passenger aircraft (MOZAIC): transport events. A. Volz-Thomas, Forschungszentrum JülichJ

Transcription

1 Ten years of observations from passenger aircraft (MOZAIC): Variability, trends and long range transport events. A. Volz-Thomas, Forschungszentrum JülichJ J.P. Cammas, Laboratoire d'aerologie,, Toulouse and the MOZAIC-Team

2 MOZAIC - Operation Partners: CNRS, FZJ, CNRM, UCAM, UREAD, AIRBUS AMSTERDAM LONDON BRUXELLES FRANKFURT MONTREAL PARIS TORONTO VIENNA SAN FRANCISCO CHICAGO BOSTON CINCINNATI NEW YORK ISTANBUL ANKARA SEOUL WASHINGTON ATHENES BEIJING TOKYO DALLAS ATLANTA HERAKLION ANTALYA TEHERAN OSAKA LOS ANGELES TEL AVIV NEW ORLEANS DELHI SHANGAI NAGOYA HOUSTON MIAMI PLATA PUERTO DUBAI HANOI PUERTO RICO MEXICO SAN DOMINGO SAINT MARTIN DAKAR MUMBAI BANGKOK ANTIGUA POINTE A PITRE BANJOUL MADRAS CARACAS COTONOU LAGOS COLOMBO SAIGON BOGOTA ABIDJAN QUITO CAYENNE DOUALA ENTEBBE YAOUNDE KIGALI MALE QUAYAQUIL LIBREVILLE NAIROBI SINGAPORE BRAZZAVILLE RECIFE LUANDA JAKARTA LIMA 2500 longhaul flights per year (5000 vertical ANTANANARIVO profiles) WINDHOEK Instruments SAO deployed PAULO RIO on five Airbus A340 aircraft JOHANNESBURG operated by DLH (2), AF, AUA, AN BUENOS AIRES SANTIAGO > flights since 1994 for O3 and H2O MONTEVIDEO CO and NOy since 2001 >20000 flights since 1994

3 Status of MOZAIC MOZAIC funded by EC between 1993 and 2004 More than longhaul flights with O3 and H2O CO and NOy since 2001 Operation is continued with institutional funds of LA-CNRS, CNRM, and FZJ Presently 3 longrange aircraft in service (2 Lufthansa, 1 Air Namibia) > 1000 flights/yr IAGOS prepares the future of MOZAIC as a European Infrastructure (ESFRI Roadmap) Goal is to operate 20 aircraft over 20 years More species measured (Aerosol, CO2, NOx)

4 Locations of MOZAIC Profiles

5 UT: O 3 (ppb) spring (MAM) summer (JJA) fall (SON) winter (DJF)

6 UT: CO (ppb) spring (MAM) summer (JJA) fall (SON) winter (DJF)

7 UT: NO y (ppb) spring (MAM) summer (JJA) fall (SON) winter (DJF)

8 Tropospheric Ozone Trend 100 Eastern US N (UT) Ozone in ppbv Variability or Trend? Chemistry or Transport? Ozone in ppbv UT - Eastern US ,2-1,0-0,8-0,6-0,4-0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 NAO NAO Index index r=0.96 Interannual Variability correlates with NAO Climate Change (STE)? Valérie Thouret, MOZAIC III meeting, 2004

9 Biomass fires over Northern Canada in June-July July 2004: evidence of injection & transport of fire plumes in the UTLS MOPITT CO Column averaged over the period June Evidence of biomass fire plume over North America and North Atlantic Photo: Terra/Aqua image. June 25, 2004, 0535 UTC Photo: Pyro-convective cell, Flight JAL Chicago Narita, June 27, 2004, 2100 UTC, 58 N-127 W, feet (courtesy: Mr Noriyuki Todo) Deep convection near boreal biomass fires (pyro-convection?) uplifts trace gases and particles from the boundary layer into the UTLS. The fire plumes are then transported in the UTLS over northeastern America and across the Atlantic.

