Ana Ester Bohé Physico-Chemistry and Quality Control Department Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu - CNEA Centro Atómico Bariloche Argentina

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1 Vienna, Austria, November 2016 Ana Ester Bohé Physico-Chemistry and Quality Control Department Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu - CNEA Centro Atómico Bariloche Argentina

2 TECHNO-ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS WITH HEEP The techno-economical feasibility of nuclear hydrogen production through the coupling of the three nuclear power plants presently in operation in Argentina with co-located hydrogen generation plants using low-temperature electrolysis was analyzed with the IAEA HEEP software. The three alternatives analyzed were: (1) a CANDU-6 reactor of 640 MWe (located at Embalse Río Tercero, Córdoba) coupled with a hydrogen generation plant producing 3.2 kg H 2 /s (CASE-1); (2) a PHWR reactor of 357 MWe (located at Atucha, Buenos Aires) coupled with a hydrogen generation plant producing 1.8 kg H 2 /s (CASE-2); and (3) a PHWR reactor of 690 MWe (located at Atucha, Buenos Aires) coupled with a hydrogen generation plant producing 3.5 kg H 2 /s (CASE-3).

3 TECHNO-ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS WITH HEEP Typical Argentina financial parameters (corresponding to an economy with high inflation rates) were used for HEEP calculations and results were compared with those obtained with the default values of the financial parameters included in the code, which are characteristic of a stable economy with low financial rates and borrowing interest rates. Following, a sensitivity analysis was also carried out by changing the following Argentine financial parameters used by HEEP: (1) discount rate; (2) inflation rate; and (3) borrowing interest.

4 PARAMETER CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 (CANDU-6) (PHWR) (PHWR) Thermal rating [MWth/unit]: Electrical rating [MWe/unit]: Efficiency [%]: Capital cost [U$D/unit]: 1.95E E+9 2.6E+9 Capital cost per kwe [U$D/kWe]: Capacity factor [%]: Availability factor [%]: Time of construction [months]: Time of operation [years]: Annual cost of fuel [U$D/year]: 1.5E+7 2.1E+7 1.8E+7 Initial fuel load [kg/unit]: Annual fuel feed [kg/unit]: Fuel cost[u$d/kg fuel]: O&M annual cost [U$D/year]: 6.5E+7 3.3E+7 7.2E+7 O&M annual cost [% of capital cost]: Decommissioning cost [U$D]: 2.5E+8 2E+8 2.2E+8 Decommissioning cost [% of capital cost]:

5 PARAMETER CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 (CANDU-6) (PHWR) (PHWR) Hydrogen output [kg H 2 /second]: Capacity factor [%]: Annual hydrogen generation [kg H 2 /year]: 9.08E E E+7 Heat consumption [MWth/unit]: Electricity required [MWe/unit]: Capital cost [U$D/unit]: 4E+8 2.3E+8 4.4E+8 Energy usage cost [U$D]: Other O&M cost [% of capital cost]: Decommissioning cost [% of capital cost]: Annual consumption of demineralized water [L 9.1E+8 5.1E+8 9.9E+8 H 2 O/year]: Annual cost of demineralized water [U$D/year]:

6 Argentina financial parameters used in HEEP calculations Default financial parameters included in HEEP code Variation range of Argentina financial parameters used for HEEP sensitivity analysis PARAMETER VARIATION RANGE Discount Rate [%] Inflation Rate [%] Borrowing Interest [%] 10-15

7 CASE STUDY LEVELISED COST OF Argentina financial parameters H 2 [U$D/kg H 2 ] HEEP default financial parameters CASE CASE CASE LEVELISED COST [U$D/kg H2] 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 2,96 3,38 3,89 Argentine financial parameters 4,53 3,84 3,04 0,0 EMBALSE (CANDU) ATUCHA I (PHWR) ATUCHA II (PHWR)

8 CASE STUDY LEVELISED COST OF H 2 [U$D/kg H 2 ] NOMINAL VALUE RANGE OF VARIATION CASE CASE CASE LEVELISED COST [U$D/kg H2] EMBALSE (CANDU) ATUCHA I (PHWR) ATUCHA II (PHWR)

9 Steammethane reforming Electrolysis powered by hydroelec tric energy Electrolysis powered by wind energy Electrolysis powered by solar energy Electrolysis powered by nuclear energy

10 In 2010, the country imported about 1.5E+6 m 3 of liquid fuels for transport, comprising different types of diesel and gasoline and, according to statistics from the National Institute of Statistics, the cost associated with those imports raised to 968E+6 U$D. This annual consume of liquid fuels corresponds to an energy equivalent of 486,274 tons of hydrogen. Taking into account that, according to conservative estimates of researchers, the country has a potential annual production of 4,800,000 tons of hydrogen over its territory, it can be concluded that exploitation of only 10% of the available areas would be sufficient for covering the fuel imported for transport during that year. Finally, based on own capabilities developed for more than 50 years in CNEA, related with both nuclear and hydrogen technologies, the production of hydrogen by using nuclear energy is being seriously considered as an alternative for the country, with the conviction that nuclear production of hydrogen has the potential to contribute significantly to the national energy supply in a sustainable, competitive and environmentally friendly manner.

11 ARGENTINA RESEARCHERS ARE ANALYSING TWO DIFFERENT PROCESSES FOR THE CO- GENERATION OF ENERGY AND HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Nuclear gasification defines a process that uses nuclear energy for providing indirect heating to the gasification reactors in order to replace the partial combustion of the feed material that is needed to drive the endothermic gasification reactions. Nuclear Hydrogen production defines a process that uses Nuclear for providing heating to the thermo-chemical cycle.

12 It is expected that the results of this research would give impulse to the growing of H2 economy, which is associated with a cleaner technology and a sustainable energy source all through the world. But especially through out the remote desert regions of our country like the vast Patagonia extended at the south and the highest Norther Puna. In the management of these technologies nuclear power could play a major role in the market for hydrogen production and would drive in our country the interest in the design and construction of the Advanced High Temperatures Reactors, as another example of the application of nuclear technology in uses for the peace. The cogeneration will have impact over the energetic national system and the industrialization cycle of hydrogen, which means the nuclear energy coupling with hydrogen production.