[CITY OF GENEVA, NY GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY 2009]

Transcription

1 2010 City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2009 Hobart and William Smith Colleges Joel Andruski [CITY OF GENEVA, NY GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY 2009] This report is a greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria air pollutant (CAP) profile for the City of Geneva for the 2009 fiscal year. This report is only for municipally owned and operated buildings, facilities, and transport vehicles. It does not include emissions generated from city employee commuting or the Geneva Community. The objective of this inventory is to establish a baseline emissions profile for the municipality, and deliver the report to the Geneva Green Committee, City Manager, and City Council. Additionally, this report shall serve as the benchmark for future GHG and CAP inventories in accordance with the ICLEI protocol for city emissions reporting utilizing its proprietary CACP software. The ultimate goal of an emissions inventory is to serve as a benchmark for further reductions of harmful anthropogenic impacts on the environment. City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page

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3 Table of Contents Table of Contents... ii Index of Figures... iii Index of Tables... iii Overview: Greenhouse Gas Inventory... 1 Scope of Emissions Reported in Executive Summary Introduction Major Findings Summary of Proposed Energy Efficiency Improvements Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Results by Sector Buildings and Facilities Streetlights and Traffic Signals Wastewater Facilities Vehicle Fleet Results by Source Results by Source by Sector Analysis of Criteria Air Pollutants Results by Sector Buildings and Facilities Streetlights and Traffic Signals Wastewater Facilities Vehicle Fleet Results by Source Results by Source by Sector City Comparisons Appendix Terms City Comparison Data Sources: City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page ii

4 Detailed Tables Greenhouse Gases Criteria Air Pollutants Index of Figures Figure 1. Sectoral CO 2 e Percent... 4 Figure 2. Sectoral CO 2 e versus Costs Comparison... 5 Figure 3. Sectoral Criteria Air Pollutants... 5 Figure 4. Total Criteria Air Pollutants... 6 Figure 5. Energy Savings and Energy Intensity Reductions Resultant from Energy Efficiency Improvements... 7 Figure 6. Buildings and Facilities CO 2 e Percent... 8 Figure 7. Buildings and Facilities CO 2 e versus Costs Summary... 9 Figure 8. Wastewater Facilities C0 2 e versus Costs Summary Figure 9. Vehicle Fleet CO 2 e Summary Figure 10. Vehicle Fleet CO 2 e Percent Figure 11. CO 2 e by Source Figure 12. Sectoral CO 2 e Summary by Source Figure 13. Buildings and Facilities Criteria Air Pollutants Figure 14. Wastewater Facilities Criteria Air Pollutants Figure 15. Vehicle Fleet Criteria Air Pollutants Figure 16. Sectoral Criteria Air Pollutants by Source Figure 17. Criteria Air Pollutants by Source Figure 18. Total Criteria Air Pollutants by Type Figure 19. Comparisons of CO 2 e for US and International Cities Index of Tables Table 1. Streetlights & Traffic Signals GHG Emissions... 9 Table 2. Streetlights & Traffic Signals Criteria Air Pollutants City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page iii

5 Overview: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Scope of Emissions Reported in 2009 The City of Geneva s total emissions are 3490 metric tons of CO 2 e. o Emissions accounted for include parts of Scope 1 & 2 emissions o Scope 1 emissions accounted for were: Direct GHG emissions occurring from sources that are owned or controlled by the Municipality. These include emissions from o The production of heat and energy Fuel used in municipal vehicles Scope 2 emissions accounted for were: Imports of energy and purchased electricity. These include emissions from: Electricity consumed by municipally owned buildings Electricity consumed by City Street Lights (this inventory only accounted for decorative street lamps in the downtown area and did not include overhead street lights) Emissions Omitted in the 2009 GHG Inventory: The 2009 Geneva Greenhouse Gas Inventory omits a number of emission sources and, therefore, should be viewed as a partial Greenhouse Gas Inventory. o Emissions omitted include all emission data for the Community and parts of Scope 2 & 3 emissions connected to Municipal Operations. City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 1

