LNG stations Regulations. State of the art. Public Javier LEBRATO (NGVA), Nadège LECLERCQ (WESTPORT), Jesús Gallego (IDIADA) and WP2 participants

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1 EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG MOVE SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME GC.SST GA No LNG Stations Regulations. State of the art. Deliverable No. LNG-BC D4.2 Deliverable Title LNG stations Regulations. State of the art Dissemination Written By Javier LEBRATO (NGVA), Nadège LECLERCQ (WESTPORT), Jesús Gallego (IDIADA) and WP2 participants 28/11/2013 Checked by David GALLEGOS, Ignacio LAFUENTE (IDIADA) 29/11/2013 Approved by Xavier Ribas (IDIADA) 29/11/2013 Issue date 09/12/2013

2 Contents 1 Introduction What is the LNG BLUE CORRIDORS Project Current situation about regulation of LNG refuelling station Terms and definitions Abbreviations Summary of International and European standards and regulations European Standards International Standards Some aspects uncovered in the current regulations and standards LNG nozzles and receptacles Summary of regulations for the European countries involved in the project BELGIUM CROATIA FRANCE GERMANY ITALY PORTUGAL SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN THE NETHERLANDS Summary of regulations in European countries not involved Summary of North American codes, regulations and standards Summary of Chinese regulations and standards

3 REVISION HISTORY Rev Date Author Organization Description Javier Lebrato NGVA Initial Draft Curt Ganeles ERDGAS Suggested additions; edited grammar/usage Javier Lebrato NGVA Structure corrections Jaime del Alamo NGVA Complete revision Jesús Gallego IDIADA Revision and updating /11/2013 Jesús Gallego IDIADA Revision and addition of final contributions and commentaries 3

4 1 Introduction 1.1 What is the LNG BLUE CORRIDORS Project Until now the common use of natural gas as fuel was only in heavy vehicles running on Natural Gas (NG) for municipal use, such as urban buses and garbage collection trucks. In these applications, engine performance and autonomy are good with present technologies, which are well adapted to this cleaner alternative fuel. However, when analysing the consumption data, the equivalence in autonomy of 1 litre of diesel oil is 5 litres of CNG, compressed to 200 bar. Five times more volume of fuel prevents the use of CNG in heavy road transport, because its volume and weight would be too great for a long-distance truck. This opens the way for LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), which is already the medium used to transport natural gas by ship to any point of the globe. NG liquefies at 162º C below zero, and the cost in energy is only 5% of the original gas. This liquefied state gives LNG the advantage of very high energy content. Only 1.8 litres of LNG are needed to meet the equivalent autonomy of 1 litre of diesel oil. A 40 ton road tractor in Europe needs a tank of 400 to 500 litres for a 1,000 km trip; its equivalent volume with liquid gas would be 700 to 900 litres of LNG, a tank dimension that could easily be fitted to the side of the truck chassis. LNG is therefore opening the use of NG to medium and longdistance road transport. LNG has huge potential to contribute to meeting the Commission s targets for greenhouse gas reduction and air quality, while simultaneously reducing dependency on crude oil and guaranteeing security of supply. Natural gas-powered heavy duty vehicles already comply with Euro V emission standards and have enormous potential to reach future Euro VI emission standards without complex 4

5 exhaust gas aftertreatment technologies, thereby avoiding increased procurement and maintenance costs. To accomplish its objective the LNG Blue Corridors project has defined a roadmap of LNG refuelling points along four corridors covering the Atlantic area (green line), the Mediterranean region (red line) and connecting Europe s South with the North (blue line) and its West and East (yellow line) accordingly. In order to implement a sustainable transport network for Europe, the project has set the goal to build 14 new LNG or L-CNG stations, both permanent and mobile, at critical locations along the Blue Corridors while building up a fleet of approximately 100 LNG-Powered Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs). These vehicles will be provided by the primary manufacturers of LNG-powered HDVs including Volvo, Iveco, Daimler/Hardstaff, and Renault Trucks. This European project is financed by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), with the amount of 7.96 M (total investments amounting to M ), involving 27 partners from 11 countries. LNG Blue Corridors Project is supported by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). The sole responsibility for the content of the website lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the FP7 nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. This document corresponds to the first deliverable within work package 4. It is an overview of the regulations about LNG HD. It will be available in internet through the next link: which can be consulted by any user. It has a public access. 5

