Feeding CO 2 from air into solid oxide electrolyzer cells
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1 Feeding CO 2 from air into solid oxide electrolyzer cells Søren Lyng Ebbehøj M.Sc. Sustainable energy slebb@dtu.dk Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Risø Campus
2 Project vision April 14 th 2014
3 Project vision Impurities cleanup of CO 2 stream Pressurization of reactant gasses April 14 th 2014
4 Impurities and SOEC operation Glassy Na, Si, Al, etc. Blocks catalytically active sites (TPB) Sulfurous compounds etc. block Ni surface sites Deposition damages structural integrity (carbon formation) Measurable below 5 ppb (H 2 S) Ebbesen SD, Mogensen M, Journal of Power Sources 193 (2009)
5 Impurity collection experiments Solid state adsorption of trace impurities Crushed cathode material (Ni/YSZ) Operated at 1023 K Reducing conditions Climeworks ltd.: functionalized amine based temperature-vacuum swing pre-pilot prototype ~99% CO 2 (N 2, O 2, H 2 O) Lenfest Centre for Sustainable Energy: an-ion exchange resin based carbonate-bicarbonate humidity swing simple bench scale setup 0.5~5 % CO 2 (N 2, H 2 O, H 2 )
6 Correction: revised numbers in table Elemental analysis of impurities Sorption on Ni/YSZ grannulate (fuel electrode material) Operated at 1123 K Elemental analysis by XPS, EDS, SEM and Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS) Detection limit: ~10±2 ppb (in gas) Content in CO 2 [ppm molar] Element LCSE Climeworks B -6.9 ± ± 17.3 Na ± ± 10.7 Mg 5.6 ± ± 8.7 Al -8.3 ± ± 9.1 Si 4.1 ± ± 9.5 P -0.1 ± ± 0.1 S 1.2 ± ± 0.1 Cl 3.4 ± ± 4.9 Co 1.6 ± ± 11 GDMS elemental analysis Ni-felt plugs Carbon formation
7 Elemental analysis: Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry Various trace elements present in low concentrations Many are expected to be harmful for high purity applications ( carbon) Expected impurity sources: Machine parts Sorbent and filter material contaminants Adhesives/oils Captured from air (difference in location?) Most of these are preventable (minimize) in real systems Cheap and reliable filtering strategies available and tested Ni/YSZ filter required for S-content <8 ton/1000 ton CO 2 Easily regenerated by redox-cycling
8 Compression: System simulation Steady state, thermodynamic model 1000 ton of CO 2 per year Climeworks ltd. plant ~ 530 kw SOEC Starting conditions: CO 2 in air, clean H 2 O, ambient conditions SOEC operating conditions: 1123 K, 50 atm, 1.24 V (> thermo neutral) Syngas H 2 /(CO+CO 2 ) = 3 ~ methane production (~12% CH 4 ) Outlet conditions: syngas stream at 400 K and 50 atm. Pressurization
9 Compression cases 1. Base case: Simple compressor 2. Cryo: Cryogenic compression (5.15 atm, 205 K) 3. Solid Cryo: Cryogenic via solid CO 2 (1 atm, 187 K) Inlet: ambient, outlet: 50atm, 533 K
10 Energy balance Energy consumption based on production of CO 1 mol CO ~6 mol H 2 1 mol CH 4 H 2 : (CO+CO 2 ) = 3 : 1 Heat integration pinch analysis:
11 Conclusion and future work Impurities pose a minor problem for SOEC operation and will probably require filtering Careful selection of materials will solve some of the problem Cheap, efficient filtering strategies exist to take care of the rest Alternatives to simple compression of CO 2 exists Further heat integration analysis, sizing and costing is needed to evaluate these Sorbent based compression is being looked into Further system analysis is planned Including matching to various fuel synthesis technologies
12 Acknowlegements Eurostars E! CAPFUEL - CO2 capture from air and conversion into hydrocarbon fuels Climeworks Ltd.: Jan Wurzbacher Dr. Nic Piatkowski Lenfest Centre for Sustainable Energy: Prof. Klaus Lackner Allen Wright DTU Energy Conversion: Prof. Mogens Mogensen Dr. Sune Ebbesen Anders Petersen
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