6 o o Community Emissions Omitted: The ICLEI Protocol asks that municipalities account for ghg emission information for activities that occur within City boundaries. These Community Emissions include: Energy production or consumption within the city Transportation within City boundaries by residents and nonresidents Municipal Operations Emissions Omitted: The following Municipal Operations are known omissions in the 2009 GHG Inventory: Electricity consumption from overhead streetlights All Scope 3 Emissions indirect emissions that result from the activities of employee commuting, City sponsored travel (air and other), and solid waste management. There may be additional emissions omitted, but the aforementioned are the two Municipal Operations emissions sources of which we are currently aware. Recommendations to City ALL CITY DATA SHOULD BE COLLECTED IN A MANNER THAT ALLOWS IT TO BE DISTRIBUTED WITHIN 24HRS OF REQUEST Collect and catalog all energy related bills paid by the City o Ensure all city liabilities that have an associated energy and/or fuel consumption are reporting data to the ICLEI implementer Example: Should the Library be included in the Inventory is it City owned, operated or contracted o At a minimum, collect and sort all energy bills that the city pays by account number o Identify account number with building(s) the account services Additional: log account information into excel to track month to month building performance and create one stop shop for ICLEI energy needs. o Identify any green or onsite energy production and track consumption from that source Collect and make available all City Owned Vehicle fuel consumption sorted by vehicle o Match vehicle inventory with vehicle fuel account number and make available fuel consumption by vehicle Collect travel information for all City sponsored travel o Type of travel Air, vehicle (vehicle type), bus, train etc. o Route traveled connecting airports if flying Design a City approved method for collecting City employee commuting data o Next ICLEI implementer should recommend method Collect waste data and identify amount of MSW, recycling and any other waste streams that the City is disposing along with the disposal and transportation method. City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 2

7 1. Executive Summary 1.1 Introduction Global climate change is recognized by the greater majority of governments throughout the world. Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies are based on reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which urge international consensus. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) convenes each year, termed the Conference of Parties (CoP), in order to set agendas and GHG mitigation strategies. Local communities within the United States have taken larger steps to reducing GHG and other air pollutants based on the scientific consensus that anthropogenic actions have increased the prevalence of greenhouse gases. As mandated by Geneva City Council Resolution Enacting a Policy to Reduce Global Warming Pollution in the City of Geneva, this Greenhouse Gas Inventory and accompanying recommendations for practices and policies moving forward is a first in a series of steps to meet requirements outlined in the council s resolution. The City of Geneva, NY contracted Johnson Controls Incorporated (JCI) 1 to conduct a comprehensive energy audit for municipally owned and operated facilities. Done principally as a cost saving measure with initial capital investment in energy saving technologies being recovered by lowering municipal utility bills, a corollary benefit will be lower emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria air pollutants (CAP). By using energy and cost data from the energy audit conducted by Jonson Controls, Inc., a GHG and CAP emissions inventory was conducted using the Clean Air Climate Protection (CACP) software provided by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) 2. This step represents the first in a five step program, termed the Five Milestones, designed to create a standardized methodology for government and community based GHG accounting and consequent reductions. The steps are: 1. Conduct a baseline emissions inventory forecast. 2. Adopt an emissions reduction target for the forecast year. 3. Develop a Local Climate Action Plan. 4. Implement policies and measures. 5. Monitor and verify results. By becoming a member of ICLEI, the City of Geneva joins over 600 US cities, towns, and counties and over 1,000 worldwide members which seek to lower GHG emissions and build for a sustainable future. Additionally, the creation of the Geneva Green Committee has empowered Geneva to create a more responsible attitude towards harmful anthropogenic environmental impacts. Presiding City Manager Matthew D. Horn has championed energy efficiency and responsibility related to municipal actions with corollary benefits in emissions reductions as an ideal marriage between municipal efficiency and community stewardship City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 3