6 1.2 Current situation about regulation of LNG refuelling station Experience has shown that the lack of common standards within the European Union is the main obstacle for a wide deployment of heavy-duty vehicles powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG). This report describes the different regulations in the majority of European countries regarding the construction of LNG fuelling stations. This document is focused mostly on safety and environmental aspects. Safety requirements, emissions, noise pollution and security devices are some of the main aspects discussed therein. Some of the information offered has unfortunately not been described in detail for some countries, mainly because of the lack of detailed set of requirements at local level. All countries involved in the four corridors involved in the Blue Corridors project have been included, however, a few countries within the EU-28 have not been considered. The reasons are that there are no current normative nor CNG/LNG stations built and none are foreseen at the time of writing. It is to be considered that, on the one hand, these previously mentioned aspects are enough to build LNG fuelling stations in line with existing safety standards. However, on the other hand, technical features like delivery pressure or compatibility of coupling devices are also crucial and must be taken into account in order to achieve the standardization target. 6

7 2 Terms and definitions For a complete understanding of this document, some definitions are offered (arranged in alphabetical order): A. Break away device Device on the fuelling hose that disconnects the hose when a tension limit is exceeded and stops flow (for example, if the vehicle moves away with the fuelling hose connected). (See yellow device in Figure 2-1). Figure 2-1 Break away devices. Source: HAM B. Boil-off gas Boil-off gas is the gas produced from evaporation of LNG in the storage tank and in other parts of the station and also includes the gas return from the vehicle tank, due to heat leak into the tank. C. Cryogenic Cryogenics is the study of production of extremely cold temperatures, how to produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures. D. Cryogenic pump Pump which raises LNG to a higher pressure, typically a centrifugal (used preferably for delivery of LNG to the LNG dispenser) or reciprocating piston pump (used preferably for delivery of high- 7

8 pressure liquid into the high-pressure vaporizer for buffer storage and/or direct dispensing CNG see Figure below). Figure 2-2 LNG Station scheme and location of the cryo-pump. Source: GNVERT E. Delivery pressure or fuelling pressure Pressure at which the gas is delivered to the vehicle Figure 2-3 NG delivery operation. Source: NGVA F. Filling Transfer of LNG from an LNG tanker to the LNG storage tank. G. Fuelling Transfer of LNG from the station dispenser to the fuel tank of a vehicle H. Fuelling pressure or delivery pressure 8

9 Pressure at which the gas is delivered to the vehicle. I. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Natural gas from fossil sources, basically a mixture of methane and heavier hydrocarbons (mainly ethane, propane and butane in units or fractions of percent), purified, possibly upgraded to higher methane content and liquefied. For the purpose of this standard, liquefied, upgraded methane-rich gas such as liquefied biogas (LBG, biomethane), landfill gas, coal-bed gas, etc. can be considered under this definition. J. LCNG station A fuelling station that delivers LNG from a storage tank to the vaporizer, and then as compressed natural gas (CNG), to CNG vehicle high-pressure cylinders in gaseous phase. The station can be encountered in literature under the abbreviations L-CNG or L/CNG station. Figure 2-4 LCNG Station. Source: GNVERT K. LNG and LCNG station A fuelling station that is capable of fuelling LNG vehicles. L. LNG dispenser 9

10 Equipment through which the liquefied natural gas is supplied to the vehicle. Figure 2-5. LNG dispenser. Source: NGVA M. LNG fuelling receptacle Device connected to a vehicle fuel storage system that receives the LNG fuelling nozzle and permits safe transfer of fuel. N. LNG fuelling nozzle Device that permits quick connection and disconnection of fuel supply hose to the LNG receptacle in a safe manner. Figure 2-6. LNG fuelling nozzle. Source: NGVA O. LNG station Station that delivers LNG from a storage tank to the LNG vehicle fuel tank in liquid phase. 10

11 Figure 2-7. LNG station. Source: Gasrec P. LNG storage tank Cryogenic vessel used for the purposes of storing liquefied natural gas. Figure 2-8. Storage tank. Source: Chart Q. LNG tanker Vehicle that delivers LNG for offloading to the station storage tank. R. LNG vehicle tank Cryogenic tank mounted on a vehicle for the storage of LNG as a fuel for that vehicle. 11

12 Figure 2-9. LNG truck: Iveco Stralis. Source: Iveco S. Natural gas Gaseous fuel containing a mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily methane, but sometimes including ethane, propane and other hydrocarbons. It generally also includes some inert gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, plus trace constituents, e.g. from its storage/transport in pipelines or wells. T. Pressurization A phenomenon that occurs when cryogenic liquid vaporizes, creating increased pressure when trapped between valves or other closing elements. U. Safety distance Minimum separation between a hazard source and an object that will mitigate the effect of a likely foreseeable incident and prevent a minor incident from escalating into a larger incident V. Saturation pressure Pressure at which the liquid of certain thermal state (certain temperature) boils. Saturation pressure is used as an expression of thermal state of LNG. LNG of different compositions will be at a different temperature at the same saturation pressure. W. Isolation switch 12

