CONTINUOUS POWER GENERATION

Transcription

1 e-issn Volume 2 Issue 6, June 2016 pp Scientific Journal Impact Factor : CONTINUOUS POWER GENERATION K. Praveen 1, T. Vishweshwar Reddy 2, S.Madhava Reddy 3 1,2 UG Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Chaithanya Bharathi (P), Gandipet,Hyderabad A.P. 3 Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MGIT, Chaithanya Bharathi(P), Gandipet, Hyderabad A.P. Abstract Power generation through renewable sources is an important aspect now a days but continuous production of power is drawback in case of renewable energy sources due to varying seasons. Therefore there is a need of system, which produces continuous power using renewable energy sources even in varying the seasons. This system contains horizontal axis wind turbine, which produces electricity through wind. Solar panel with piezoelectric casing, which produces electricity through the impact of rain drops on the piezoelectric casing during rainy seasons. It can produce continuous electricity through wind, sun and impact of rain drops on the casing, even varying the seasons. Key Terms Power generation, Renewable, Piezoelectric casing, Impact of rain drops, Continuous electricity. I. INTRODUCTION Electricity is most needed for our day to day life. There are two ways of electricity generation either by conventional energy resources or by non-conventional energy resources. Electrical energy demand increases in word so to fulfill demand we have to generate electrical energy. Now a day s electrical energy is generated by the conventional energy resources like coal, diesel, and nuclear etc. The main drawback of these sources is that it produces waste like ash in coal power plant, nuclear waste in nuclear power plant and taking care of this wastage is very costly. And it also damages he nature. The nuclear waste is very harmful to human being also. The conventional energy resources are depleting day by day. Soon it will be completely vanishes from the earth so we have to find another way to generate electricity. The new source should be reliable, pollution free and economical. The non-conventional energy resources should be good alternative energy resources for the conventional energy resources. There are many non-conventional energy resources like geothermal, tidal, wind and solar etc. the tidal energy has drawbacks like it can only implemented on sea shores. While geothermal energy needs very lager step to extract heat from earth. Solar and wind are easily available in all condition. The non-conventional energy resources like solar, wind can be good alternative source. Solar energy has drawback that it could not produce electrical energy in rainy and cloudy season so we need to overcome this drawback we can use piezoelectric casing so that impact of the rain drops can produce electricity. In this way we will be keep on generating electricity through solar, wind, and impact of rain drops during rainy season. If any one of source fails other source will keep generating the electricity. And in good weather condition we can use both sources solar and wind combine. During cloudy and rainy condition we can use both wind and piezoelectric casing to generate electricity. II. CONTINUOUS POWER SYSTEM Continuous power generation is the combination of three energy sources for giving power. It means generation of the power through wind, solar and impact of rain drops on the solar panel during rainy All rights Reserved 53

2 In this proposed system solar panel with transparent piezoelectric material which is used to generate power during sunny, rainy days and wind power is also utilized for generating power. Solar and wind has good advantages than other than any other non-conventional energy sources. Both the energy sources have greater availability in all areas. A. Solar Power Solar energy is energy from the Sun. It is renewable, inexhaustible and environmental pollution free. Most of countries are blessed with large amount of sunshine all the year. Solar charged battery systems provide power supply for complete 24hours a day irrespective of bad weather. And is eco friendly. B. Piezoelectric Casing Transparent piezoelectric material is used in solar casing which can produce electricity through sun and impact of the rain drops during rainy season. This may be a solution for drawback of power production through solar panels even in rain days. In this way we can produce more amount of power required. C. Wind Power Wind Power is energy extracted from the wind, passing through a machine known as the windmill. Electrical energy can be generated from the wind energy. This is done by using the energy from wind to run a windmill, which in turn drives a generator to produce electricity. The windmill in this case is usually called a wind turbine. This turbine transforms the wind energy to mechanical energy, which in a generator is converted to electrical power. And also it depends on the speed of the wind. Main advantage of this system is continuous power production even in rainy days. As coin has two faces this system also has a limitation which is power production during impact of raindrops may short circuit system, so design of system should be efficient in generating power through raindrops. III. DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS POWER SYSTEM In design of the system needs the information about solar radiation, wind speed, and impact force of raindrops. Considering the data a system is designed in such way to produce electricity efficiently. Solar Energy Wind Energy Piezoelectric Casing Controller Load Inverter Battery Fig.1 Block All rights Reserved 54

