Carbon8 Systems. Dr Paula Carey Managing Director

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1 Carbon8 Systems Developing an innovative and profitable process that combines waste CO 2 and thermal residues, to create a carbon negative aggregate for construction and lock CO 2 in for good within our built environment. Dr Paula Carey Managing Director

2 Content Company Background Technology Route to commercialisation Costs involved in process Development potential

3 Who we are Company based in the UK, at the University of Greenwich, South East England Formed in Feb 2006 to commercialise a patented technology developed within the University of Greenwich Result of >20 years of research into solidification/stabilisation of wastes and soils. Exclusive world wide licence from the university for the use of the technology: Accelerated Carbonation (ACT) - treatment of wastes with carbon dioxide. 3

4 Accelerated Carbonation Technology Minerals in thermal/other residues reactive with carbon dioxide Mg/Ca silicates/oxides/hydroxides Carbonate reduces ph Stabilises metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu Carbonate formation can cement the product Reaction takes only a few min. when managed Products can be engineered Diversion of waste from landfill Reduction in disposal costs Improves carbon footprint, and corporate responsibility profile and brand 4

5 Treatment of Hazardous waste with cement 200 um 50 um

6 Carbonate-ability of thermal wastes

7 Steel Wastewater Sludge Quarry Fines Bauxite Paper Ash Wood Ash Metal Dust

8 Treatment of wastes Thermal residues contain reactive Calcium and Magnesium phases Air Pollution Control Residues Stainless Steel Slags Cement By-pass dust Biomass ash Hazardous non-reactive wastes need to add a reactive binder Contaminated soils Thermal desorption residues Bulk difficult to handle non-reactive wastes need to add a reactive binder Marine dredging fines Quarry fines

9 Route to commercialisation Selected Air Pollution Control Residues for first commercial development Drivers: High landfill Costs landfill tax plus gate fees / tonne Increasing number of EfWs Potential change in regulation stopping APCr disposal to landfill Lack of other sustainable solutions for APCr 2009 set of small-scale trials to develop treatment process and manufacture aggregate Manufacture of first carbonated aggregate block

10 2010 First Proof of Concept Plants Trial at landfill site Flue gas from landfill gas flare Used 10% v/v CO 2 gas stream Manufactured 40 tonnes of product from 4 different thermal residues

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12 2010 Formed Carbon8 Aggregates Limited Licence to treat APCr in the UK Gained first round investment to fund larger scale pilot plant Manufactured sufficient aggregate (200 tonnes) for manufacture of full run of aggregate blocks Data for submission to regulator for end of waste

13 Success of pilot led to: Investment in Carbon8 Aggregate by a waste management company Building of first fully commercial plant on block makers site Plant commissioned in February 2012 Launch of Carbonbuster first carbon negative block

14 Second line at Brandon (Suffolk, Eastern England) New plant built at Avonmouth (nr Bristol) commissioned 2016 Third plant being built in Leeds (Yorkshire) Each plant processing c 30,000 tonnes of APCr Manufacturing 80,000 tonnes of aggregate

15 Plant cost model Gate fee for incoming waste Dependant on landfill costs: c 100/ tonne in UK Vary from in Europe (concentrate on countries > 40) Cost of raw materials CO 30/tonne if captured from point source Possibly tax rebates/credits Binders and fillers Sale of aggregate (comparable with natural aggregate) 8-10/tonne CAPEX - 6 million (40,000 tonne input) depreciated over 5 years OPEX million/year Net profit 1.3 million/year = 32.5 per tonne waste treated 350 profit per tonne of CO 2 captured 15

16 Constraints on expansion Availability of Waste Waste regulation Use of products Disposal costs Alternative uses Cost of CO 2 Liquified CO 2 is expensive ( 100/tonne in the UK) Point source CO 2 might not be in the right place Aggregate is more expensive to transport than wastes Aggregate market A manufactured aggregate is not granite Aggregate specifications not written to accommodate novel materials Users very conservative - like green but only if its cheap

17 Scale of CO 2 capture in aggregate The Global CO 2 initiative (GCI) predicted that carbonate aggregates could store up to 3.6 Gt/yr by 2030 This figure included mineralisation of virgin materials as well as the carbonation of industrial wastes. Other researchers have suggested that there are up to 10Gt of mineral wastes available for carbonation worldwide Carbon8 Systems has looked at the potential for CO 2 sequestration in Europe Euro statics for quantities of waste Laboratory data on CO 2 uptake of each type of waste Considered the availability of each waste stream alternative uses etc Considered only countries in Europe where landfill costs provide an incentive

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19 Across 28 EU countries CO 2 Sequestration potential 19.4 Mt per year Reduces to 5.7 Mt per year when consider landfill costs Assuming 20% market penetration CO 2 potential 1.6 Million Tonnes per year

20 Current Scale of CO 2 capture Thermal residues uptake CO 2 at 5-20% w/w, depending on chemistry/mineralogy MSW APCr is quite reactive (10% w/w), but bulk CO 2 is expensive and so the amount used in current plants is minimised CO 2 applied at 7-10% w/w, and is enough to stabilise and carbonatecement the product Three plants capturing 7,700 t/year bulk CO 2 If a value for carbon is realised, then more CO 2 could be used Globally, circa 1Gt (suitable) waste, with potential to sequester >100Mt CO 2

21 Thank You Contact details: 21