13 Devices designed to avoid the complete loss of liquid in accidental situations. X. Venting The release of gas that has boiled from a liquid to a gaseous phase. The design and operation of the station shall minimize the venting of boil-off gas to the atmosphere. 13

14 3 Abbreviations CNG Compressed natural gas ESD Emergency shut-down LCNG Compressed natural gas, sourced from LNG LNG Liquefied natural gas SD Spill detection 14

15 4 Summary of International and European standards and regulations 4.1 European Standards Some standards cover multiple aspects of LNG facilities. They can be used for LNG stations in certain circumstances, in absence of specific standards for certain applications. EN 1160:1996 Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas - General characteristics of liquefied natural gas This standard covers LNG facilities with storages over 200 tons. EN 1473: 2007 Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas design of onshore installations This standard covers LNG facilities with storages over 200 tons. EN 13645: 2001 Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas Design of onshore installations with a storage capacity of between 5 t and 200 t This standard includes LNG Satellite Stations even though it is not specifically referring to L-CNG filling stations. However LNG and L-CNG filling stations are not entirely covered by this standard. 4.2 International Standards ISO/DIS Natural gas fuelling stations LNG stations for fuelling vehicles Status: under development by ISO/PC 252. Enquiry stage, DIS registered ( ). Target publication date:

16 Scope: Design, construction and operation of stations for fuelling LNG to vehicles; including equipment, safety devices and maintenance. 4.3 Some aspects uncovered in the current regulations and standards LNG nozzles and receptacles There is no European or International standard that ensures the compatibility of LNG nozzles and receptacles. There is ongoing work for the standardisation of a given LNG receptacle dimension (upcoming ISO Standard ISO/DIS 12617, which will then be incorporated in the UNECE R110 regulation), but this work does not cover the compatibility between nozzles and receptacles. There are three main types of nozzles and receptacles: JC Carter, Parker Kodiak and Macrotech. Types of Nozzles Types of Receptacles JC Carter JC Carter Parker Kodiak Parker Kodiak Macrotech Macrotech Figure Main types of nozzles and receptacles. Source: JC Carter, Parker Kodiac and Macrotech There are compatibility issues in two cases: - Between Parker Kodiak nozzles and JC Carter receptacles; and - Between Parker Kodiak nozzles and JC Carter receptacles. On one hand, a Parker Kodiak nozzle requires a Parker Kodiak receptacle because it relies on Parker s unique twist clamping, whereas a JC Carter or a Macrotech nozzle can fill any receptacle. On the other hand, any nozzle can fill the Parker receptacle, whereas JC Carter and Macrotech 16

17 receptacles can only be filled by JC Carter or Macrotech nozzles (JC Carter nozzles and Macrotech receptacles are compatible, as well as Macrotech nozzles and JC Carter receptacles). It is also important to note that adaptors between different types of nozzles and receptacles are illegal in the EU for safety reasons. JC Carter nozzle is the de facto standard in North America and China. There are hundreds of JC Carter nozzles in service across the world. Macrotech and JC Carter receptacles (which are fully compatible with JC Carter nozzles) are the most common in North America and China. There is a lot of experience globally with the JC Carter nozzles connecting to the Macrotech receptacle. Nearly all the LNG stations built in Europe in recent years use JC Carter nozzles (and Macrotech for gas return). Parker Kodiak nozzles are used in some stations, almost exclusively in the UK and the Netherlands. Examples of other aspects that are not covered by the current European and International regulations and standards in force or under development - Fuelling infrastructure operations including safety aspects in the refuelling operation of LNG vehicles (Dutch PGS 33 guidelines under development; Part 1 LNG truck fuelling). - Consumer information about LNG price, displayed at the station and/or provided to the consumer otherwise 17

18 5 Summary of regulations for the European countries involved in the project The following countries are involved in the four corridors called Mediterranean (red), Atlantic (green), South to North (blue) and West to East (yellow), (arranged in alphabetical order): Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Figure European countries involved. Source: LNG Blue Corridors Regulations regarding safety and environmental concerns in these countries are analysed below. 18

19 5.1 BELGIUM A. Based on There is no uniform LNG regulation. Based on a regulation available from the regional authority. B. Status For now there will be no specific Belgian initiative for regulation. C. Delivery pressure This is not established in any regulation. The delivery pressure in practice is: 8 bar D. Site safety requirements Emergency Shutdown System, containment (complete content of tank), camera control, private fire brigade stand-by (service agreement with next door company). Station layout: traffic only in one direction to prevent collision. E. Pollution emissions Boil-off gas injected in private grid to avoid methane emissions to the atmosphere. F. Noise pollution Not applicable. G. Prevention of fire SD, gas / fire detection, camera control, 24 hours private fire brigade stand-by. H. Prevention of LNG spills The LNG tanks shall have a specific design to avoid leakage in case of accident. I. Prevention of venting of natural gas 19

