Bioenergy Assessment in the Caribbean. Report on Baseline and Monitoring Development including a Gap Analysis

Transcription

1 Bioenergy Assessment in the Caribbean. Report on Baseline and Monitoring Development including a Gap Analysis Authors: Kay Schaubach, Elliott Lincoln DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße Leipzig Phone: +49 (0) Fax: +49 (0) info@dbfz.de Date:

2 Bioenergy Assessment in the Caribbean. Report on Baseline and Monitoring Development including a Gap Analysis Project Activity Supporting Institutional Structures to promote Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the Caribbean Region Activity: Assessment of bioenergy resource potentials, framework conditions, technology options and development of bioenergy investment projects in the Caribbean GIZ ID VN: PN: Report for Supplier Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH OE 5340, room ED Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1 5, Eschborn DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße Leipzig Germany Represented in joint management by: Prof. Dr. mont. Michael Nelles and Daniel Mayer Phone: +49 (0) Fax: +49 (0) info@dbfz.de Internet: Contact person Kay Schaubach Phone: +49 (0) Fax: +49 (0) kay.schaubach@dbfz.de Report_Gap-Baseline.docx, II

3 Table of Content Table of Content 1 Introduction Background Motivation for a baseline and monitoring system Baseline description Baseline and monitoring structure Feedstock assessment Overview of installed capacities Electricity and combined heat/cooling and power production Biomethane production Liquid transportation fuels production Overarching impact assessment Status of internalization Indicators Methodology structure Data management Data availability Gap Analysis Biomass potential data Potential locations Legal framework Existing projects Capacity building Special Case Haiti Conclusions and outlook Tables Table 1: C-SERMS Gap analysis: electricity, transportation, and carbon dioxide emissions Table 2: C-SERMS Technical assessment gap Table 3: C-SERMS policy gaps Table 4: Overview of provided national potential data and usability evaluation Table 5: Overview of bioenergy projects in the Caribbean Table 6: Bioenergy related courses at the University of the West Indies Table 7: Bioenergy related courses at the University of Technology Jamaica Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 3

4 Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Caribbean region faces a range of problems related to the generation, distribution and use of energy. The region depends heavily on imported fossil fuels, creating dependency, a drain of currency, high energy prices and environmental problems. A range of projects and initiatives have been started or carried out to promote sustainable and affordable energy, but have not yet had the impact of energy system transition (Auth et al., 2013). CARICOM (Caribbean Community), with its 15 member states Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago have established the so far missing long term vision and the coordinated regional approach to promote renewable energy systems in form of the Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS) after a decade of development. (Auth et al., 2013) In this context, the CARICOM Energy Unit together with the GIZ project Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (REETA) commissioned a bioenergy assessment study for the CARICOM region and the Dominican Republic. The specific tasks to be performed were: 1. Legal Framework Assessment 2. Study Screening 3. Gap Analysis 4. Baseline Development 5. Potential Analysis 6. Potential Location Research 7. Stakeholder Mapping 8. Capacity Building 9. Project Concepts Development GIZ contracted DBFZ in cooperation with GFA to perform the work, which was implemented by a team of German and Caribbean experts covering the broad spectrum of this assessment study. Several hundred documents spanning laws, statistics, studies etc. from 1942 up to today have been screened, more than 40 stakeholders (such as ministries, universities, farmers, associations) interviewed and a survey on national potentials has been conducted as a basis for the given tasks. This work has been efficiently supported through the dedication of the local project partners. Further experiences were exchanged through the cooperation with regional organizations and contacts to international organizations (e.g. FAO, GIZ, Caribbean Climate Change Centre, CARIRI, Barbados Agricultural Society, Guyana Energy Agency). Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 4

