Tokyo Waterworks 10 Year Plan for Energy Efficiency

Transcription

1 Revised edition Tokyo Waterworks 10 Year Plan for Energy Efficiency February 2015 Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

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3 On the Occasion of Formulation of the Plan According to the Fifth Assessment Report* presented by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the progress of the global warming has not yet been braked on and it is forecasted that global average temperature will rise up to 4.8 at maximum by the end of 21st century enhancing further necessity of countermeasures against global warming. Tokyo Metropolitan Government formulated the Long-Term Vision for Tokyo: aiming at creating Tokyo, the world s best city in December of This Vision presents a policy for addressing the challenges such as reduction of energy consumption and further expansion of renewable energy supply system. Tokyo Waterworks uses approximately 0.8 billion kwh of electricity that accounts for about 1% of Tokyo s total power consumption, and therefore has to make efforts to reduce energy use as a large-scale business entity. In this regard, in addition to effective use of water resources, we have strived to take measures to prevent water leakage, introduce renewable energy and improve efficiency of pump equipment, which have significant effects on the reduction of energy use. However, our water leakage rate is already 2% that is at the top level in the world, a further reduction of which is difficult. Therefore, the conventional approach has faced limitations in additional reduction in energy use. On the other hand, we will soon be required to renew all the water facilities that had been continuously developed and expanded in order to respond to the rapid increase in water demand during the period of high economic growth. This will be a better opportunity than ever before to review our waterworks systems (e.g. those for water intake, purification, transmission and distribution) from a perspective of energy use. By seizing this opportunity of facility renewal, we need to establish a highly energy efficient water system by making efforts to develop facilities in consideration of energy efficiency while thoroughly exploring and expanding the possibility of further promotion of existing measures such as employment of renewable energy and improvement in pump efficiency. Against this backdrop, we have decided to formulate the Tokyo Waterworks 10 Year Plan for Energy Efficiency to aim for further improvement in energy efficiency of the waterworks services of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG). Taking the stable supply of safe and better-tasting water as a given requirement, Tokyo Waterworks will make utmost efforts to actively promote energy-related measures based on this Plan and pass the nature-rich environment of the earth on to the next generation. This plan is prepared based on the above-mentioned The Long-Term Vision for Tokyo. February 2015 Ei Yoshida Director General

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5 Contents Chapter 1 Situations Surrounding the Bureau 1 Trends concerning climate change 1 2 Trends in Japan 2 3 Trends in TMG 4 Chapter 2 Current Status and Challenges 1 Current status of energy usage 5 2 Usage characteristics of electricity 5 3 Past efforts and future challenges towards higher energy efficiency 7 4 Facility development for ensuring stable water supply into the future 10 Chapter 3 Targets of the Plan and Direction of Its Measures 1. Orientation of the Plan Period of the Plan Policy of the Plan s formulation 11 4 Targets of the Plan 14 Measures 18

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7 Chapter 1 Situations Surrounding the Bureau 1 Trends concerning climate change Increases in greenhouse gas concentration and average temperature According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) have continued to increase, the global average concentration of which hit a record high in Global average surface temperature change ( C) The Fifth Assessment Report* of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that the increase in global average temperature by 0.85 degrees Celsius (from 0.65 to 1.06) during about 130 years ( ) was caused by the increase in GHG concentration. The report also says that each of the last three decades has been warmer than any preceding decade since And, it is forecasted that surface temperature will rise by 4.8 at most by the end of 21st century (see the following Figure). Impact of climate change In recent years, extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy downpours and tornados have frequently occurred around the world, which are considered to be caused by global warming. Also in Japan, extreme weather events have been increasingly evident, as exemplified by local torrential rain (called Guerrilla rainstorm) that causes flood damage. Mitigation of climate change It is forecasted that the global temperature may continue to rise for many centuries, even if the artificial emission of greenhouse gas is stopped immediately. And, in order Chapter 1. Situations Surrounding the to limit risks derived from impacts of such warming, it may be necessary to limit the Bureau rise in temperature under 2 relative to that of pre-industrial era. IPCC Forecast of future temperature presented in the Fifth Assessment Report Estimates of future temperature based on a new set of scenarios It is estimated that increase of global average surface temperature for relative to is projected to likely be in the ranges from 0.3 C to 1.7 C under the scenario in which maximum possible global-warming measures are taken (RCP2.6) and from 2.6 C to 4.8 C under the scenario in which no mitigation measures are taken (RCP8.5) RCP8.5: Temperature Historical increase is large as there is no restriction on RCP2.6* CO 2 emissions. RCP8.5 RCP2.6: temperature increase is small as CO2 emissions are restricted * RCP2.6 is a scenario in which radiative forcing increases by 2.6 W/m 2 from the pre-industrial era to the end of this century. Figure: Projected global average surface temperature change (Global average surface temperature change relative to ) 1 RCP2.6 RCP8.5