20 Injection in private grids. J. Safety for the dispensers (devices): Breakaway system? Yes. Protection against collision? Yes. Isolation switch? Yes, ESD (Emergency Shut Down System). The ESD system initiates several sequential actions to protect the line from severe surge pressure. It is designed to rapidly respond to emergencies preventing from exceeding the specified design pressure of the LNG loading line, with approximate closure times of 30-seconds for the main transfer valves and pump transfer valves, and 20-seconds for the loading arm transfer valves. Prevention of pressurization? Yes, as specified in the previous point. 20

21 5.2 CROATIA A. Status Currently there is no LNG fuelling station and there aren t any regulations yet concerning building and maintenance of the LNG station in Croatia. B. Delivery pressure Unknown in practice for the time being as there is not any LNG station yet. 5.3 FRANCE C. Based on There is not uniform LNG regulation. Based on national and local regulation for CNG station as ICPE 1412 liquefied flammables gas (manufactured storage tanks), Natural gas or biogas pressure (tank filling systems), Liquefied flammable gases (filling plant or distribution) D. Status For now there will be no specific French initiative for regulation. E. Delivery pressure This is not established in any regulation. Unknown in practice for the time being as there is not any LNG station yet. F. Site safety requirements It should meet French regulation ICPE 1412, 1413 and 1414 as CNG stations. Especially regarding safety distances between the tank, the property limit, the public roads, public building. G. Pollution emissions According to the local pollution regulation. Venting to the atmosphere is not allowed. Possibility of 21

22 storage in gas bottles. H. Noise pollution Limited as per ICPE 1412, 1413 and 1414: property limit at night and 70dB during the day. I. Prevention of fire Automatic fire-extinguishing systems. Based as per ICPE 1412, 1413 and J. Prevention of LNG spills LNG storage tank is prepared to endure accidental situations. No reference about the piping. K. Prevention of venting of natural gas See point on prevention of pollution emissions above L. Safety for the dispensers (devices): Breakaway system? Yes. Furthermore there shall be a gas detector inside the dispenser. Protection against collision? Based as per ICPE 1412, 1413 and 1414: Yes, it will be installed. The dispensing unit shall be protected against vehicle collision. Isolation switch? Yes. Prevention of pressurization? Yes. 22

23 5.4 GERMANY M. Based on There is no uniform LNG regulation. Based on the ISO/DIS for LNG fuelling stations, the Dutch standard for LNG fuelling stations PGS 33-1:2013 Dutch regulation for LNG station, DIN EN Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas, and DVGW G215 - LNG for industrial installations. N. Status At the moment, in Portugal, legislation regarding LNG stations is being developed. Approval is expected for February O. Delivery pressure Unknown in practice for the time being as there is not any LNG station yet. 5.5 ITALY P. Based on There is no uniform LNG regulation. Based on national and local standard for CNG fuelling stations as Ministry Decree No.28 and D.M 28 June 2002 S.O. G.U. No 161 regarding the NG delivering. Q. Status For now there will be no specific Italian initiative for regulation. R. Delivery pressure This is not established in any regulation. The delivery pressure in practice is 8 bar. S. Site safety requirements EN Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas, Italian Guideline for LCNG station, 23

24 Italian standard for CNG Station. In addition to the above mentioned standards, guidelines and decrees, the constructor shall present a risk analysis of the project to the competent local and regional authorities. T. Pollution emissions U. Noise pollution V. Prevention of fire Natural gas temperature monitoring in gas and liquefied state, pressure monitoring, and tank filling level monitoring by security devices. Control of the buffer cylinders and the cryogenic storage (both done by an authorized company). A technical guide published by the Italian Ministry of Interior (Dipartamento dei vigili del fuocco, del soccorso pubblico e della difesa civile) this year (2013), includes the measures in prevention of fire relating to the delivery of LNG to cryogenic tanks used in fuelling stations for CNG vehicles. This technical guide includes location requirements for the station and the LNG tank, the installation requirements (the tank must be fixed on the ground, the maximum capacity must be 100 m 3 and must be provided on an alarm system that is activated when pressure reaches 80% of the design pressure), installation of safety barriers, requirements for the refilling system of the cryogenic tank, grounding requirements and fire protections systems. Also are described the minimum safety distances between the cryogenic tank and the rest of elements of the station and to the external elements. W. Prevention of LNG spills According to EN 13645/2006 a system capable of holding a total possible spill of LNG must be included. Foam extinguishing system, gas detectors, containment pool for LNG leakages, gas leakages detection monitoring. The technicians have portable gas sensors to detect LNG. X. Prevention of venting of natural gas 24