8 1.2 Major Findings The four sectors addressed in this report are Buildings and Facilities, Streetlights and Traffic Signals, Wastewater Facilities, and Vehicle Fleet. Of the four sectors, Wastewater Facilities constitute almost half of the city emissions at 44.5%, a 6.7% increase over the next closest sector of Buildings and Facilities, Figure 1. Buildings and Facilities represent a little over a third of total emissions while Streetlights and Traffic Signals have the smallest effect on overall emissions. The total 2009 emissions for the City of Geneva was 3490 metric tons 3 of CO 2 e 4. The 2009 fiscal year City Budget was $23,989,800 5 which brings the fiscal emissions profile to 0.15 metric tons of CO 2 e per $1000 USD. A stronger correlative variable to GHG emissions is a city s population. Geneva s population as of 2008 was 13,268 6 giving a 2009 per capita emissions profile of As this is the first year for an emissions inventory, no yearly emissions data is available for yearly comparison or projections possibilities. Population projections for Figure 1. Sectoral CO 2 e Percent New York State (NYS) could provide a rough approximation for what the City of Geneva might experience. Population trends for 2010 to 2020 for NYS predict a 0.7% increase which would imply a slight increase in emissions, something that should be mitigated by the energy savings resulting from JCI retrofits. 8 3 A metric ton is equal to pounds or 1000 kg 4 Carbon dioxide equivalents, an expression that weights each GHG with its corresponding global warming potential coefficient 5 City of Geneva Comptroller s Office, The City of Geneva s 2009 Municipal Budget: Budget Message, pg This number represents only city-owned vehicles, does not account for city employee commuting, and omits industrial processes. 8 Table 7 City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 4

9 Figure 2 gives a costs versus CO 2 e comparison for each sector which shows Wastewater Facilities as being both the most costly and representing the largest emissions footprint. The City of Geneva stands to make great Figure 2. Sectoral CO 2 e versus Costs Comparison improvements in this sector due to a boiler replacement with gas conditioning which is estimated to deliver natural gas savings of 48,649 therms per year. 9 Vehicle Fleet emissions are the most susceptible to fluctuation based on reporting and vehicle efficiency. Vehicle Fleet emissions would have to more than double to exceed the emissions of Wastewater Facilities. This report also calculates Criteria Air Pollutants (CAP) which have no measured global warming potential. CAPs do affect air quality and are included in this report on the basis that the GHG emissions reductions that benefit the Figure 3. Sectoral Criteria Air Pollutants balance of greenhouse gases in the environment coincide with the benefit of having air with the least 9 Detailed Energy Audit Results, Johnson Controls Inc. delivered by Ray Martucci Energy Solutions Development Engineer, 01/10 City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 5

10 amount of noxious gases. Figure 3 shows that SOx is most commonly the resultant of the combustion of fuel sources such as coal and oil in electricity generation processes which accounts for the significant presence of SOx in Buildings and Wastewater Facilities. CO is a product of fuel combustion in automobile engines present in auto exhaust. As opposed to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a GHG, carbon monoxide (CO) is highly toxic to humans in even small quantities when directly inhaled. The presence of CO in the Vehicle Fleet is almost three times the amount of the next most prevalent compound SOx in Wastewater Facilities (note the change in y-axis value from to 25000), Figure 3. Aggregate CAP for each sector reveals that the three most prevalent gases are CO, SOx, and NOx in descending order. The amount of CO emitted is more than the combined amounts of SOx and NOx, Figure 4. Recent legislation in the past few decades has mandated reductions in SOx and NOx to stave off ozone depletion. The move to create the same tradable permit system for the reduction of global CO 2 is based on the success of the SO 2 program. 1.3 Summary of Proposed Energy Efficiency Improvements Due to community and government involvement and focus, the City of Geneva is poised to reduce its GHG and CAP while expanding its population and quality of life. Presented in this summary are only results from the municipal government and not the community as a whole. An increase in emissions from the buildings and facilities are unlikely due to the efficiency improvements to municipal buildings and operations to be carried out by Johnson Controls Inc. with municipal capital outlay being recovered in year six from the date of efficiency improvements. 10 Figure 4. Total Criteria Air Pollutants 10 Detailed Energy Audit Results, Johnson Controls Inc. delivered by Ray Martucci Energy Solutions Development Engineer, 01/10 City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 6