5 Introduction The work resulted in following documents a report on the legal framework and its appropriateness for bioenergy projects spanning the 16 countries of the target region (available separately) a collection of more than 300 document with an overview (Excel based) this document with baseline and monitoring development as well as a gap analysis snapshots of each country giving an overview about biomass potentials and potential locations (available separately) a country specific collection of stakeholders including contact data and categorisation, e.g. authority, biomass provider, plant operator (Excel document, not publically available for privacy issues) a report containing six concepts (up to pre-feasibility) for promising bioenergy projects (available separately) These outputs are obtainable through the CARICOM secretariat, GIZ, DBFZ and GFA. This document is dedicated to the baseline and monitoring development, including a gap analysis. 1.2 Motivation for a baseline and monitoring system One of the major tasks in this project was the assessment of bioenergy potentials availability, which was prepared as snapshots for each country. These are based on FAO statistics as they proved to be the only source to encompass all countries using the same methodology. Additionally extensive ambitions were undertaken to sample national and regional data for verification and updating the statistics. However, national data were either not available or too disparate to be integrated into a mutual database. They are separately listed alongside the other data. Thus, at the moment only the theoretical potential could be calculated by the existing database, leaving the technical, economical and sustainable potential for future initiatives poised to generate the needed data. This holds also true for further data, especially initiated, implemented and abandoned bioenergy projects and their impact assessment. The information obtained hitherto is fractured and often not verifiable, so that a comprehensive and reliable compilation within this project (with focus on a national overview) was not possible. Regarding this, special attention has been paid to the recommendations for a monitoring system, which is highly advisable to generate the data needed to evaluate and manage bioenergy developments on a constant basis. The data to be monitored depend on the bioenergy strategy (as part of the overall energy strategy), which, on the other hand, is based on the available bioenergy potentials and options. To start this iterative process, a monitoring structure is proposed in this report which first results can be considered as baseline. It considers the biomass potentials, installed capacities, direct and indirect impacts and the status of internalization of energy supply. This has to be understood as a basis for discussions on what needs to be integrated, what can be achieved and how such a monitoring can be implemented. A consistent methodology is vital to generate comparable and verifiable data, which will lead up to indicators representing the development in the monitored fields. Indicators, such as efficiency levels, GHG emissions and levelled costs of energy, and a methodology structure are therefore also proposed in this report. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 5

6 Introduction Finally, an assessment of the data availability will be given, highlighting the potential analysis, which is estimated to be one of the major future tasks. This chapter could also be the first chapter of the report but was chosen as last as a prior reading of the baseline, monitoring and methodology chapters supports the comprehension of the data acquisition complexity. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 6

7 Baseline description 2 Baseline description Baselines are defined here as an aggregation of information on the status of all field of interest regarding bioenergy in the focus region. The continuous update of the baseline is here considered as monitoring. The monitoring of specific fields allows decision makers to assess developments, obstacles and impacts of taken measures. Goals or projections should be included, if available. This is vital for an effective transition towards renewable energy systems. This definition of baseline is a clear distinction towards project baselines, which usually focus on a single or a few indicators and are connected to the projects lifetime. They are subject to a development prognosis (baseline scenario) for a defined time period. This scenario usually describes the most probable development (of the indicators), which would occur without the implementation of the project. Thus, the possible (ex ante) and actual (ex post) effects of the project can be evaluated. Such baselines are an important tool for internationally financed projects focussing on special impacts such as GHGemission reduction within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM, see (Shrestha et al., 2005)). It is advisable to establish national baselines and monitoring as a sound basis for decisions of different stakeholders (policy, research, project developers). For reasons of efficiency, data availability and consistency, a methodology handbook and respective tools can be elaborated and distributed. The national baselines can be aggregated to a regional baseline, provided that all have been established on the same methodology. In addition, databases could be created to aggregate the national data over time which would also support the national monitoring and the evaluation of indicators development spanning longer periods. Based on the Bioenergy Monitoring Reports (Scheftelowitz et al., 2014), prepared on a regular basis for the German government by DBFZ, a structure with key areas will be recommended for the target region (see chapter 4). Bioenergy routes encompass a range of possible impacts as there are different sources of biomass, different conversion technologies, different products which apply to different markets which replace or complement existing energy sources and other products. The following figure displays the various bioenergy routes. Figure 1: Overview of bioenergy routes Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 7

8 Baseline description As can be seen, bioenergy as a national or regional sector is cutting across a broad range of other sectors, such as Agriculture Forestry Fishery Food processing Wood processing Waste Management Energy sector Transport sector Provision of by-products such as fertilizer and chemicals Legislation Education (international) sustainability mechanism such as CDM or emission certificate trading Environment Social sector, e.g. employment The baseline and monitoring described in this document comprises these sectors, which displays the ideal setup in its all-encompassing manner, thus providing a maximum of information. Discussions with the member states and authorities will have to show the priorities and possible resources of the monitoring (e.g. to be observed bioenergy routes, forestry and agricultural data etc.) and the already collected data, including the method of collection, calculation and storage. These need to be harmonized. In a second step, additionally required data may be integrated in the already existing monitoring of the authorities and collected by special surveys (mailing, online forms, interviews) on an e.g. annual basis. Taking into consideration that bioenergy plays only one role in the renewable energy systems, it is recommended, based on the DBFZ bioenergy monitoring in Germany, to integrate the bioenergy baseline and monitoring into a larger monitoring system, encompassing all renewables, preferentially even all forms of energy. This will greatly support an efficient energy system transition in the Caribbean. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 8

