Carbon Capture & Storage. Thanks to: Prof. Tom McKinnon Mark Lockhart, formerly URS Corporation

Transcription

1 Carbon Capture & Storage Thanks to: Prof. Tom McKinnon Mark Lockhart, formerly URS Corporation

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3 Topics History of international action U.S. Government Mandates GHG Emissions Control Cap and Trade Program? Carbon Capture & Storage 3

4 Topics History of international action U.S. Government Mandates GHG Emissions Control Cap and Trade Program? Carbon Capture & Storage 4

5 Montreal Protocol 1930s. CFCs produced commercially by DuPont. Excellent phase properties for refrigerants. Non toxic. Non flammable Molina & Rowland discovered that CFC breakdown by UV light can lead to ozone destruction Antarctic ozone hole discovered UN treaty in Montreal led to orderly phase out of CFCs. Inspired confidence that international action could be marshaled for GHG control 5

6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Formed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) One of the biggest science related endeavors in history Doesn t conduct science on its own Evaluates scientific results to assist policy makers Several hundred international scientists First report issued in 1990 with others following every 5 6 years Shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore 6

7 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN FCCC) Signed in 1992 at Rio Earth Summit 155 countries, including the US Industrialized countries ( Annex I ) agreed to voluntary targets Reduce Year 2000 emissions to 1990 levels 200 projects with a value of $500M started Became apparent rapidly that voluntary measures were not working 7

8 Kyoto Protocol Adopted in 1997, Kyoto, Japan Binding emissions targets Reduce emissions by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012 Each country held to different standards Covers six GHG: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 Established market mechanisms i.e. carbon trading Applies only to OECD nations plus former East Bloc China and India not bound Entered into force on Feb 16, 2005 when Russia signed 8

9 Global Kyoto Commitments Commitments respond to a reduction of 30 40% below BAU forecasts by

10 US and Kyoto March 2001, President Bush indicated the U.S. would not sign the Kyoto Protocol Argument against. China and India not bound by the treaty so US would not hurt the economy Argument for On a per capita basis, emissions from China and India are a small fraction of US emissions As the largest GHG emitter, the US has the duty to lead 10

11 Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms International Emissions Trading. Countries below their cap can sell excess emissions allowances to another country. Joint Implementation. Project occurring between Annex I countries (all regulated countries). Transference of emissions allowances. Clean Development Mechanism. Industrialized countries can develop GHG mitigation projects in developing countries and receive Certified Emissions Reductions. 11

12 Kyoto and EU ETS The Kyoto treaty led to an emissions trading scheme (ETS) in the European Union. Cap and trade system. Emissions permits given out for free to large emitters (e.g. power plants). Poor data available on which to base the allocation of permits. Lots of incentive to over report emissions levels. Emitters w/ excess permits can sell them. Emitters exceeding their allowances must buy permits. Several collapses in the carbon market. Model for US cap and trade plans. 12

13 Copenhagen Summit United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen, Denmark, December 2009 Copenhagen Accord was taken note of but not adopted Drafted by the US, China, India, Brazil & South Africa Not passed unanimously Many countries & non governmental organizations opposed to this agreement Document recognized that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the present day and that actions should be taken to keep any temperature increases to below 2 C Document is not legally binding & does not contain any legally binding commitments for reducing CO2 emissions 13

14 Topics History of international action U.S. Government Mandates GHG Emissions Control Cap and Trade Program? Carbon Capture & Storage 14

15 Waxman Markey American Clean Energy & Security Act (2009) Emission cuts Cap GHG emissions Require high emitting industries to reduce output to specific targets between now & middle of the century Covers 85% of overall economy Includes suppliers electricity producers, oil refineries, natural gas suppliers Includes energy intensive users iron, steel, cement, & paper manufacturers Emission cuts would start in 2012 The cap and trade program would be completely phased in by 2016 Emission permits Regulated industries would need to acquire permits for their emissions Offsets Allowed to purchase carbon offsets to meet portion of required emission reductions Can fund clean energy projects elsewhere instead of cutting their own emissions Renewable electricity standard Investments in energy technology Coal fired power plants Energy efficiency standards Worker transition Smarter cars and smarter grids Bill as drafted has little likelihood for passage Ref: waxman markey bill breakdown/ 15

16 EPA CO2 Endangerment Finding Endangerment finding April 2007 Supreme Court ruled in Massachusetts v. EPA that the Clean Air Act gives the EPA authority to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases if they are a threat to human health & welfare Dec EPA finalized finding that greenhouse gases pose a threat to human health & welfare Mandatory reporting 25,000 ton/yr CO 2 (e) threshold 16

17 Cap and Trade Administrative approach to provide economic incentives to reduce emissions of pollutants Government issues limit on total amount of pollutants an industry can emit Companies issued permits to allow emissions to a certain limit Buy credits if emitting more than allowed Can sell credits if emitting less than allowed Offsets & credits o Carbon Offset Credits production & use of clean forms of energy: wind, solar, hydro, & biofuels. o Carbon Reduction Credits collection & storage of carbon through reforestation, forestation, ocean & soil collection, & storage efforts Similar systems already in place European Union Emission Trading Scheme since 2005 United States Acid Rain Program NOx Budget Trading Program in U.S. Northeast 17

18 Trading Carbon Credits/ Allowances An Overview Facility A reduces emissions by 10,000 TPY and sells CO 2 e credits to Climate Exchange for $15 each ($150,000 minus fees) Company B plants trees on grassland to create 2,000 CO 2 e offsets. Sells offsets to climate exchange for $15 each ($30,000 minus fees). Facility C increases emissions by 12,000 TPY and buys CO 2 e credits/offsets from Climate Exchange for $15 each ($180,000 plus fees) Climate Exchange 18