11 There are projected energy savings and reduction of energy intensity in many of the municipal facilities as a result of upgrades to be installed by JCI. Through a Federal Stimulus Grant and aid from NYSERDA, the City of Geneva has executed several energy saving measures, many of which are low cost with a high return on energy savings. With the implementation of the Water Meter Replacement Project which will update water meters throughout the city to accurately meter city resident water usage, revenue is expected to increase by $320,306 per annum. Annual energy savings are expected to be $138,642 and at an annual escalation factor of 3.5%, projected savings over a fifteen year lifespan are expected to be in excess of $604, This will lead to energy savings and lowered energy intensities in many facilities, Figure 5. Furthermore, a crude calculation of GHG emissions reductions estimates a decline of metric tons of CO 2 e, a reduction of 83.3%. 12 This metric is subject to verification along with adjustments to current data and once a community GHG analysis is conducted, however even half of such a reduction is exemplary and shows the commitment of city officials to a financially responsible and environmentally prudent City of Geneva. In sum, budget saving measures that coincide with GHG and CAP reductions lead to a culture of efficiency and environmental responsibility. The City of Geneva has shown through promises and action that responsible development is integral to how this community will grow in the years to come. Geneva, NY has many natural wonders that it seeks to protect as area leaders in environmental awareness while economically growing and providing a better life and environment for all in the community. Figure 5. Energy Savings and Energy Intensity Reductions Resultant from Energy Efficiency Improvements 11 This takes into account projected costs and measure and verification services for the new technologies 12 Detailed Energy Audit Results, Johnson Controls Inc. delivered by Ray Martucci Energy Solutions Development Engineer, 01/10 City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 7

12 2. Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2.1 Results by Sector Buildings and Facilities The Buildings and Facilities sector is varied in operations, responsibilities, and square footage. The largest GHG emitter as well as facility with the highest operating costs is the Gulvin Pump Station representing 425 metric tons of CO 2 e (32%) and $135,305, respectively, Figure 6 and 7. This is twice the CO 2 e and dollar amount of the next two facilities, Figure 6. The Highway Department and the Ice Rink share the second highest CO 2 e percentage at 16% each, Figure 6. Thus almost two thirds of emissions for buildings and facilities are concentrated in the Gulvin Pump Station, Highway Department, and the Ice Rink. The Public Safety Building #2, Recreation Office Building, and the Cemetery Garage are on the low end of CO 2 e emissions at 0%, 1%, and 2%, respectively, Figure 6. Figure 6. Buildings and Facilities CO 2 e Percent Ways to Improve The Gulvin Pump Station has twice the emissions profile of the next largest emitter, and decreasing those emissions should be the most pressing issue going forward. The nature of the Gulvin Pump Station predisposes their operation to having the highest emissions, and so efficiency improvements and the possibility of creating their own electricity should be taken into consideration. The city should ensure that all buildings are included further reports, and not only major buildings. Costs and emissions profiles are all predicted to decrease due to energy efficiency improvements such as lighting upgrades, building envelope improvements, controls upgrades, cooling systems installations, City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 8

13 and windows and roof improvements for a total energy costs savings of $138,642 and percent cost savings of 16.3%. 13 Furthermore, energy intensity reductions for Buildings and Facilities are estimated on aggregate to be 26.7%. Figure 7. Buildings and Facilities CO 2 e versus Costs Summary Streetlights and Traffic Signals Streetlights and traffic signals have a small impact on total emissions due to their limited numbers. There is a total of 13 tons of CO 2 e emitted with a total cost of $4,560, Table 1. These are streetlights and traffic signals within the city limits, and more importantly, city streetlights that are immediately downtown. There is expected to be a marked decrease in emissions resultant from more efficient lighting mechanisms. Table 1. Streetlights & Traffic Signals GHG Emissions Streetlights & Traffic Signals CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 CO 2 e CO 2 e Energy Cost (tons) (lbs) (lbs) (tons) (%) (MMBtu) ($) Ways to Improve Table 1 represents traffic signals within city limits as well as downtown streetlights. What is omitted are city-wide streetlights, termed cobra-heads, that are used on the city-wide residential streets. A more 13 Detailed Energy Audit Results, Johnson Controls Inc. delivered by Ray Martucci Energy Solutions Development Engineer, 01/10 City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 9

