Energy Policy and the Spanish Ceramic Tile Sector

Transcription

1 Energy Policy and the Spanish Ceramic Tile Sector Daniel Gabaldón Estevan (*) Eliseo Monfort Gimeno (**) Ana Mezquita Marti (**) Eva Vaquer Cañete (**) (*) University of Valencia (**) Universitat Jaume I de Castelló

2 Index 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Conclusions

3 Index 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Conclusions 1.1. Why is it relevant? 1.2. What is our theoretical framework? 1.3. Work partially build on previous research

4 1. Introduction 1.1. Why is it relevant? There is a current debate on the sustainability of the actual production model of developed countries within globalisation due to: o an increased demand of resources o a limited capacity of the environment to assimilate human activity o an increase on public awareness and demands for the improvement of environment quality How is the interlink between energy policy and the evolution of a particular industry?

5 1. Introduction 1.2. What is our theoretical framework? Evolutionist perspective (Nelson and Winter, 1977 and 1982) [ ] all important economic, social, political, organizational, institutional and other factors that influence the development, diffusion and use of innovations (Edquist, 2004, pp. 182) National system of innovation (Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1988, 1992; Nelson, 1993) Technological systems (Carlsson and Stankiewitz, 1995; Huges, 1984; Callon, 1992) Functional approach Regional system of innovation (Cooke, 1993 and 2001; Saxenian, 1985; Jaffe et al., 1993) Sectorial system of innovation (Breschi and Malerba, 1997; Malerba, 2002) (Bergek et al., 2008; Jacobsson and Johnson, 2000; Edquist, 1997) Distritual Innovation system (Gabaldon-Estevan et al., 2012) Knowledge Learning Heterogeneity Institutions Interrelations

6 1. Introduction 1.3. Work partially build on previous research Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Monfort Gimeno, E. and Criado Herrero, E. The Green Factor in the European manufacturing industry. Case study of the Spanish Ceramic Tile Industry - Forthcoming - Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Hekkert M.P. How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function? Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. - Forthcoming - Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Fernández de Lucio, I. and Molina Morales, FX. (2012) Sistemas Distrituales de Innovación. ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura, 188 (753), pp Available at: Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions. - Available at: Mezquita, A.; Monfort, E. and Zaera V. (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones: reducción de emisiones de CO 2, benchmarking europeo. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp Available at: Monfort, E.; Mezquita, A.; Granel, R.; Vaquer, E.; Escrig, A.; Miralles, A. and Zaera, V. (2010) Análisis de consumos energéticos y emisiones de dióxido de carbono en la fabricación de baldosas cerámicas. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 49 (4), Available at: Tortajada Esparza, E.; Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Fernández de Lucio I. (2008) La evolución tecnológica del distrito cerámico de Castellón: la contribución de la industria de fritas, colores y esmaltes. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. 47 (2) pp Available at:

7 Index 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Conclusions

8 2. Methods Analysis on energy and environmental policies (especially on emissions) at: European level, Spanish national level, and Valencian Community regional level At the sectorial level an analysis Its innovation system (structure and functioning) The evolution of its energy uses and consumptions

9 Index 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Conclusions 3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system 3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU 3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain 3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia 3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry

10 3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (1/4): production process

11 3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (2/4): value chain Clay, silica, etc. extraction Format design Texture design Clay milling Press Drying (& 1 st firing if double firing*) Grinding and spray draying Pressing Drying Printing design Catalogue design Frit, glaze and ceramic colour production Glazing and decoration Firing (2 nd firing if double firing*) Sorting and packing Storage and logistics Glazing Firing Maintenance Sorting Auxiliary machine management Environmental management Department Stores Retailers Frit and glaze preparation Construction firms Architects and interior designers Tile installers End user (consumer & institutions)