9 Baselinee and monitoring structure 3 Baseline and monitoring g structure As described above, a range of different sectors are involved in the bioenergy development. The following chapters represent the recommended structure for the baselines, b built on the DBFZ reports for the German government concerning the supply of electricity fromm bioenergyy development, which has been adapted to the needs of the region. The chapters are centredd on the energy carriers/products. The methodology development needed to derive at these results is described in chapter 4. The structure follows the value chain starting with the feedstock, moving on to the value chains based on specific technologies and their products, encompassing economic and ecologic aspects, and closes with the national impacts, specifically the internalization of costs, costs savings and the needed capacities for building, managing, maintaining and developing bioenergy in thee region (Figure 2). Figure 2: value chain to be followed during baseline and monitoring structure Feedstock assessment Potentials The potentials in a baseline describe the amount of biomass/bioenergy available in a specific geographical context on different levels inn terms of usually volume or weight and energy content (e.g. Peta Joule or Megawatt Hours). The levels commonly used are theoretical, technical and economic potential. With a stronger international focus on sustainability, the sustainable potential could also be introduced in this baseline (Figure 3). (Thrän and Pfeiffer, 2015) The theoretical potential describes the physically available biomass in a certain region in a certain timeframe. It gives an impression of the dimension and is basis for further potential calculations. The technical potential is the partt of the theoretical potential, which can actually be utilized regarding restrictions from technology, legal framework and society. The economic potential indicates the portion of the technical potential, which can bee used in an economically feasible way. This regards the economic framework (e.g. market prices, subsidies, costs). In case, strict sustainability criteria are focus of the baseline, a sustainable potential could be introduced. Also, regarding e.g. structural restriction, a realizable potential calculation is possible (Thrän and Pfeiffer, 2015). Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 9

10 Baseline and monitoring structure Figure 3: Schematic presentation of the different types of potential and their relationship to one another (Thrän and Pfeiffer, 2015) The potential analysis should encompass all available biomass from the above mentioned sectors. So far untapped but promising future potentials such as aquatic biomass can be included as well. Not taken into account here are imports of bioenergy carriers such as pellets as the focus lies on national resources Utilization After the potential analysis, the utilization of the biomass can be assessed. This includes all routes, material use, energetic use and disposal. These figures can be used to utilize unused biomass resources, improve current uses or to direct material streams towards more desirable, i.e. more efficient or more strategically desired applications. This is especially important as biomass is a limited resource and should be implemented where it will achieve the biggest positive impact. Depending on the national/regional strategy, this could be liquid biofuels for marine transport or demand driven electricity production (residual load coverage) Assessment of further development Biomass availability is not static but depends in the case of residues and wastes on the primary production. Changes in the framework here will have impacts on the availability of residues/wastes. A standardized monitoring of the according sectors and their further development (including waste management strategies, such as Reduce, Reuse, Recycle or Cradle-to-Cradle approaches) can assist to develop fitting bioenergy strategies. Also, residues might be increased as they become resources. For example, other crop species might be introduced, which produce more straw. Another development to be monitored is the growing of energy crops and short rotation coppice on idle or degraded land. Accordingly, initiatives should also be monitored and taken into account. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 10

11 Baseline and monitoring structure 3.2 Overview of installed capacities This section is suggested to compile the specific data from the following chapters, giving a concise overview of all bioenergy related installations and capacities based on the used form of biomass: 1. biogas (from anaerobic digestion), 2. solid biofuels such as wood and woody biomass and 3. liquid biofuels such as plant oils. The following chapters then centre on the final product (power, heat, biomethane, transport fuels), which, in the end, deliver the desired energy service (e.g. transport, light, operating electrical devices). 3.3 Electricity and combined heat/cooling and power production The combination of electricity with heat and cooling has been chosen as processes supplying electricity are usually connected with heat. For efficiency reasons, it is advisable to use this heat where it is needed, thus supplementing other fuels which would have been used. Cooling can be achieved through adsorption cooling processes, which depend on heat. The following subdivisions are proposed: 1. National goals and legal framework 2. Installed capacities and outputs 3. Markets and demand coverage 4. Economic assessment 5. Ecologic assessment 3.4 Biomethane production Biomethane is produced via anaerobic digestion with a subsequent upgrading of the produced biogas. The achieved quality equals natural gas and can be utilized as such, especially fed into a gas grid, which serves for distribution and storage (Scholwin and Held, 2010). Biomethane can then be used for heating, cooling, as transport fuel and for electricity production. The time and place of production, independent use and flexibility demand a separate analysis in baselines. This will be subject to further consideration regarding its actual implementation in the region. Following subsections are proposed: 1. National goals and legal framework 2. Installed capacities and outputs 3. Markets and demand coverage 4. Economic assessment 5. Ecologic assessment Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 11