14 comprehensive profile should include the kwh and costs associated with cobra-head lighting. Currently, cobra-head lighting costs are billed to the New York State Electricity and Gas (NYSEG) on a contractual basis, and are not included in this analysis Wastewater Facilities Wastewater Facilities represent 44.5% of total emissions, of which The Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) consists of 68.4%. Wastewater Facilities also represent 51.7% of total costs of which the WWTP consists of 65.1%, Figure 8. In comparison to section 2.1.1, The WWTP has almost three times the emissions profile of the Gulvin Pump Station. The Water Filtration Plant (WFP) has a higher emissions profile than the Gulvin Pump Station as well as higher costs. Wastewater Facilities has more emissions, 1554 tons of CO 2 e, than all of Buildings and Facilities, 1319 tons of CO 2 e. Figure 8. Wastewater Facilities C0 2 e versus Costs Summary Ways to Improve Significant reductions to the emissions and costs associated with the WWTP will be in the form of lighting upgrades, building envelope improvements, and most importantly a boiler replacement with gas conditioning. The latter improvement adds a boiler that uses a significant amount more of electricity, as it is a new piece of equipment, but recycles methane from the digestion process to heat and power the facility resulting in natural gas savings. City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 10

15 2.1.4 Vehicle Fleet The Transportation Sector is traditionally the largest polluter driven by fuel efficiency (mpg), age of vehicle, and amount of miles traveled yearly. The department responsible for the most emissions is the Police Department at 236 metric tons of CO 2 e (39.1%), Figure 9 and 10. Tantamount to the emissions from the Police Department is the Highway Department at 204 metric tons of CO 2 e (33.8%), Figure 9 and Figure 10. Figure 10 shows that these two departments CO 2 e and costs are an order of magnitude greater than all other fleet vehicles. The high emissions are due to the frequency of vehicle use for police and highway maintenance. The assumption for highway maintenance vehicles is that they primarily use diesel vehicles with larger engines which have a higher emissions profile compared to gas vehicles. Figure 9. Vehicle Fleet CO 2 e Summary City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 11

16 Figure 10. Vehicle Fleet CO 2 e Percent Ways to Improve These results represent only municipal vehicles, and so a full accounting of vehicle emissions should include city employee commute miles. This could be the average commuting miles per-day for city employees rather than a detailed per-day accounting. The make, model, and vehicle year are also not accounted for in this report. To accurately reflect the emissions from each vehicle the make, model, and year for each vehicle should be taken into consideration. Currently, general averages are used to calculate emissions. For example, the Engineer vehicle assumes a gasoline engine with a passenger cars alternative method rather than inputting the actual make, model and year. If the engineer uses a newer car as opposed to an older one, the emissions are expected to be much less. City Bus transportation is also omitted from this report which would also increase emissions. Fuel efficient vehicles as well as better management of time spent on the road could reduce these numbers, but must be done so while simultaneously regarding the safety of the community and maintenance of the roads. It is assumed that any purchase of new vehicles will add to the reduction of emissions and costs. Additionally, cooperation with surrounding communities in maintenance vehicle sharing is a possibility that might spread the cost and emissions burdens. This would not resolve the problems with police transportation. City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 12

17 2.2 Results by Source The largest source of GHG emissions is from electricity representing 57.9% of aggregate emissions. Emissions from natural gas are second at 24.8%, Figure 11. Figure 11 gives the emissions profile by source in aggregate metric tons of CO 2 e as well as percent of aggregate emissions. Diesel constitutes the least amount of total emissions at 4.7%. Reductions in electricity use through energy efficient modifications will greatly reduce costs and emissions. Furthermore, the addition of city employee commuting emissions will most likely reduce the disparity in emissions profiles. Figure 11. CO 2 e by Source City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 13