8 2 Chapter 1. Situations Surrounding the Bureau 2 Trends in Japan Trends in domestic power generation businesses Thermal power generation has increased due to the shutdown of nuclear power stations after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Consequently, the CO2 emissions associated with power generation in FY 2013 increased by about 30% (0.11 billion tons) compared with those in FY On the other hand, due to the rise in oil prices, the fuel costs required for power generation in FY 2013 increased by 4.1 trillion yen compared with those in FY Also, the energy self-sufficiency ratio in FY 2013 has dropped down to about 5.5% except nuclear power generation. (0.1 billion kwh) (10,000 t-co2) Power generation amount 7,376 9,394 9,241 9,447 9,356 9,705 9,889 9,958 10,305 9,915 9,564 10,064 9,550 9,408 9,397 CO2 emissions CO2 排出量原子力石炭火力 LNG 火力石油火力等水力地熱及び新エネルギー Nuclear Coal-fired LNG-fired Oil-fired Hydraulic new Geothermal and energy Figure: Composition of power sources and trends in CO2 emissions associated with power generation (Reference: Calculation results of GHG emissions in Japan <Ministry of the Environment> Energy self-sufficiency ratio (Base year) 1990 (%) Figure: Trend in fuel costs for power generation and domestic energy self-sufficiency ratio (Reference: Documents provided by the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy <Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry>, JEPIC) Fiscal Year (Trillion yen) 2011 Fuel costs Others Nuclear Fiscal Year Fuel costs CO2 emissions

9 Act on the Rational Use of Energy The Act on the Rational Use of Energy (Act No. 49 of 1979) aims to ensure effective use of fuel resources according to economic and social circumstances surrounding energy in Japan and abroad, and provides for measures concerning rational use of energy for factories, transportation, buildings, and machinery and equipment. Under the provisions of this Act, the Tokyo Waterworks Bureau (hereinafter referred to as the Bureau ) falls under the specified business operator, the total energy use (crude oil equivalent value) of which is 1,500 kl/year or more; therefore, the Bureau is required to make efforts to reduce its energy use by 1% or more in reference to the basic unit from mid- and long-term perspectives. Target for reduction of greenhouse gas emission in Japan The Government s target by FY2020 for reduction of domestic greenhouse gas emission is set at down 3.8% relative to the FY 2005 level, assuming that the share of nuclear power supply will be zero. And, in this assumption, it is envisioned that the situation of the higher share of thermal power generation shall further continue. Chapter 1. Situations Surrounding Strategic Energy Plan the In April of 2014, the Cabinet decided to approve the New Strategic Energy Plan. The Plan summarizes challenges of policy measures to be addressed as well as the Bureau long-term, comprehensive and systematic energy policy with a perspective of future structure of energy demand and supply for medium-to long-term, in about 20 years to come. In the Plan, renewable energy is positioned as a promising, multi-characteristic and important domestic energy source of low carbon. And, the Plan specifies the policy direction for renewable energy so to accelerate its introduction as far as possible for about 3 years since 2013 and to continue further promotion intensively. Furthermore, in order to enhance the efficiency of energy utilization, the Plan emphasizes importance of more efficient utilization of heat, and it also points out necessity to strengthen measures for that purpose. And, since cogeneration, which generates a combination of heat and electricity, is one way of utilizing energy most efficiently by concurrently using heat and power, it is considered to be necessary to promote the introduction of cogeneration. 3

10 4 Chapter 1. Situations Surrounding the Bureau 3 Trends in TMG In the midst of demands for change to a society that enables the compatibility of ensuring of stable power supply with avoidance of climate change risks, TMG has promoted mainly the following energy measures. Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Master Plan (formulated in 2008) In order to aim for a city that allows people to work and live comfortably with low energy consumption, the Plan provides the direction towards environmental load reduction such as by setting a target to increase the ratio of renewable energy in energy consumption in Tokyo by TMG Action Plan for GHG Emission Reduction (formulated in 2012) This Plan was formulated as a TMG s own action plan to reduce GHG emissions, which is equivalent to the action plan of local government (concerning affairs/businesses) set forth in Article 20-3 of the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures (Act No. 117 of 1998). Its plan period covers five years from FY 2010 to 2014 and estimates GHG reduction by 13% relative to the FY 2000 level for the whole TMG including the Governor s Department and the public enterprises (i.e. the Bureaus of Transportation, Waterworks and Sewerage). The Long-Term Vision for Tokyo (formulated in 2014) The Long-Term Vision for Tokyo formulated in December of 2014 proposes creation of smart energy city and specifies that the Government shall address the challenges for reduction of energy consumption and active introduction of renewable energy. <Policy Target> Reduction of energy consumption shall be down 20% by 2020 and down 30% by 2030, relative to Share of electricity supply using renewable energy shall be expanded to around 20% by Environment Master Plan(Targeted period for renewable energy use) TMG Action Plan for GHG Emissions Reduction The Long-Term Vision for Tokyo Figure: TMG s energy-related measures