12 Baseline and monitoring structure 3.5 Liquid transportation fuels production There are various options available to produce transportation fuels from biomass. Common and established ones are plant oils, bioethanol and biodiesel. While electric vehicles are an option for short distance, light weight transport, liquid fuels are difficult to replace in heavy weight earthbound transport, aviation and marine transport due to their high energy density (Müller-Langer and Klemm, 2015). Especially in the Caribbean, liquid transportation fuels may contribute to a sustainable marine transport and serve as drop-in fuel for vehicles and electricity generators. Therefore its monitoring is recommended. Second generation biofuels should be included once they become available. Following subsections are proposed: 1. National goals and legal framework 2. Installed capacities 3. Markets and demand coverage 4. Economic assessment 5. Ecologic assessment 3.6 Overarching impact assessment While the above chapters focus on technologies and value chains, this chapter is proposed to deal with the impact on whole sectors, economies and nations. The task, and challenge, here lies in the measurement of the different effects and their economic and ecologic consideration for the main products (added value). For example, the price for electricity produced from the organic fraction of solid municipal waste might be higher as from a photovoltaic system, which makes it a not desirable option in this regard. Further effects to be considered are e.g. lifetime extension of landfills, replacement of cost-only landfill gas and leachate treatment, replacement of imported mineral fertilizer, heat provision to nearby industry, thus additionally supplementing possibly fossil fuels and finally the provision of a flexible source of electricity which enables higher shares of (possibly cheaper) fluctuating power sources such as wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. Besides the economic effects, this may also impact environmental aspects (less polluted areas, reduction of GHG emissions) and subsequently society (increase of quality in life and tourism). Following subsections are proposed: 1. Impacts on Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 2. Impacts on Electricity Sector 3. Impacts on Transportation Sector 4. Impacts on Waste Management 5. Impact on National Economy Summary 6. Environmental Impact Summary Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 12

13 Indicators 3.7 Status of internalization One of the major drawbacks of fossil fuel use in the Caribbean, beside the costs and environmental impact, is the heavy dependency on continuous long term imports and therefore on international markets and suppliers (Auth et al., 2013). Renewable energies can alleviate that as wind, solar and water-based power sources are not fuel dependent. Bioenergy can be set up to use mostly local, national or regional resources. Interviews with stakeholders, foremost project developers, indicate that most of the equipment for renewable energy and the connected services are provided from international suppliers, creating a new dependency and drain of currency from the region. To internalize as much costs as possible, capacities could be built in the region to provide the greatest possible extend of equipment and services for renewable energies (e.g. construction work, planning, maintenance, management, education, Research & Development, IT, data services). Therefore, a chapter for internalization is suggested to monitor these aspects, providing a basis for adjustment measures. Following subsections are proposed: 1. Equipment Production Capacities 2. Service and Maintenance Capacities 3. Research & Development Capacities 4. Educational Capacities 4 Indicators Indicators are used as a reference and to monitor the development of specific sectors or fields. In the case of bioenergy, it is advisable to define indicators along the value chain, including regional specific framework conditions such as education and legal framework which have been identified as important to the development of bioenergy in the region (see also (Thrän and Pfeiffer, 2015)). 1. Feedstock 1.1. Description of the energy content of the biomass and (bio)fuels as inferior calorific values, representation of the energy-specific indicators in joules 1.2. Description of the feedstock availability by analysing potential (biofuel potential) or description of the specific reference use (how the intended waste materials /residues are currently being used) 2. Conversion plants 2.1. Calculation of the efficiency levels of the specific bioenergy plants under varying management regimes and their development over time Description of model plants, chosen for their regional appropriateness, their technology readiness level, replicability and already established distribution. 3. Utilization 3.1. Calculation of the levelled costs of energy, based on a dynamic process, the annuity method, using nationally typical cost data. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 13

14 Methodology structure 3.2. Calculation of GHG emissions of the whole supply chain. 4. Regulatory performance 4.1. Determination of regulatory appropriateness by the collection of number of bioenergy proposal in relation with their acceptance and duration of processing Determination of the regulatory reliability by observation of consistency of the terms of proposal acceptance and compliance of project approvals, especially after elections/change of administration. 5. National/regional impact 5.1. Calculation of amount of the nationally/regionally remaining currency compared to prior conditions, considering also number of bioenergy related businesses and their turnover. This includes the direct and indirect effects on other sectors Calculation of the national/regional GHG emission reduction directly and indirectly incurred by bioenergy. 6. Education and Capacity 6.1. Calculation of the educational activity level, considering number of offered courses connected to renewable energy, specifically bioenergy and number of students graduating in these courses Monitoring of number of professionals in bioenergy, focussing on regional educated professionals staying and leaving the region, migrating within and attracted foreign professionals. 7. Prognosis 7.1. Cost and GHG development outlook into the years , including the calculation of GHG mitigation costs Calculation of impact development including education. 5 Methodology structure In context of biomass utilization and biomass potentials numerous parameter (e.g. type of potential, time-frame, geographical coverage, type of biomass, considered restrictions for food, fodder, material use, biodiversity) have to be defined for a comparable data collection. Because of different methodologies for the calculation of biomass potentials (theoretical, technical, economic, realizable and sustainable, see above) the results can show enormous bandwidths. That is why a transparent framework for biomass potential-data is necessary for an objectively comparability. Without transparent and years spanning comparable information on biomass potentials and its availability it is not recommendable to build political decisions on an uncertain data base. For these reasons of comparability and support of the surveyors, it is advisable to elaborate a methodology handbook for the implementation of the monitoring, which comprised calculation methods and standard values for the different monitoring fields. It should be aimed at users who are not confronted with these topics on a day-to-day-basis. In addition, tools should be provided to ease the work of the surveying institutions and also to avoid mistakes. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 14