18 2.2.1 Results by Source by Sector Wastewater Facilities is the largest emitter of CO 2 e as well as carrying the largest cost burden for electricity, 1160 metric tons of CO 2 e and $341,575 respectively, Figure 12. Buildings and Facilities is the largest emitter of CO 2 e as well as carrying the largest cost burden for natural gas, 470 metric tons of CO 2 e and $92,441, respectively, Figure 12. Figure 12 illustrates the high cost per emission of CO 2 e for diesel vehicles. The discrepancy is due to the higher emissions profile per British thermal unit compared to a gasoline engine. Buildings and Facilities have higher natural gas emissions than wastewater facilities, and this difference is expected to be even greater after the new boiler installation. Figure 12. Sectoral CO 2 e Summary by Source City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 14

19 3. Analysis of Criteria Air Pollutants Criteria Air Pollutants do not contribute to global climate change and hence are not included in the greenhouse gas inventory. However they are added here to give an indication of overall air pollution resulting from municipally owned vehicles and operations. Fugitive emissions and pollutants from leaks or inefficient refrigerants are not included and would have to be monitored by government officials since they would be on a specific case-by-case basis. 3.1 Results by Sector Buildings and Facilities Figure 13. Buildings and Facilities Criteria Air Pollutants The Gulvin Pump Station has the largest CAP profile in every category. This corresponds to the Gulvin Pump Station also having the largest CO 2 e and costs. With the exception of SOx for the Ice Rink, for every other CAP the Gulvin Pump Station is an order of magnitude above all other buildings and facilities, Figure 13. Also, there is a break in the y-axis so as not to bias the other buildings and facilities with a lower CAP profile Streetlights and Traffic Signals As is the case with greenhouse gases, the Streetlights and Traffic Signals occupy a very small percentage of criteria air pollutants. Because they are driven primarily by electricity, SOx is the most prevalent of CAP by an order of magnitude, Table 2. City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 15

20 Table 2. Streetlights & Traffic Signals Criteria Air Pollutants Streetlights & Traffic Signals NOx SOx CO VOC PM10 PM2.5 (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) Wastewater Facilities Wastewater Facilities have the largest CAP footprint. As is the case with Buildings and Facilities CAP footprint, SOx, NOx, and CO are the most prevalent in descending order with the Wastewater Treatment Plant having 27%, 54%, and 36% more SOx, NOx, and CO than the Water Filtration Plant, respectfully, Figure 14. Wastewater facilities has a higher aggregate CAP profile, 22,216 lbs, than all of the other buildings and facilities, 16,963 lbs. Figure 14. Wastewater Facilities Criteria Air Pollutants City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 16

21 3.1.4 Vehicle Fleet The Vehicle Fleet exhibits the opposite trend as the primary CAP are resultant from engine combustion and not coal or oil combustion from electricity generation. On account of the miles traveled by police vehicles, CO is the largest CAP and an order of magnitude (64.3%) more than the Highway Department. Figure 15. It is notable that due to the heavy-duty vehicles and diesel fuel used in the Highway Department, that department has a higher NOx emissions profile than all other vehicles. Figure 15. Vehicle Fleet Criteria Air Pollutants City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 17

22 3.2 Results by Source Not surprisingly gasoline has the highest single CAP, CO. Electricity has the most varied emissions profile resulting from the variety of electricity generation pathways available in Central New York, Figure 17. Nonetheless, overall CO is the dominant CAP due to its prevalence in all Fleet Vehicles, Figure Results by Source by Sector. Figure 16 shows how dominant the Vehicle Fleet is in determining criteria air pollutant profiles. CO is 47% more prevalent in aggregate than SOx, the next most prevalent criteria air pollutant, Figure 18. Figure 16. Sectoral Criteria Air Pollutants by Source Figure 18. Total Criteria Air Pollutants by Type Figure 17. Criteria Air Pollutants by Source City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 18

