Greenland Environmental Observatory at Summit (GEOSummit) 72ºN, 38ºW 3200 masl

Transcription

1 Greenland Environmental Observatory at Summit (GEOSummit) 72ºN, 38ºW 3200 masl Photo taken 2005

2 Nearly 20 years of science at GEOSummit Established as a ice-coring camp in 1988, the main focus of activities through 1993 was on recovering the GISP2 deep ice core. The GISP2 ice core provided an unprecedented high-resolution record of the past 110,000 years of Earth s climate and atmospheric chemistry. Atmospheric & surface snow studies, initiated during GISP2, became the main science activity at Summit after Studies of air-snow exchange in support of ice-core interpretation, & studies of the unique high-elevation arctic troposphere at Summit have been carried out by over 200 investigators from 50 different institutions. A pilot winter-over in led to GEOSummit becoming a yearround observatory beginning in 2000, and an important part of the U.S. arctic and global atmospheric observation system in Growing demands on scientific use of GEOSummit, where some facilities date back to GISP2, make investments in new infrastructure a high priority for the scientific user community.

3 Measurement history at GEOSummit year round year round GISP yr rnd Meteorological measurements have been continuous since mid-1980 s - up to 1998: U. Wisconsin - beginning in 1996: U. Colorado - beginning in 2003: DMI Science campaigns air-snow exchange shallow coring photochemistry

4 GISP2 drill dome & tower Ice coring Summit was the site of the GISP2 & GRIP ice cores completed in 1993 GISP2 core was 3,053 m long, dating back more than 110,000 yr Ice core photo here

5 The deep cores provided records of climate variability rapid climate change human impacts on the atmosphere Do an update of this figure need to track down data

6 Lessons from recent shallow ice coring

7 Summit 99 core NH 4 + ppbw Depth, m Ammonium Ca 2+ ppbw Calcium H 2 O 2 HCHO ppbw ppbw Hydrogen Peroxide Formaldehyde 10-cm diameter core m, 470 years Continuous flow analysis: 1 cm resolution, ~24 samples/year NO 3 - Cond. ppbw μs Nitrate Conductivity Year A.D. Laki (1783)

8 Nitrate in ice cores Positive NAO brings lower winter & spring precipitation but higher nitrate deposition Recent decrease in deposition? 2000 Burkhart et al., submitted

9 But some records from both deep & shallow cores we did not understand further studies were needed for ice-core interpretation There were also a number of scientists interested in studying the high-elevation arctic atmosphere atmospheric measurements at Summit in in 1993

10 These questions gave rise to studies of tropospheric chemistry & air-snow exchange

11 Methods involve many concurrent measurements of air & snow, plus year-round data

12 Air-snow interaction processes precipitation hv transport CO hv O 3 HO hv 2 CH 4 OH Cl NO x hv HCHO dry-/wetdeposition H 2 O 2 desorption photochem. production surface snow, supersaturated manuel hutterli, 2004

13 Clean air studies 1 km from main camp No vehicle traffic Up to 20 scientists measuring different atmospheric species GEOSummit is ideal location for studying cold, remote troposphere

14 Intensive photochemistry measurement campaigns must be free of camp pollution

15 Field observations & lab experiments have shown that NO x is produced from illuminated nitrate-containing snow: 4 NO (ppbv) J NO2 NO Low NO 3- snow NO <100 pptv 0 NO (ppbv) High NO 3- snow NO >600 pptv hour of day Honrath et al., 2000

16 H 2 O 2 degassing from snow Temperature driven degassing of H 2 O 2 increases boundary layer H 2 O 2 concentrations ~7 fold (Summit, Greenland) OH +70% HO 2 +50% Also formaldehyde (HCHO) degassing plus small photochemical contribution Increased oxidation capacity in (firn) air & fog Hutterli et al., JGR 2001

17 HCHO degassing data from M. Hutterli

18 Atmospheric chemistry long-term measurements

19 ppm Atmospheric CO 2

20 Measuring stratospheric ozone Scientists from NOAA measure stratospheric ozone profiles in the atmosphere Arctic ozone depletion was unexpectedly severe in winter

21 Results from 4 balloon profiles

22 Need to add figure Tropospheric ozone

23 Atmospheric aerosols Measures aerosol amount & composition Operates continuously, w/ 6-hr resolution Used to trace air mass origins & provide source term for chemical species in snow 8 stage aerosol DRUM impactor

24 Tracking aerosol sources at Summit sulfate stable, ~0.5 μm, from U.S. very fine, from stratosphere fine, anthropogenic, from Siberia

25 Tracking sources July 5, 2003 back trajectory km above Summit showed stable 12- day source in Norilsk region

26 Surface snow trace elements Elemental analysis using ICP-MS in class 100 clean room Note periods where many elemental concentrations covary Elements have common source areas & transport processes Example: spring dust peaks Concentration (ppb) Banta et al., paper in preparation

27 Spring peaks: residence times & trajectories multiple source regions for spring peaks Asian dust vs. North American dust

28 Camp activities not impacting aerosol concentrations in snow? Concentration (ppb) Al - Dust Tracer Al Pb - Pollution Year Pb Tracer Concentration (ppb) Near Far S Possible exception V V - Pollution Year Tracer Near Far Concentration (ppb) Concentration (ppb) Near50 Far Near Far Year Year