3 As shown in the diagram this system contains several components. 1) Solar panel 2) Wind turbine 3) Piezoelectric casing 4) Charge controller 5) Inverter 6) Battery 1) Solar panel Energy from the sun is tapped using photovoltaic cells. Solar panel is used to convert solar radiation to the electrical energy. Most commonly used PV cells are crystalline silicon cells which produce more amount of electricity. Fig.2 Layers of solar panel Fig. 3 PV Cell The physical of PV cell is very similar to that of the classical diode with a PN junction formed by semiconductor material. When the junction absorbs light, the energy of absorbed photon is transferred to the electronproton system of the material, creating charge carriers that are separated at the junction. The charge carriers in the junction region create a potential gradient, get accelerated under the electric field, and circulate as current through an external circuit. Solar array or panel is a group of a several modules electrically connected in series parallel combination to generate the required current and voltage. Benefits of Solar energy Most of the rural areas where people are suffering from energy crisis, solar energy can bring them solution through its some benefits as: Solar energy is free although there is a cost in the building of collectors and other equipment required to convert solar energy into electricity or hot All rights Reserved 55

4 Solar energy does not cause pollution. However, solar collectors and other associated equipment/ machines are manufactured in factories that in turn cause some pollution. Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is too expensive to extend the electricity power grid. Low cost and easy installation. Could be an effective alternative source of energy. Energy can be stored in the battery. 2) Wind turbine Wind turbines coverts kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy with the use of blades and generator, where blades are used to convert kinetic energy into rotational energy which in turn produces electricity using generator. Wind turbines are of two types vertical and horizontal. Here horizontal axis wind turbine is used for the generating power through the wind because of high efficiency. Power produced through the wind is stored in battery as production of power is fluctuating. Benefits of wind energy Fig.4 Horizontal axis wind turbine with tail Wind energy has not utilized properly in Bangladesh due to the lack of wind speed and huge cost. However, it has some benefits. Those are given below: The wind is free and with modern technology, it can be captured efficiently. Once the wind turbine is established, the produces energy does not cause green house gases or other pollutants. Although wind turbines may rich in height, each have only a small piece of land. This means that the unused land can be utilized for other purposes, especially for agricultural or farming purposes. Remote areas where electricity has not supplied yet can use wind turbines to produce their own supply. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes, which means a vast range of people, and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good use of range of wind turbines available today. Wind energy is a clean renewable energy source cheaper to maintain, saves fuel and can give decentralized All rights Reserved 56

5 3) Piezoelectric casing International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER) When a piezoelectric material is subjected to some kind of strain it produces EMF, which is used for power generation. This paper illustrates about use of piezoelectric material casing on solar panel, which produces electricity through the impact of raindrops during rainy seasons. Considering the properties of material graphene is used as piezoelectric casing. Properties of Graphene: Breaking strength 42 N m ¹ Carrier mobility at room temperature cm² V ¹s ¹ Thermal conductivity W m ¹ K ¹ Maximum current density >108 A cm ¹ Optical absorption coefficient 2.4 % According to Qunwei tang, Graphene is a two-dimensional form of carbon in which the atoms are bonded into a honeycomb arrangement. It can readily be prepared by the oxidation, exfoliation, and subsequent reduction of graphite. Graphene is characterized by its unusual electronic properties. It conducts electricity and is rich in electrons that can move freely across the entire layer (delocalized). In aqueous solution, graphene can bind positively charged ions with its electrons (Lewis acid-base interaction). This property is used in graphene-based processes to remove lead ions and organic dyes from solutions. Fig.5 Piezoelectric layer Raindrops are not pure water. They contain salts that dissociate into positive and negative ions. The positively charged ions, including sodium, calcium, and ammonium ions, can bind to the graphene surface. At the point of contact between the raindrop and the graphene, the water becomes enriched in positive ions and the graphene becomes enriched in delocalized electrons. These results in a double-layer made of electrons and positively charged ions, a feature known as a pseudo capacitor. The difference in potential associated with this phenomenon is sufficient to produce a voltage and All rights Reserved 57

6 Results according to Qunwei tang are 200 Voltage (V) Velocity (cm s -1 ) Fig.6 Relation between voltage and velocity As the velocity of droplets increases voltage increases steadily. Different signals are produced for voltage and current when 1M NaCl droplets are dropped on rgo film. This could be clearly understood in a graph given below. 20 ml h -1 Current(A) 50 ml h ml h -1 Time(s) Fig.7 Relation between Current(A) and Time(s) 20 ml h -1 Potential(V) 50 ml h ml h -1 Time(s) Fig.8 Relation between Potential(V) and All rights Reserved 58