23 4. City Comparisons The results in this section are to be taken as a general comparison and not a comparison between cities with equal emissions accounting methods. For example, the results in this report are from a limited scope of municipally owned operations and vehicles, and exclude a community profile. All the other cities in this profile include municipal and community analyses. Thus, the statement the Geneva, NY has a lower per capita emission than Creve Coeur, MO would be misleading because Creve Coeur includes a community profile which greatly increases its emissions profile. The City of Geneva has one of the lowest city emissions profiles of cities in the United States. Geneva s 2009 per capita emissions profile is 0.26, Figure This is far below most US cities and well below the national average of 19.7, Figure Geneva s per capita emissions statistic focuses on only governmentowned and operated processes though the majority of emissions traditionally come from vehicle emissions and industrial processes. Figure 19. Comparisons of CO 2 e for US and International Cities 14 This number represents only city-owned vehicles, does not account for city employee commuting, and omits industrial processes. 15 City greenhouse gas inventories traditionally omit emissions from certain industrial sources not associated with city processes. U.S. per capita GHG emissions have been reduced from 20.1 metric tons to 19.7 metric tons which is the U.S. per capita share of GHG emissions from sources not accounted for in city inventories. Additionally the Kyoto Protocol excludes emissions from aviation and shipping from national GHG accounting statistics. Thus, city emissions do not account for such processes and reflect the emissions resultant from production and not consumption. Sources: U.S. EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: (April 2009); see Appendix for sources on city greenhouse gas emissions. City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 19

24 5. Appendix Terms Buildings and Facilities Avenue D: Need Clarification Cemetery Garage: Lochland Road City Hall: 47 Castle Street Fire Station: 207 Genesee Street Gulvin Pump Station: 120 Middle Street Highway Department: 122 North Genesee Street Ice Rink: 666 South Exchange St Public Safety Building #2-255 Exchange St Public Safety Building: 255 Exchange St Recreation Office Building South Exchange St South Side Pump Station: Conover Street CACP: Clean Air Climate Protection CAP: Criteria Air Pollutants 16 NOx: Nitrogen Oxides, primarily nitrous dioxide ( NO 2 ) SOx: Sulfur Oxides, primarily sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) CO: Carbon Monoxide VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds PM10: Particulate Matter (size < 10 micrometers) PM2.5: Particulate Matter (size < 2.5 micrometers) CoP: Conference of Parties GHG: Greenhouse Gases 17 CO 2 : Carbon Dioxide N 2 O: Nitrous Oxide CH 4 : Methane CO 2 e: Carbon Dioxide equivalent ICLEI: International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 20

25 IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JCI: Johnson Controls Incorporated MMBtu: Million British Thermal Units: See Therm. NYSERDA: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Streetlights & Traffic Signals Public Safety Building (Streetlights) Exchange St Therms: The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at the temperature at which water has its greatest density (approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit). 18 UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Vehicle Fleet BID: Building Improvement District Buildings and Parks Engineer: City Engineer Firestation: Fire Department including Fire Engines that operate on vehicle hours Highway: Highway Department Housing Authority Manager: City Manager Police: Police Department Recreation: Need Clarification W. Mtn: Need Clarification WWTP: Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater Facilities Waste Water Treatment Plant: 45 Doran Ave Water Filtration Plant: West Lake Road 18 City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 21

26 City Comparison Data Sources: Austin: Baltimore: Boston: Chicago: Creve Coeur, MO: Dallas: Denver: Eugene, OR: t20finalpercent pdf Geneva, NY: Proprietary information resultant from this report and city officials Hong Kong: _feb09update_web.pdf (PDF) Houston: Iowa City: London: Los Angeles: Miami: New York City: _feb09update_web.pdf (PDF) Philadelphia: San Diego: http San Francisco: Seattle: Sydney: _feb09update_web.pdf (PDF) Tokyo: Toronto: _feb09update_web.pdf (PDF) United States: U.S. EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: (April 2009) City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 22

27 Detailed Tables Greenhouse Gases City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 23

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35 Criteria Air Pollutants City of Geneva, NY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory December 2010 Page 31

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