29 Snow accumulation

30 Baseline & core atmospheric measurements Measurement Frequency Method Responsibility Aerosol filter: elements 12-hr XRF, PIXE, PESA, STIM UC Davis Aerosol filter 7 Be, 210 Pb weekly gamma spectroscopy UNH Surface snow major ions 2/week ion chromatog & fluorimetry UCM Surface snow: elements weekly ICP-MS, ICP-OES DRI Snow accumulation wkly/mthly stake forest & transect staff Weather 6 hr observations staff Aerosol scattering continuous aethalometer NOAA-GMD Surface ozone continuous instrumental in situ NOAA-GMD Atmospheric gases weekly canister samples NOAA-GMD Meteorology continuous automatic weather station CU Reactive gases continuous MAX-DOAS UCLA Surface aerosols continuous nephelometer pending Back trajectories periodic standard pending Radiosondes 2/day standard no one Ozone vertical profile seasonally balloon/ozone sonde NOAA-GMD

31 Additional thoughts GEOSummit as a science & educational resource for Greenland

32 GEOSummit: the way forward Global atmospheric observations UNEP-GAW site: contributing measurements since 2000 NOAA/GMD: expanded presence, make into 6 th global observatory Baseline measurements supported by NSF-OPP BSI: UV radiation network Core component of U.S. arctic observations network Campaign science for U.S. & international teams Complimentary geophysical measurements & research ongoing Maintaining GEOSummit as clean air site is critical for success Infrastructure upgrades needed: clean power, science & support facilities

33 The first winterover year-round measurements GISP2 Bighouse adequate for summer but not winter also reconfigured power added Greenhouse with living, lab & office space

34 winter damage & repairs Buildings completely buried Snow accumulation on roofs Structural damage

35 Raising the Bighouse Raise again in 2007 Replace by 2010

36 Vision for next phase of GEOSummit facilities Support a growing research program emerging needs go beyond capabilities of facilities now in place Use innovative solutions to maximize fuel conservation & energy efficiency. Provide permanent facilities to support year-round science Provide flexible, seasonal facilities that meet a range of demands Increase the dissemination of knowledge from GEOSummit to the global community

37 Population Action Sandy develop slide Show numbers with seasonality as justification for summer ramp up

38 Functionally Obsolete Infrastructures High maintenance snow removal Inefficient structures: year round buildings with 1/5 the recommended insulation Missing infrastructure Originally designed for 5 years (Action Circulate to broader audience) Pictures: buried camp x 2, the shop, hauling water (Action Sandy to collect)

39 Pollution impacts science 15% down time in clean air measurements (down time as days or???) The snow remembers insults JD, Permanently stored in snow. Simplify Gayle s findings: X s much carbon on station as off Phase through photos (Pat s plume pic, Todd s Herc/ATO picture, plume from D-6) Did Jack prepare something here?

40 Developing A Sustainable Station Appropriate technology (RE, electric vehicles, superior building standards, built to last) Informed approach: Proven technology, feasibility studies Cost effectiveness: save on ops, spend on science Teaming with NREL, CRREL (list all joint developments and leveraging) Identifying enablers.

41 A New Summit Artist/Architect Rendition of the new station. Visual Components: Core facility, Wind turbines, mobile structures with solar panels Roll from art to plan view Action Sandy/Jill to identify artist

42 Concept Phase I: Plan View

43 Phase I: Power Systems Immediate savings with scaleable power generation RE ready Action: Tracy to make wire diagram

44 Phase I: Pressing Science Needs AWO v. trench (show bad trench photo replaced by AWO conceptual drawing) BLF (picture of NOAA launching balloon out of current shop v. Brian photo) Communications Bandwidth Enable live webcasts from Summit

45 Phase I: Vehicle Maintenance Facility Skid mounted, easy to maintain and relocate Drawn from existing BAS-design Action Larry, photo

46 Phase II: Core permanent facility Zoom on artist sketch Lab space, living space, dining No of people, bench space, diners, capacity numbers Core facility matched to baseline population Meeting projected population growth Action Sandy: developing slide

47 Phase II: Adding RE 75% contribution to grid from RE Wind (amount?0 Integrate PV s into existing platforms (100 W per m^2) Energy storage for off-peak production Visuals show turbines (from artist sketch and BIPV from stock photo) Action Tracy: develop this slide

48 Phase III: Semiautonomous Mobile Structures Meeting seasonal surge demand with quickly deployable structures Energy efficient, integrated solar electric and thermal panels Flexible spaces to meet emerging demands Visuals artist sketch

49 Electric Vehicle Fleet

50 Phase III: Traverse Reducing aircraft pollution on station and over the ice sheet. Aircraft burns a gallon to deliver a gallon. Extending season and science opportunities Reducing cargo constraints Enables rapid delivery of autonomous mobile structures Visuals Map of distances, photo traverse train. Action Jason: photo

51 Timeline Action Sandy: get text to Susan to develop a graphic. One with operational constraints one without.

52 Budgeting Phase I Phase II Phase III Action Group VPR lead by Jay.

53 Benefits Fuel saved, percentage/gallons Emissions/lbs Investment in science, less down time for science Restate traverse benefits Demonstrating leadership in sustainable approach to science support Cost effectiveness: save on ops, spend on science Action Sandy: generate rough numbers.

54 Closer Feel good nugget