7 4) Charge controller Charge controller has basic function is that it control the source which is to be active or inactive. It simultaneously charge battery and also gives power to the load. The controller has over-charge protection, short-circuit protection, pole confusion protection and automatic dump load function. It also the function is that it should vary the power as per the load demand. It add the both the power so that the load demand can fulfill. And when power is not generating it should extract power from battery and give it to the load. 5) Inverter Fig. 9 Function of charge controller We have to choose greater rating inverter than the desired rating.the pure sign wave inverter is recommended in other to prolong the lifespan of the inverter. Inverter is need to convert DC power into AC power. As our load working on the AC supply so we need to convert DC power. The input voltage Output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depends on the design of the specific device or the circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power. The power is provided by the DC source. Typical inverter is mentioned in the above figure. 6) Battery Battery is used to store the generated power and also supply to the load when ever required. Batteries in solar applications have to meet the demands of unstable grid energy, heavy cycling (charging and discharging) and irregular full recharging. There s a variety of battery types fitted for these unique requirements. Considerations for choosing a battery include cost, cycle life and installation and maintenance. 1) Calculations for solar energy IV. CALCULATIONS To determine the size of PV modules, the required energy consumption must be estimated. Therefore, the power is calculated as PS = Ins (t) * All rights Reserved 59

8 Where, Ins (t) = isolation at time t (kw/ m2) AS = area of single PV panel (m2) Effpv = overall efficiency of the PV panels and dc/dc converters. Overall efficiency is given by, Eff(pv)= H * PR Where, H = Annual average solar radiation on tilted panels. PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses. 2) Calculations for wind energy Power is calculated by using formula Power = (density of air x swept area x velocity cubed)/2 P = ½. ρ. (A). (V) 3 Where, P is power in watts (W). ρ is the air density in kilograms per cubic meter (Kg/m3). A is the swept rotor area in square meters (m2). V is the wind speed in meters per second (m/s). V. CONCLUSION A non-conventional, non polluting form of energy can be harvested, maintaining the economic standards of common laymen. The electricity is produced from the rain drops which are made to fall on the transparent piezoelectric crystals, due to chemical reactions developed in it generates electricity and due to solar energy and wind energy it also generates electricity. Finally this system can generate power continuously even with varying seasons. In conclusion that this thought will be a revolution in power production and curb down the energy costs and thereby improving our country s economy. VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction that accompanies the completion of any task would be incomplete without naming the people who made it possible whose constant guidance and encouragement made the work perfect. We consider a great pleasure and privilege to have the opportunity to carry out the work under the esteemed guidance of Dr. S Madhava Reddy, Dr. K Sudhakar Reddy, Dr. G Chandra Mohan Reddy, Professors of Mechanical Engineering Department, for those constant encouragement, intellectual interaction, inspiration, help and review of entire work during the course of work. REFERENCES [1] Ashish s. ingole, prof. bhushan s. rakhonde, hybrid power generation system using wind energy and solar energy, international journal of scientific and research issn , volume 5, issue 3, march [2] Ghassan halasa, johnson a. asumadu wind-solar hybrid electrical power production to support national grid: case study jordan doi: /epe published online november 2009 ( [3] I.A. adejumobi, s.g. oyagbinrin, f. g. akinboro & m.b. olajide hybrid solar and wind power: an essential for information communication technology infrastructure and people in rural communities ijrras 9 (1) october [4] Kavita sharma, prateek haksar designing of hybrid power generation system using wind energy- photovoltaic solar energy- solar energy with nanoantenna international journal of engineering research and applications(ijera) issn: vol. 2, issue 1,jan-feb All rights Reserved 60

9 [5] K. C. R. Perera, B. G. Sampath, V. P. C. Dassanayake, B. M. Hapuwatte Harvesting of Kinetic Energy of the Raindrops International Journal of Mathematical, Computational, Physical, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:8, No:2, [6] N.sivaramakrishna, ch.kasi ramakrishna reddy hybrid power generation through combined solar wind power and modified solar panel international journal of engineering trends and technology (ijett) - volume4issue5- may [7] Qunwei Tang, Xiaopeng Wang, Peizhi Yang, Benlin He A Solar cell that is triggered by sun and rain A journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. International edition: DOI; /anie [8] Sandeep Kumar, Vijay Kumar garg a hybrid model of solar-wind power generation system international journal of advanced research in electrical, electronics and instrumentation engineering vol. 2, issue 8, august All rights Reserved 61