25 Y. Safety for the dispensers (devices): Breakaway system? Yes. Protection against collision? Yes. Isolation switch? Yes. Prevention of pressurization? Yes. 5.6 PORTUGAL A. Based on There is no uniform LNG regulation. The temporary requirements are those contained in the ISO/DIS Natural Gas Fuelling Stations, LNG Stations for fuelling Vehicles. B. Status At the moment, in Portugal, legislation regarding LNG stations is being developed. C. Delivery pressure This is not established in any regulation. The delivery pressure in practice is 8 bar and 16 bar. D. Site safety requirements All equipment, components, pipework, fittings and materials shall be of an approved type and manufacture and shall be assembled in a manner suitable for their intended use, for the full range of pressures, types of gas, working temperatures, weather conditions (maximum and minimum temperature, maximum wind, rain, snowfall etc.) and loadings, which may occur under normal and unusual conditions, like an earthquake, e.g. These shall be supported by appropriate certification. Equipment shall be installed and used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The design of the station's cryogenic piping and cryogenic pressure vessels shall be in accordance with the valid legislation and standards for this equipment. Some of these standards are ISO Cryogenic vessels, large transportable vacuum-insulated vessels, ISO Cryogenic vessels, valves for cryogenic service, ISO Cryogenic vessels, pressure-relief accessories for cryogenic service and ISO Cryogenic vessels: Pumps for cryogenic service. 25

26 E. Pollution emissions Methane emissions under normal operation shall be strictly limited to nozzle connection/disconnection operations, hose disconnection and purging during tanker unloading, and possibly to other minor discharges of gas resulting from the nature of the equipment and with no reasonable alternative for prevention. Methane emissions under emergency situations (i.e. relief valve opening, first filling of the tank, repairs) shall be minimized by suitable design and operation precautions. F. Noise pollution Control of noise shall comply with local legislation (this is an aspect that is negotiated with the local authorities on a case-by-case scenario) and site requirements. The noise originated by machines, gas flow in pipes, switching of valves and other sources during normal operation shall be limited as required by local regulations. Where necessary, anti-noise walls or screens may be used for noise reduction. G. Prevention of fire Explosion protection measures: are mandatory in accordance with EN Explosive atmospheres. All electrical and non-electrical equipment and components, intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (hazardous area), shall be designed and manufactured according to good engineering practice and in conformity with the required categories for group II equipment, to ensure avoidance of any ignition source, as mentioned in EN Equipment and components shall be designed in accordance with requirements for Explosion Group IIA and temperature class T3 as defined in IEC EN Explosive atmospheres- and applicable standards for non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (e.g. EN Non-electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres). Electrical installations used in potentially explosive atmospheres shall comply with the requirements of applicable norms and shall have appropriate types of protection. On-electrical equipment used in 26

27 potentially explosive atmospheres shall comply with the requirements of applicable standards. Light alloy materials, when used, shall conform to the applicable norm requirements. They shall not be used for components which, when melted in fire, would cause release of natural gas. If other specifications for explosion protected equipment impose other requirements, more stringent requirements shall apply then. H. Prevention of LNG spills Isolation: LNG storage tank and its equipment shall be designed to avoid the complete loss of liquid in accidental situations. Isolation valves can be welded on liquid pipes connected to a pressure vessel as close as possible to the vessel, and in case a vacuum insulated vessel is used, as close as possible to the vacuum jacket. Isolation valves shall be installed on liquid inputs and outputs and gas outputs of the storage tank as close as possible to the outer vessel. A secondary shut-off valve has to be used before any connection of the pipeline to the atmosphere. A check valve or shut-off-check valve is acceptable instead of secondary shut off valve in case of the filling pipeline of the tank. A normally closed actuated isolation valve triggered by the ESD system shall be fitted to the inlet of any dispenser. I. Prevention of venting of natural gas The design and operation of the station shall minimize the venting of boil-off gas to the atmosphere. During normal operation, venting should be limited to minor releases of gas resulting, for example, from disconnection of hoses or instrumentation and controls, boil-off gas from other parts of the station may be returned to the storage tank for accumulation and/or treated in other suitable ways. In case of emergency, venting of boil-off gas directly to the atmosphere is permitted provided that it is vented in a safe manner to a safe location - for example, through a vent stack. 27