15 Methodology structure DBFZ has developed several methodology compilations within the national funding program Biomass energy use, which can serve as example and starting point to elaborate a consistent methodology and standard value compilation. DBFZ has developed these publically available compilations: Methodology handbook - Material flow-oriented balancing of greenhouse gas effects (English/German) (Thrän and Pfeiffer, 2015) Measurement method collection biogas (German) (Apelt et al., 2014) Measurement method collection fine dust (German) (Schröder et al., 2014) Based on the first listed, following subjects are proposed to be covered by a CARICOM methodology handbook: 1. General framework 1.1. Fundamental references and definitions 1.2. Definition of terms Feedstock and product-specific definitions Economic definitions Definitions related to life-cycle assessment Definitions related to energy technology 1.3. System boundaries and system elements: the supply chain for the production and use of biomass for energy 1.4. Overriding assessment framework Geographic reference Temporal reference Energy technology reference Sustainability requirements 1.5. Presentation of results 2. Methodology for determination of biomass potentials 2.1. Background 2.2. Definitions of biomass potential Level of biomass potential assessment Theoretical, technical, and economic potential 2.3. Methodology 2.4. Presentation of results and further processing 3. Methods for balancing the energy and material of the conversion process 3.1. Background 3.2. General methodology Units used for mass and temporal reference Balancing the material Performing the balancing of energy 3.3. Assumptions and framework conditions 3.4. Data collection and presentation of results The technology field of combustion The technology field of gasification The technology field of anaerobic digestion The technology field of biorefineries Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 15

16 Methodology structure 4. Methodology for calculating the levelled costs of energy 4.1. Background 4.2. General methodology and system boundaries 4.3. Assumptions and framework conditions 4.4. Presentation of results 5. Methodology for balancing greenhouse gas emissions and other emissions 5.1. Background 5.2. General methodology 5.3. Assumptions and framework conditions 5.4. Calculation of the greenhouse gas reduction potential 5.5. Calculation of the acidification potential and the particle emissions 5.6. Presentation of results 5.7. Other sustainability aspects 6. Methodology for determination of capacity development 6.1. Background 6.2. General methodology and system boundaries 6.3. Assumptions and framework conditions 6.4. Methodology to determine educational levels and outputs 6.5. Methodology to determine professional migration 6.6. Presentation of results 7. Methodology for regulatory performance determination 7.1. Background 7.2. General methodology and system boundaries 7.3. Assumptions and framework conditions 7.4. Methodology to determine regulatory appropriateness 7.5. Methodology to determine regulatory reliability 7.6. Presentation of results 8. Reference systems 8.1. Definition, system space and temporal reference of the reference systems 8.2. Reference systems for the electricity production 8.3. Reference systems for the heat production 8.4. Reference systems for the production and utilisation of fuel for transport Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 16

17 Data management 6 Data management As mentioned in the previous chapters, it is advisable to create a common database to collect, process and display the generated data in an appropriate form. The database should not be implemented via a spreadsheet based calculation program (e.g. MS Excel, Open/Libre Office Calc) but in a dedicated central database solution. Spreadsheets are limited in the amount of data they are able to store and to process. Also, they are more error-prone. The decision on the kind of database and its maintenance needs to be discussed thoroughly as the implemented solution will have to serve for a longer time period, as a later switch is not easily accomplishable. Other aspects to be considered are the data input (done by national actors or a CARICOM facility), the availability of data and reports to the public and the accessibility, especially via a website. These decisions will have an impact on the quality and quantity of the data as the providers will have different priorities. Security is another issue to be dealt with. The database could be hosted by a provider or implemented on a dedicated server in an existing regional data centre, e.g. in a university or independent research centre. In this context, an integration with other energy sector related databases, planned or existing, needs to be evaluated. A low level integration could be achieved by providing definitions of the format of data needed to migrate them from one database to another (e.g. total energy demand, supply profiles of other energy sources, demand profiles). Energy sector data warehouses depict a high level integration. These could interface or even integrate other relevant sectors such as agriculture or waste management. The output of the database should at least allow for two purposes: An immediate overview of the relevant data in a concentrated form, for example in form often described as dashboards or cockpits, which show accumulated central data and graphs for easy reception. Here, it is important to include short explanations to guide the interpretation and an indicator for the quality of data (e.g. assumptions vs. specific data, age of data, source). The second purpose to be served by the database is the provision of data for in-depth analyses complying with scientific rules (i.e. stating source, year and methodology). It is advisable to develop the baseline (what needs to be known) in parallel with the methodology (how to obtain data in a consistent manner) and the database concept (storing data, generating the baseline information). Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 17

