousminiseriö. Johansson, P. O. - Löfgren, K. G The Economics of Foresry and Naural Resources. Oxford, Basil Blackwell. Koskela, E. & Ollikainen, M. 999a. Ameniy Values and Biological Risk. Journal of Fores Economics 5 (), Koskela, E. & Ollikainen, M. 999b. Opimal Public Harvesing Under he Inerdependence of Public and Privae Foress. Fores Science 45(), Kuuluvainen, J., Toppinen, A. & Pajuoja, H Puumarkkina Suomessa, Yksiyismesänomisajien puun arjona. Teoksessa H. Hänninen (oim.) Puuvarojen käyömahdollisuude. Mesänukimuslaios, Mesälehikusannus. (Wood Markes in Finland, he Wood Supply of Privae Fores Owners. In Finnish) Mas-Colell, A., Whinson, D. & Green, J Microeconomic Theory. Oxford Universiy Press, New York. Mesäeollisuuden vuosikirja 003. Mesäeollisuus ry. Mesäilasollinen vuosikirja. 00. Mesänukimuslaios 00:45. Maa- ja mesäalous. (Finnish Saisical Yearbook of Foresry) Ollikainen, M Essays on imber supply and fores axaion. VATT Research Repors 33. Governmen Insiue for Economic Research. Ovaskainen, V.& Kuuluvainen, J Puunmyyneihin vaikuava omisajakohaise ja markkinaekijä. Teoksessa Ovaskainen, V. & Kuuluvainen, J. (oim.). Yksiyismesänomisuksen rakennemuuos ja mesien käyö. Mesänukimuslaioksen 7

18 iedonanoja, 484. Helsinki. Tapion askukirja painos. Mesälehi Kusannus. Toppinen, A. & Kuuluvainen, J Srucural changes in he sawlog and pulpwood markes in Finland. Scand. J. For. Res. : Toppinen, A Economeric models on he Finnish roundwood marke. Finnish Fores Research Insiue, Research Papers 70. Ympärisöminiseriö. 00. Eelä-Suomen, Oulun läänin länsiosan ja Lapin läänin lounaisosan mesien monimuooisuuden urvaamisen oiminaohjelma. Suomen Ympärisö