28 J. Safety for the dispensers (devices): Breakaway system? According to the Portuguese legislation: Decreto Lei 1270 /2001, 8 Nov, article 49 Dispensers, the dispensers should have at least the following automatic safety devices: Breakaway system; Valve (s) cutting. The breakaway system shall break the connection of the hose to the dispenser at a defined place in case of excess force. It shall close the separated parts so that spillage of LNG from either or both of the parts is prevented. For this purpose check valves shall be installed at each the separated parts. The disconnection force (the axial force in the fuelling hose) of the break-away device shall be, in any direction, a) lower than 850 N for high flow connectors according to ISO connector for refuelling vehicles; b) lower than 500 N for smaller connectors; c) lower than 70 % of the allowed extension force of the fuelling hose and lower than 80 % allowed force in the hose with respect to the maximum allowed load of the LNG fueling connector without leak or damage as defined in ISO or elsewhere for other connectors. Protection against collision? The fuelling station components shall be adequately protected against collision of vehicles. Special consideration shall be given to collision protection of the storage and dispenser. Dispensers shall be positioned so that vehicles have adequate space for manoeuvring into and out of the fuelling position. The dispensing unit shall be protected against vehicle collision. In case of damage to the dispenser despite the collision protector the station emergency and shut down system shall be activated automatically. Isolation switch? Start, stop and emergency stop buttons shall be the minimum operation elements. Prevention of pressurization? Filing pressure limits: the maximum LNG filling pressure, technically achievable at the LNG storage tank filling nozzle during LNG filling, shall be lower than the set pressure of the relief valve of the storage tank. As this depends on the LNG tanker or LNG delivery system, only such systems that comply with this requirement should be allowed to deliver LNG. Where it is not possible to comply with the previous requirements, technical precautions for prevention of over-pressurization of the storage tank shall be applied. 28

29 5.7 SLOVENIA K. Status There are no norms for LNG/LCNG fuelling stations. L. Delivery pressure Unknown in practice for the time being as there is not any LNG station yet. 29

30 5.8 SPAIN M. Based on There is not uniform LNG regulation. Based on national and local standard for CNG fuelling stations as UNE CNG stations for motor vehicles- and UNE Satellite plants Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). N. Status For now there will be no specific Spanish initiative for regulation. O. Delivery pressure This is not established in any regulation. The delivery pressure in practice is 8 and 16 bar. P. Site safety requirements In case of various vehicles trying to refuel, they must drive on a circular path so no one intercepts the path of the other ones; furthermore in no case should it be necessary to turn back. Safety distances depending on the plant capacity. This is an aspect that is dealt with in a case-bycase scenario. Anti-intrusion remote CCTV security system connected to the Corporate Security Centre Q. Pollution emissions Vents are avoided in normal operation as, if the conditions require it, the gas shall be conducted to the vessel which provides natural gas to the compressors. R. Noise pollution Noise enclosures may be provided on a case-by-case basis for noise producing equipment (pumps, compressors, etc.) according to the local regulatory body. Usual maximum noise levels are around 80 db, depending on the kind of occupied soil and the nearby buildings/terrains. 30

31 S. Prevention of fire Control of the CNG buffer cylinders for LCNG fuelling stations and of cryogenic storage systems shall be carried out by certified bodies as specified by UNE and UNE T. Prevention of LNG spills Safety containment for the cryogenic vessels shall be provided U. Prevention of venting of natural gas Provided that the vessel pressure does not increase above maximum operating pressure (which would basically mean an unusual emergency), venting is conducted to the emission pipe and prevented from release to the atmosphere. V. Safety for the dispensers (devices): Breakaway system? Yes. Protection against collision? Yes. Isolation switch? Yes. Prevention of pressurization? Yes. 31

32 5.9 SWEDEN A. Based on There is not uniform LNG regulation. Based on national and local standard for CNG fuelling stations as TSA Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Threat Assessment, MSBFS 2013:3 - Handling of flammable gases and liquids, Plan- och bygglag (2010:900) Planning and building act, LNG-A Maintenance of liquefied natural gas and liquefied biogas, 9 kap Miljöbalken Third section, chapter 9, rules for chemical products, PED 97/23/EG - Pressure Equipment directive. B. Delivery pressure This is not established in any regulation. The delivery pressure in practice is from 6 bar to 12,5 bar. C. Status For now there will be no specific Swedish initiative for regulation. There is ongoing work to update the National recommendations for CNG stations from Swedish Gas Association to also include the LNG stations. D. Site safety requirements Building permit according to Plan- och bygglag (2010:900) and Permit for explosives and flammables according to MSBFS 2013:3 - Handling of flammable gases and liquids which relates to the law for explosives and flammables Lag (2010:1011) om brandfarliga och explosive varor and National recommendations for CNG stations from Swedish Gas Association TSA 2010 (so far only for CNG stations) and National recommendations for LNG tanks from Swedish Gas Association LNG-A 2010 (mostly for LNG tanks in industries) E. Pollution emissions Environmental permit according to "9 kap Miljöbalken" F. Noise pollution 32