18 Data availability Gap Analysis 7 Data availability Gap Analysis Part of this project has been the collection of data and the assessment of their availability. The found data were used to produce the legal framework assessment, biomass potential and potential location analysis, stakeholder mapping and the elaboration of exemplary project concepts. For a first assessment of the regional engagement in bioenergy several hundred studies, data sheets, legal and further documents have been screened. In addition, more than 40 interviews with stakeholders were conducted, including ministries, farmers, research institutes, universities, agencies, utilities and others. A survey via was performed to gather national data on biomass potentials and potential bioenergy plant locations. In summary, the needed data (as described in the previous chapters) is not available in the needed quality and quantity to be congregated on a regional level. The following chapters will go more into detail on the most important issues. C-SERMS has already identified some data and information gaps for the energy sector in general, which are also relevant for the development of bioenergy, and show the general challenge of basing decisions in the (sustainable) energy sector on solid data (Auth et al., 2013). Table 1: C-SERMS Gap analysis: electricity, transportation, and carbon dioxide emissions Electricity Transportation Carbon Dioxide Emissions Identified Gap Thorough analysis of electricity end users Data often not collected or reported Detailed data on fuel import costs Data lacking on economic impact of current energy matrix Assessment of grid functionality and storage potentials Information lacking on the extent to which existing electricity networks must be updated Detailed data on power plants in operation Readily available information lacking on the current status and operation of existing plants Updated power sector capacity plans Available information often out of date; existing plans may change without public notification Coordinated data collection and analysis of transportation Data often disorganized or uncollected Updated sector plans and strategies Available information often out of date Updated emissions reduction plans and strategies Available information often out of date Updated greenhouse gas inventories Information provided to UNFCCC often out of date Sectoral emissions data Collected data lacking specificity required for effective policy design Worldwatch Institute Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 18

19 Data availability Gap Analysiss Table 2: C-SERMS Technical assessment gap Table 3: C-SERMS policy gaps Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 19

20 Data availability Gap Analysis 7.1 Biomass potential data The data needed for the above suggested baseline and the subsequent monitoring depend on the finally agreed fields of analysis and the according methodologies. This chapter highlights the findings of this assessment study regarding biomass potentials in the target region as a starting point for any bioenergy strategy or project Assessment within this project As described above, it is essential to base data on the same methodology in order to be able to compare them. For individual datasets, the methodology must be known in order to interpret them correctly. The only biomass related data source found fulfilling this requirement and encompassing the CARICOM and Dominican Republic are the FAO statistic databases (FAO, 2015) on which the potential analysis within this assessment study was based. All other data were fragmented, with often unclear underlying methodology or not available (not surveyed or compiled, often not available due to a lack of response). For example, only Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Nevis and St. Lucia provided data on solid municipal waste. The given categories differed greatly: Antigua and Barbuda show no category directly connected to biomass except household waste, for which two different organics percentages from two different sources and two different years are given. Dominica states alongside household waste Greens and Shipgenerated, which could also contain organics. Grenada provided extensive data but which were based on loads of different vehicles, not actual tonnages. Similar results were obtained for residues from agriculture, livestock and forestry. In single cases very specific data were provided, e.g. from the Guyana Sugar Corporation on factory data spanning the years 2004 to Other data were estimations based on experience. The interviews with farmers and sawmill operators indicated, that often the residues are not measured specifically. For example, several sawmills dump the sawdust, chips and slabs on their premises or surroundings. It was reported that some sawmills burn their residues occasionally to make room for future amounts. Some sawmills have part of their residues removed by trucks and containers. In these cases, a rough number of truckloads per day could be given but it was also mentioned that the ratios of sawdust/chips/slabs and wood species in the containers are not measured. Rough estimations on the relation of logs to residues were given. They differed between ca. 45% and 60%. An overview of the mentioned points can be found in the following table. Also the reasons for nonconsideration are summarized. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 20