19 Alternatives to Cap and Trade Carbon tax Carbon tax monies flow to government Cap and trade monies flow between commercial entities Cap & dividend Cap placed on carbon Downstream cap: where CO 2 leaves the economy & enters the atmosphere Upstream cap: where carbon enters the economy in the form of a fossil fuel Dividends Cost of permits passed on to consumers Monies received for permits flow into a not for profit trust & ultimately into equal shares & wired to every American s bank account 19

20 Topics History of international action U.S. Government Mandates GHG Emissions Control Cap and Trade Program Alternatives Carbon Capture & Storage 20

21 Global Warming Potential Gas GWP Carbon Dioxide CO 2 1 Methane CH4 21 Nitrous oxide N 2 O 310 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-23 11,700 HFC HFC-125 2,800 HFC-134a 1,300 HFC-143a 3,800 HFC-152a 140 HFC-227ea 2,900 HFC-236fa 6,300 HFC-4310mee 1,300 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) CF 4 6,500 C 2 F 6 9,200 C 4 F 10 7,000 C 6 F 14 7,400 Sulfur Hexafluoride SF 6 23,900 Water Vapor H 2 O??? 21

22 U.S. Annual Carbon Dioxide Emissions Study places CO2 capture cost between $34 and $61/ton Oil & Gas Journal, Oct. 12,

23 Industrial Emissions 23

24 Reducing Energy Costs and Emissions Use Energy More Efficiently within Process Optimize Process Recover More Heat New Process Technology Online control and optimization Improve monitoring and operation Reduce waste and leaks Improve heat integration New catalyst and new technology 24

25 Topics History of international action U.S. Government Mandates GHG Emissions Control Cap and Trade Program Alternatives Carbon Capture & Storage 25

26 Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) CO2 Capture Technologies Post Combustion Pre Combustion Oxy Combustion Transport Storage / Sequestration Issues 26

27 CO2 Capture Routes Post Combustion Capture CO2 from flue gas after combustion device Pre Combustion Gasify / convert fuel to CO2 and hydrogen (H2) Capture CO2 prior to combustion device Use H2 for fuel Oxy Combustion Air Separation Unit (ASU) to produce oxygen (O2) Use O2 & fuel for combustion Condense water (H2O) from flue gas Resulting flue gas is a CO2 stream 27

28 Post Combustion 28

29 Pre Combustion 29

30 Oxy Combustion 30

31 Merits of CO2 Capture Approaches Advantages Barriers to Implementation Post combustion Applicable to the majority of existing coal fired power plants Retrofit technology option Flue gas is... Dilute in CO 2 At ambient pressure... Resulting in... Low CO 2 partial pressure Significantly higher performance or circulation volume required for high capture levels CO 2 produced at low pressure compared to sequestration requirements Pre combustion Synthesis gas is... Concentrated in CO 2 High pressure... Resulting in... High CO 2 partial pressure Increased driving force for separation More technologies available for separation Potential for reduction in compression costs/loads Oxy combustion Very high CO 2 concentration in flue gas Retrofit and repowering technology option Applicable mainly to new plants, as few gasification plants are currently in operation Barriers to commercial application of gasification are common to precombustion capture Availability Cost of equipment Extensive supporting systems requirements Large cryogenic O 2 production requirement may be cost prohibitive Cooled CO 2 recycle required to maintain temperatures within limits of combustor materials Decreased process efficiency Added auxiliary load 31

32 CO2 Removal Technologies CO 2 Removal Absorption Adsorption Cryogenics Membranes Microbial/ Algae Systems Chemical Adsorber Beds Gas Separation MEA Caustic Other Physical Selexol Rectisol Other Alumina Zeolite Activated C Regeneration Method Pressure Swing Temperature Swing Washing Polydimethylsiloxane Polyphenyleneoxide Gas Absorption Polypropelene Ceramic Based Systems 32

33 CO2 Sequestration and Storage CO2 Sequestration/ Storage Geologic Sequestration Ocean Sequestration Biological Sequestration Other Methods Salt Domes Deep Ocean Injection Forests & Terrestrial Sys Permanent Storage Depleted Oil & Gas Wells Unconfined Release Marine Algae Solid Storage (Insulated) Abandoned Coal Seams Dense Plume Formation Dry Ice Injection 33

34 CO2 Capture and Sequestration Power Station/Industrial Facility 500m OIL CH 4 CO 2 CO 2 CO m 1500m IMPERMEABLE CAP-ROCK SALINE RESERVOIR IMPERMEABLE CAP-ROCK CO 2 Replaces Methane Trapped in Coal Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO 2 Displaces Oil) IMPERMEABLE CAP-ROCK CO 2 Stored in Saline Formation COAL SEAM 34

35 CO2 Capture & Storage (CCS) Issues Capture 75 90% of the CCS cost High capital cost & energy penalties Transport Infrastructure Pipeline Right of ways Limited by economics of transport distance Storage Long term storage & liability Land & mineral access rights for geologic storage Research Focus Cost & energy penalty reductions Providing scientific and operational basis for safe & effective injection & long term storage 35

36 CO2 Sources Study places CO2 capture cost between $34 and $61/ton Oil & Gas Journal, Oct. 12,

37 CO2 Sources & Disposition Options Study places CO2 capture cost between $34 and $61/ton Oil & Gas Journal, Oct. 12,

38 Deep Saline Aquifers in the United States Ref: gas in aquifers 0320.html 38

39 Topics History of international action U.S. Government Mandates GHG Emissions Control Cap and Trade Program Alternatives Carbon Capture & Storage 39