33 Building permit according to Plan- och bygglag (2010:900) G. Prevention of fire Permit for explosives and flammables according to MSBFS 2013:3 - Handling of flammable gases and liquids which relates to the law for explosives and flammables Lag (2010:1011) om brandfarliga och explosive varor H. Prevention of LNG spills Environmental permit according to "9 kap Miljöbalken". Regulations for cisterns, tanks, rockstores and pipes for flammable gas SÄIFS 2000:4 föreskrifter och allmänna råd om cisterner, gasklockor, bergrum och rörledningar för brandfarlig gas and Regulation on preassure equipment, AFS 1994:4 Tryckbärande anordningar based on the directive PED 97/23/EG I. Prevention of venting of natural gas Environmental permit according to "9 kap Miljöbalken" J. Safety for the dispensers (devices): Breakaway system? Yes. Protection against collision? Yes. Isolation switch? Yes. Regulation on pressure equipment, AFS 1994:4 Tryckbärande anordningar based on the directive PED 97/23/EG and National recommendations for CNG stations from Swedish Gas Association TSA 2010 (so far only for CNG stations) and National recommendations for LNG tanks from Swedish Gas Association LNG-A 2010 (mostly for LNG tanks in industries). Prevention of pressurization? Yes. 33

34 5.10 THE NETHERLANDS A. Based on PSG 33-1:2013 B. Status Applicable. Published in June 2013 C. Delivery pressure This is not established in any regulation. The delivery pressure in practice is: 3, 7 and 18 bar. D. Site safety requirements Sewer system and street gulleys: the site layout, slope of the floors and location of street gulleys shall be such that any LNG released: 1. Cannot run into a street gulley; 2. Cannot run to another installation with hazardous substances; 3. Cannot run to/over the access roads; 4. Cannot accumulate under the LNG delivery installation, the LNG tanker or the motor vehicle refuelling with LNG. LNG storage tank: these vessels are double-walled, where an almost complete vacuum is created in the space between the walls. In addition, that space is also filled with perlite, which limits the insulation loss if the vacuum is lost. Safety devices: regarding the filling process, the LNG storage tank shall be designed with two independently operating level measuring systems according to NEN-EN that ensure that filling of the LNG storage tank stops automatically on reaching the maximum filling capacity. 34

35 For information about external and internal safety distances, follow document PSG 33-1:2013 points 5.3 and 5.4. E. Pollution emissions The municipality is the competent authority for the Environmental Licensing (General Provisions) Act (Wabo). The provinces are the competent authority regarding environmental pollution. It may be decided to use a regional execution service (Regionale uitvoeringsdienst RUD) to perform the tasks of the competent authority. F. Noise pollution According to the competent authority for Environmental Licensing (municipality). This is an aspect that is negotiated with the local authorities in a case-by-case scenario. G. Prevention of fire A fire extinguisher shall be suitable for fire classes B and C according to NEN-EN 2 and also meet the requirements included in NEN-EN 3. The characteristics, performance requirements and test methods for the fire extinguisher are based on NEN-EN 3-7, which shows that it is suitable for fighting fire classes B and C. Fire extinguishers shall have an extinguishing capacity of at least 43A / 233B according to NEN-EN 3-7. Fire extinguishers shall be protected from or resistant to the effects of the weather. H. Prevention of LNG spills Shut-off: all liquid connections to the tank are fitted with shut-off valves to prevent the storage tank emptying in case of disasters. These shut-off valves can have a dual function. Firstly as a process shut-off valve and secondly as a safety shut-off valve. In addition there are manually operated shutoff valves for maintenance purposes. Piping system: it is advisable to use welded joints whenever possible, because they are more reliable in case of fluctuating temperatures. 35

36 As soon as it is confirmed that an installation is leaking, the emergency shutdown shall be activated and the local fire service shall be notified immediately. I. Prevention of venting of natural gas Safety valves: pressure relief equipment is fitted to prevent the pressure in the storage tank rising too high under any circumstances. This equipment includes pressure safety devices and/or blow-off safety devices. J. Safety for the dispensers (devices): Breakaway system? Break-away couplings shall be fitted in the delivery hoses. Protection against collision? Every component of the LNG delivery installation, and in particular the dispensers, filling points, pressure relief equipment and vent piping as well as the blow-off safety device, shall be located such that there is no increased collision hazard upon loading and offloading, nor is there any other hazard or damage from the surrounding area. In places where a collision hazard exists, installation components shall be protected in a suitable way in the direction from which collision may come. Isolation switch? Yes Prevention of pressurization? Yes, pressure safety devices or blow-off safety devices. 36