21 Data availability Gap Analysis Table 4: Overview of provided national potential data and usability evaluation Country Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Topic or Type of Biomass Waste General information Description of collected data Detailed information on various wastestreams from Energy snapshot Reasons for non-consideration Considered only for 2006, no information on organic share for No information on TPEC (total primary energy consumption) Barbados Sugar Sugar production Conflict with FAO database that was used for country profiles Belize Crops General information Sugar production Annual crop production Energy snapshot Personal from Paul Hough, Technical Director Belize Sugar Industries Conflict with FAO database that was used for country profiles No information on TPEC (total primary energy consumption) Regional but no national information Dominica Waste Specific and detailed monthly information on a single landfill General information Energy snapshot Grenada Waste Specific and detailed monthly information on a single landfill General information Energy snapshot Regional but no national information No information on TPEC (total primary energy consumption) Regional but no national information No information on TPEC (total primary energy consumption) Guyana Saw mill waste Detailed report on potentials Not analysable in project time Sugar Detailed data on sugar production and related products Conflict with FAO database that was used for country profiles Agriculture Detailed report on national strategies Not analysable in project time Jamaica General information Energy snapshot No information on TPEC (total primary energy consumption) Saint Kitts and Nevis Waste Personal information on waste streams Information not comprehensible General information Energy snapshot No information on TPEC (total primary energy consumption) Saint Lucia General information Energy snapshot No information on TPEC (total primary energy consumption) Waste Detailed data on waste disposals also for single landfills No information on share of biogenic material Report Waste characterization study 2008 Not analysable in project time Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 21

22 Data availability Gap Analysis Another major factor to derive at not only biomass but bioenergy potential is an adequate biomass characterisation to determine the energy content of the specific biomass. A range of standard values is available (which have partially been used in the potential analysis and the project concepts within this assessment study), but they need to be checked and replaced by locally specific values. To give an example, the water content and therefore the energy content of pig manure depends, among other factors, on the cleaning regime of the piggery. The composition of chicken manure also depends on the cleaning regime in terms of time and the use of sand or saw dust as litter, which, in cases, leaves the chicken manure unusable for energy applications. For livestock in general, information on the keeping is necessary. Poultry, pigs, cattle and other livestock kept on pastures produce manure, but it can mostly not be collected and used in bioenergy application. Comparable assessments need to be undertaken for agriculture, as harvesting techniques and crop species influence the biomass potential. For example, sugar cane in the region is harvested in two ways. Manual labour, being the first and traditional way, is preceded by burning the fields, thus removing a great part of the straw. Machine harvest on the contrary leaves the straw in the fields, increasing the biomass potential. It has been reported that the straw after machine harvest is also burned as it covers the soil to a great extent, diverting the rain. In the ideal, livestock keeping and harvesting methods are subjected to soil improvement assessments, which will show the amount of residues that has to remain on the fields and pastures to keep or improve the soil condition. An overview about potential analysis methodologies can be found in (Brosowski, 2015) Assessments outside the project One of the recent attempts to give a comprehensive overview about biomass potentials in the CARICOM region has been documented in the Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). Here, biomass was filed in the category Biomass/other. The potential is given as share of the current peak demand ranging from Unknown to Extremely high (>100%). For 6 countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Montserrat, Trinidad and Tobago), the potential is indicated as not known. The assessment of two more countries (Belize and Suriname) is mentioned as estimated potential based on limited available assessments and personal communication with regional experts, must be confirmed. (Auth et al., 2013) Another notable attempt to assess and promote bioenergy in the wider region is the study Background Data Collection on Bio-Energy in the Caribbean and Central America prepared by the Energy and Security Group in 2006 (Energy and Security Group, 2006). The study focussed on the biofuels ethanol and biodiesel, adding a basic assessment of biopower in the form of electricity and heat. The area encompasses Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. The potential analysis here stopped also at the theoretical potential due to a lack of data. Instead, what-if scenarios were elaborated. The general description of the problems of countries in the Caribbean and Central America are very similar to recent descriptions, as can be found in C-CERMS as well: high energy prices, dependency, ecologic and economic vulnerability, high potentials for renewable energies. The obstacles and gaps regarding the implementation of bioenergy are stated to be: Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 22

23 Data availability Gap Analysis Awareness: Lack of information and insufficient understanding of the costs, benefits, and applications of these technologies. Inadequate Resource Data: Many of the countries lack adequate resource data on bio-energy and other resources required for assessing the economic development of the resource. Technical and Analytic Capacity: Need for additional analytic tools and skilled expertise to assess and validate technology options, evaluate cost-benefit trade-offs, manage and upgrade planning capabilities, and recommend appropriate policy options. Policy: Current policy and regulatory climates that favour fossil fuels and hinder development of bioenergy and other clean energy options. Institutional: Lack of in-country institutions for all aspects of bio-energy and broader clean energy project design, development, implementation, and operation. This is further heightened by a utility structure that is resistant to transitioning away from conventional fossil fuel generation to cleaner energy options. Finance: Lack of available, affordable financing for clean energy projects. Project Preparation: Limited information on project opportunities, as well as limited expertise in areas such as business planning, feasibility studies, and partner development, that is necessary to develop clean energy projects. During this assessment study, these problems were still encountered or mentioned by stakeholders. Yet it was not possible to determine the degree of improvement, especially the impacts of studies or projects, which have been performed since A dedicated monitoring as described in this document will help to plan, assess and manage the bioenergy development in the region. 7.2 Potential locations The potential locations are based on the potential analysis, enhanced by mainly geographical and logistic data. While sites, where the potential operator also provides the biomass input and uses a great share of the output are easy to identify, plant sites with collaborative character need more specific data. These include the available biomass in the area, the transport possibilities (roads, train connections, grids) for the inputs and outputs as well as distances to the final destinations of the outputs. The main gaps here include: Biomass potential data (see chapter 0) Coordinates of biomass providers, including agricultural and logging areas, production sites (no feedback obtained from e.g. ministries) Coordinates of electricity and gas grids with access points (not assessed in this project) In a second step, the identified preliminary sites have to be checked for their legal adequacy such as distances to housing areas, protected areas, groundwater protection but also for soil properties. An overview about the so far identified potential locations can be found in the country potential profiles separately developed in this study. Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 23