10 Biomass fires over Northern Canada in June-July July 2004: MOZAIC - CARACAS-FRANKFURT Arrival June 30th, 2004, 6h UT 10.6 km altitude 500 km CO (ppbv) O3 (ppbv) LONGITUDE (deg) P. NEDELEC - CNRS - July 15th MOZAIC flight shows an ozone-rich upper-level trough with embedded CO peaks over the Eastern Atlantic Five day backtrajectories indicate the source region over Northwest Canada on June 2004 The fire plume describes a mixing line in the O3/CO diagram completely away of the MOZAIC mean distribution (lines), whereas mixing lines on the borders of the upper level trough fit with the mean distribution

11 Biomass fires over Northern Canada in June-July July 2004: Meso-scale scale modelling of convective events over Canada Height of convective clouds (km) from a model simulation with the Meso-NH model. Boundary layer tracer concentration (0-1) a few hours after initialisation in a zonal vertical cross-section. Other lines: 335K, 2 and 4 pvu, and 0 C.

12 Biomass fires over East Asia MOZAIC observations give evidence for extreme CO concentrations in the upper troposphere over East Asia (Nédélec et al., GRL, 2005). 500 ppb 500 ppb

13 Large impact on seasonal cycle Europe: Asia: spring maximum, tight distributions summer maximum, broad distribu- (75 %iles < 140 ppb) tions (75 %iles > 200 ppb) Box and whisker plot of the monthly frequency distributions for CO in the UT (z > 8 km) over Europe (left) and North-East Asia (right) for 2003 (Nédélec et al., GRL, 2005).

14 Large impact of fire plumes in the UT over Asia & Canada identified in MOZAIC data is not seen in MOZART-3 MOZAIC CO Summer 2003 (JJA) UT (PV<2) 400 hours MOZART-3 CO Summer 2003 (JJA) 350 mb level MOZART-3 CO Summer 2003 (JJA) 610 mb level => Wrong LRT patterns?? ppb J.P. Cammas, A. Volz-Thomas M. Schultz, O. Stein, K.Thomas

15 MOZAIC NOy summer 2003 UT (PV <2) MOZART hpa MOZART hpa ppb

16 Sources of odd-nitrogen (NOy) in the upper troposphere Summer (JJA) ppb - Lightning? - Transport from Boundary Layer? - Stratospheric Intrusions? - Aircraft Emissions?

17 Ozone & CO during the 2003 heatwave 491 MOZAIC profiles over Frankfurt (July 16 August 31) OZONE (ppbv) CARBON MONOXIDE (ppbv) Source identification with FLEXPART simulations: 1: Stratospheric intrusions: little impact on surface O 3 2: ICT from North America: negligible for CO 3: Fires in Portugal: large contribution at higher levels => Mainly local pollution?

18 IAGOS Integration of routine aircraft measurements into a Global Observing System (FP6 Design Study for new RIs) Partners: FZJ,, CNRS, CNRM, UCAM, UMAN, DLR, MPG, DLH, AUK, BA Aims: Modification of the MOZAIC instrumentation (size, weight, certification) Development and integra- tion of new instruments (cloud probe, particle counters,, NOx, H 2 O, CO2) Expand aircraft fleet for global coverage Provision of realtime data Duration:

19 IAGOS-ERI (A new European Research Infrastructure) IAGOS-ERI was selected as one of 35 European RIs for the ESFRI* Roadmap (October 2006) The plan is to equip 20 longhaul aircraft with new automatic instruments for O 3, CO, H 2 O, NO y, NO x, CO 2, aerosol, and cloud particles Operation foreseen for 20 years A targeted call in support of new RIs on the ESFRI Roadmap is open for May 2007 (FP7) In order to be successful, we need strong support * European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures

20 IAGOS-ERI is an integral part of IGACO (Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations) Variables defined by IGACO IAGOS Variables (group 1) Air Quality Oxida- tion Capacity Cli- mate Strat.. O 3 Depletion O 3 CO UV-A A j(no 2 ) UV-B B j(o 3 ) H 2 O HCHO C 2 H 6 NO x HNO 3 SO 2 BrO, ClO, OClO, HCl,, ClONO 2, CH 3 Br, F12,, F11, HCFC-22 aerosol opt. properties CO 2 CH 4

21 Summary Summer maximum of ozone in the UT Interannual variability correlates with NAO => STE? Very large CO concentrations in the UT over East Asia and Canada due to fires large influence on seasonal cycle not captured by MOZART-3 High NOy in the UT over the US east coast,, Europe and Arabia Not captured by MOZART-3 Influence of lightning (and possibly regional air traffic) Are global CTMs suitable for assessing ICT? Routine aircraft observations are needed to maintain a clear picture of UTLS composition change