37 6 Summary of regulations in European countries not involved The European Union countries not involved in Blue Corridors are Austria, Hungary, Estonia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Romania, Finland, Slovakia and Cyprus. Figure European countries not involved. Source: NGVA In all these countries there is not any LNG refuelling station today. In some cases, like Poland, they use mobile refuelling stations to provide fuel to the vehicles. Neither is there specific LNG legislation regarding the fuelling stations. Just some of them like Austria, Hungary and Greece are developing legislation about LNG station. In the case of Austria, LNG legislation will be based on the standards for CNG refuelling station (ÖVGW 97 (2005) - NGV Filling Stations - Design, Production, Installation and Operation of NGV 37

38 Filling Stations). In the case of Hungary, it is elaborating regulations in parallel for the future projects according to the ISO/DIS Natural Gas Fuelling Stations, LNG Stations for fuelling Vehicles. Finally in Greece, some national regulations for CNG stations will be applicable to LNG refilling stations as N.3850/2010 Health and safety at work, MD 44105/1398/Ε.103/ Air pollution, MD 37393/2008 Noise limits for operating equipment. 38

39 7 Summary of North American codes, regulations and standards In the U.S., LNG fuelling stations are designed and constructed to meet various specific national codes and standards. These codes and standards are primarily issued by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). In Canada, the single primary regulatory agency responsible for LNG design and safety is the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), which provides codes and standards for all natural gas fuelling stations and related equipment. NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas Applicability: Site selection, design, construction, and fire protection for LNG facilities. NFPA 52 Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code 2013 Applicability: NFPA 52 safeguards people and installations with requirements that mitigate the fire and explosion hazards associated with compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) engine fuel systems and fuelling facilities. Provisions cover the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of CNG and LNG fuel systems on all vehicle types--plus their respective compression, storage, and dispensing systems. This Code applies to all facilities with LNG storage in containers of 70,000 gallons or less. Comments: Very good source of guidance for CNG, LNG and L/CNG vehicles and fuelling facilities. NFPA 57 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code Applicability: NFPA 57 shall apply to the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of liquefied 39

40 natural gas (LNG) engine fuel systems on vehicles of all types, to their associated fuelling (dispensing) facilities, and to LNG to CNG facilities with LNG storage in ASME containers of 70,000 gal (265 m 3 ) or less. Comments: Main source of guidance for LNG vehicles but also fuelling facilities. NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures 1998 Applicability: Open, enclosed, basement and underground parking structures. Comments: No special requirements for NGVs other than reference to NFPA 52 and 57. NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Applicability: Topics covered include fire and explosion prevention and risk control, storage of liquids in containers, storage of liquids in tanks, piping systems, processing facilities, bulk loading and unloading, and wharves. NFPA 30A Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages 2012 Applicability: Facilities dispensing both gaseous and liquid fuels at the same facility. Comments: Includes requirements of old 88B on repair garages. API Standard 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Applicability: design and construction of large, field-assembled above ground storage tanks that contain petroleum intermediates (gases or vapours) and finished products, as well as other liquid products commonly handled and stored by the various branches of the industry. Covers LNG storage tank design. Comments: Published by the American Petroleum Institute (API). ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII (Pressure Vessels) 40

41 Applicability: Some sections applicable to LNG containers used on vehicles and in fuelling stations. Comments: SAE J2645 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicle Metering and Dispensing Systems Applicability: LNG Vehicular Fuel Metering and Dispensing. Comments: Published in 2009 by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 49 CFR 193 LNG Facilities Federal Safety Standards Applicability: Safety standards for LNG facilities used in the transportation of gas by pipeline that is subject to the pipeline safety laws. Comments: Does not apply to LNG facilities used by ultimate consumers of LNG or natural gas. 40 CFR Controls applicable to natural gas retailers and wholesale purchaserconsumers Applicability: Retailer and whole sale purchaser-consumers of NG. Comments: EPA 1.2 gm limit on atmospheric venting per refuelling. International Fire Code (IFC) 2012 Applicability: International fire code. Comments: Check with local fire marshal on applicability. CSA B Natural Gas Fuelling Stations Installation Code Applicability: Canadian Std. applicable to fleet and public stations CSA B Appendix B Indoor Fuelling of Natural Gas Vehicles 41

42 Applicability: Canadian Std. Fuelling facilities within a building that has primary functions other than fuelling. It does not cover public stations. Comments: Published August

43 8 Summary of Chinese regulations and standards China Automotive Technology and Research Centre (CATARC) has worked out a full set of NGV standards, including CNG and LNG vehicles, fuelling stations, gas system etc. The following standards are applicable to LNG stations: o o GBT Production storage and handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) NB/T Technical standard for vehicle liquefied natural gas fuelling station 43