24 Data availability Gap Analysis 7.3 Legal framework Within this assessment project, a separate report was dedicated on the available legal data. All 16 countries of the target region have been analysed in regards of their attractiveness for 1) electricity offtake, 2) biomass supply chains and 3) enabling environment. As the most beneficial countries, Jamaica, Belize and Barbados have been identified. The data availability was very high. Nevertheless, some major gaps surfaced which influenced also the rating of the countries: Dominican Republic: Biomass supply chains Haiti: Guyana: Suriname: Biomass supply chains, enabling environment Enabling environment, especially building permissions Enabling environment, especially building permissions 7.4 Existing projects Following projects in bioenergy have been reported. The status has been checked in December This is a non-exhaustive list. Table 5: Overview of bioenergy projects in the Caribbean Company/Initiative Country Occupation Status Bioenergy (general) Belcogen Belize bagasse to energy operational Guysuco Guyana bagasse to energy operational Lindo Farms Jamaica fuel briquettes from castor oil press cake in development Biofuels Amelot Oil Barbados biodiesel plant operational Bio-IDDI Dominican Republic biodiesel from Jatropha in development Guysuco Guyana bioethanol plant operational Institute of Applied Science & Technology Guyana biodiesel form Palm Oil in development Petrojem Jamaica bioethanol plant operational Themba Biofuels Lt Antigua biodiesel from waste oils operational Biogas Amelot Oil Barbados biodiesel plant operational Bio-IDDI Dominican Republic biodiesel from Jatropha In development Hoads Farm Barbados Biogas from manure operational Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 24

25 Data availability Gap Analysis 7.5 Capacity building Part of this assessment project was the support of future capacity building measures. This chapter gives an overview about the identified major capacity building initiatives and university courses related to bioenergy. Due to the limited timeframe of the project and the multitude of actors in the region, other initiatives might exist which did not come to the attention of the project consultants. This is one of the gaps in capacity building to be covered. More gaps, especially covering specific details needed for a monitoring that supports strategic planning, are listed at the end of this chapter Major capacity building initiatives The following major activities in capacity building touching the bioenergy sector have been reported during the project. The first is the IDB program Building capacity and Regional Integration for the Development of a Generation of Entrepreneurs (BRIDGE) in Sustainable Energy and Information and Communication Technologies. The main objective is to develop human capital, while encouraging gender equality, to meet the expected future demand for technicians, professionals and entrepreneurs in the sustainable energy (SE) and information and communication technology (ICT) sectors. The beneficiaries are Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The project is implemented between 2013 and (IDB, 2013) The specific goals consist of (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) to understand the general and gender-specific dynamics of the Caribbean energy labour market in terms of renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE), to assess the existing levels of human capital and associated gender gaps within the realm of ICT, and identify unmet skills that are key for improving the ICT ecosystem; to train young women and men on the development, installation, operation and maintenance of sustainable energy technologies and the development and provision of key ICT services; and to foster entrepreneurship of both women and men and enable an environment for regional firms to be able to compete in the provision of SE and ICT related services. The main components include: 1) Technical and professional capacity baseline analysis; 2) Capacity training and institutional strengthening; 3) Facilitating the academic and professional partnership between companies and trained individuals; and 4) Developing a SE and ICT Innovation and Entrepreneurship platform. The program focuses on Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago in strong collaboration with the University of the West Indies (UWI) (IDB, 2013). GIZ aims to engage in a second phase here. Bioenergy could be included here as a focal point. Even though the program is not focussing on bioenergy, it can be expected that the upcoming final report will provide some relevant input for future capacity building for bioenergy. Another program is called Knowledge transfer capacity building for enhanced energy access & efficiency in the Caribbean (Cap4inno). It is coordinated by the International Project Management Office of the University of Alicante is co-financed by the European Commission through the ACP Edulink programme ( Granted in 2013, it will last 36 months. The main objective is Report_Gap-Baseline.docx 25