12 3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (3/4): the DIS Legal & Institutional environment Public administrations: EU, state, regional and local governments and legislations Producers associations: ASCER, ANFFECC, ASEBEC, AFPE Other associations: ATC, ANDIMAC, SECV, professional colleges Trade fairs and promoting instruments: CEVISAMA & QUALICER Chamber of Commerce of Castellón Technological & advanced services environment Frits, glaze and ceramic pigments producers Machinery and equipment fabrication and repairs Design, CAD/CAM & printing systems companies Other services for companies: consulting, informatics, IPC ITC - ALICER Productive environment Ceramic tile producers Diverse semi elaborates producers: Spray dried powder producers Tile biscuit producers Special pieces Distribution University departments, CSIC & ITC - ALICER Scientific environment

13 3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (4/4): a profile o Schumpeter Mark II scenario o Competition is forcing a move from physics, chemistry and engineering to marketing (from product to brand) o Increasing competition is forcing ceramic tile enterprises to externalize R&D o Globalization force two strategies: brand or price (none seems to leave space for R&D) o Difficulties for the final user to value the properties of the product (push strategy) brand o Home market is reducing new construction -> reposition, facades, sidewalks o Threat to the legitimation of the industry stems from environmental pressures on the region o Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda o Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted, but in the short run is only of an additive nature o Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy, materials and water o The strategy has to be production of green tiles and emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

14 3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (1/3) Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts The benefits of saving energy are: o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation, transformation, distribution and consumption in general o reducing the GHG emissions, air pollution, impacts to surface and ground waters Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

15 3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (2/3) o Directive 2004/8/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market o Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community. o Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings o Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) o Directive 2011/91/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment.

16 3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (3/3) o COM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 o COM(2011) 112 final. Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions. A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050 o Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency o Horizon The Framework Program for Research and Innovation

17 3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (1/4) The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are: o The security of the energy supply o Competitiveness of energy markets o Environmental protection The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by: o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (2/3 of primary energy) o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70%) o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last four years

18 3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (2/4) Final energy consumption in Spain (2011) 7,2% 1,5% 0,4% Coal Coal derived gas 25,2% 14,8% 51,0% Petroleum products Gas Electricity Renewables

19 3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (3/4) Nowadays is being develop a very active policy on the environmental aspects of energy with: o The interweaving of the environmental protection in the Electricity sector law and the hydrocarbons law o The creation of specific bodies, such as the National Climate Council to analyze and define the Spanish strategy for the commitments made by the signing of the Kyoto Protocol o The approval of the Development Plan for Renewable Energy, that aims to raise in 2020 the renewable participation to 20% of total supply

20 3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (4/4) o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007) o Law 13/2010. Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) o National action plan on energy efficiency o Law 16/2002, de 24 de September, on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

21 3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia (1/2) Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia. Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region, in accordance with the Regional Government s guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices AVEN has as objectives: o Energy diversification and energy savings o Efficiency and energy quality o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region o Promotion of the renewable energy o Promotion of infrastructures o Use of new technologies o Environment respect

22 3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia (2/2) o Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010) o Valencia Strategy on Climate Change o AVEN grants: o energy audits, o investment in energy efficiency measures, o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

23 3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (1/5) Evolution of the tile production ( ) Production (miles of m 2 ) Year

24 3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (2/5) Energy consumption (GWh/year) 1985 to Energy consumption (GWh/year) Natural Gas Other fuels Electricity Year

25 3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (3/5) 30 Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011) Energy consumption (kwh/m 2 ) ,3 % 9,3 % 0 Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

26 3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (4/5) Thermal specific consumption (kwh/m 2 ) Thermal specific consumption (kwh/m 2 ) Year

27 3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (5/5) Mandatory: Companies affected by IPPC normative: Integrated Environmental Authorization (around 130) Companies affected by ETS normative: great majority (more than 120) Volunteer: ISO 14001, Environmental management systems: widespread in the district Implementation of energy saving actions: widespread in the district Ecolabelling for products: emerging and a current issue

28 Index 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Conclusions

29 4. Conclusions The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term, but also some opportunities In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control The EPBD is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector IPPC (now IED) is seen by most interviewees as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions. There is a hope, however, that this process, as the IED, will force the use of the best available technologies.

30 Thank you very much for your attention Daniel Gabaldón-Estevan Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Valencia