11 Chapter 2 Current Status and Challenges 1 Current status of energy usage The annual power usage of the Bureau is approximately 0.8 billion kwh. This is equivalent to about 1% of the total power usage in Tokyo. Also, the power costs for the operation of water purification plants and water supply stations reached no less than 16.3 billion yen in FY 2013 (up by 18% over the previous year) due to the rise in power charges after the accidents occurred at the Tokyo Electric Power Company s nuclear power station in March Water intake conveyance Water purification 2 Usage characteristics of electricity In the breakdown of power usage for waterworks services in FY 2013, the usage in the water transmission/distribution process is the largest about 60% of the total followed by that in the water purification process and then the water intake/conveyance one. The characteristics of power usage in the processes of water transmission, distribution, purification, intake and conveyance are as follows. (1) Water transmission and distribution process Due to geological constraints on the location of water intake points, the Bureau takes water from those points located at the altitude of five meter or lower for about 80% of the capacity of all the water purification plants, while about 70% of water supply stations to which water is transmitted are located at the altitude of 20 m or higher. That is, the large amount of energy use in the water transmission and distribution process is caused by the fact that water is pumped up to the higher altitude areas. Therefore, it is effective to utilize potential energy of free fall as much as possible and make their pump equipment efficient. Others Power usage approx. 0.8 billion kwh Water transmission/ distribution Figure: Breakdown of power usage (FY 2013) Electric power charge Electric power charge Power usage Figure: Trends in power usage and power costs in service activities Share of water distribution amount at each water supply station by altitude About 70% Altitude: under 20m Mt. Chichibu About 30% Kumotori Mountains 2017m Altitude: 20m or higher Transmit/distribute water to high-altitude areas Altitude of water intake point: 50m or higher (0.1 billion yen) (1 million kwh) About 20% Chapter 2. Current Status and Challenges Misato Ozaku Higashi- Asaka Misono Kanamachi murayama Edo Sakai Ara River River Tama River Nagasawa Capacity of water purification plant taking water at altitude of 50m or higher Capacity of water purification plant taking water at altitude of 5 m or lower (Height of line refers to capacity) 5 About 80% Altitude of water intake point: 5m or lower Share of capacity of water purification plants by altitude or water intake point Increased by 18% Power usage Except for the renewable energy worth

12 6 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures (2) Water purification process The Bureau started to introduce the advanced water treatment in order into its water purification plants and, in October 2013, achieved that all the water from those plants along the Tone River system is advanced purification water. However, significant energy loss was caused in some cases due to the complex water purification process with the mixed facilities of different ages of construction as a result of adding the advanced water treatment function to the limited space of the sites of water purification plants. Therefore, at the future opportunity of facility renewal, certain improvement will be required such as by the facility placement take account of energy efficiency in water purification. Conventional treatment Ozonation Finely resolve the substances that cause a musty odor to make them easy to treat. Ozone generation From sedimentation basin Water intake Coagulation Sedimentation by chemicals Ozone contact basin Added purification treatment Advanced water treatment Sand Filtration Ozone generator Biological activated carbon absorption basin Figure: Flow of advanced water treatment Water distribution Biological activated carbon absorption treatment Microorganisms in the biological activated carbon decompose resolved substances that cause musty odor. To rapid sand filter (3) Water intake and conveyance process The Raw Water Connecting Facilities are the ones that were established so that raw water can be mutually shared between the Tone and Ara River systems and the Tama River system. In this regard, energy use will increase when water from the Tama River system is to be stored in the Ogouchi Reservoir to prepare for drought because the water is needs to be pumped up from the Asaka Water Purification Plant located at low altitude to the Higashimurayama Water Purification Plant at high altitude. In this manner, the amount of raw water conveyance that is necessary for ensuring stable water supply depends on natural conditions, which thus cannot be free from fluctuation in energy usage. Altitude (m) Ozaku Higashimurayama Hamura Intake Weir Main intake point Pumping transmission Utilization of raw water supply Tama River System Convey water by gravity flow Sakai Kinuta Tone and Ara River systems Akigase Intake Weir Capacities of the purification plants (10,000 m 3 /day) Figure: Altitudes of water purification plants in Tokyo Asaka Misono Kanamachi Misato

13 3 Past efforts and future challenges towards higher energy efficiency Based on the abovementioned characteristics of energy use, the Bureau has mainly taken the following measures. (1) Details of each measure Promotion of measures to prevent water leakage Measures to prevent water leakage are intended to contribute to the reduction in power use for the purpose of delivering tap water to our customers as well as the effective use of valuable water resources. The Bureau has realized the world-leading rate of low water leakage by promoting measures to prevent water leakage such as strategic water pipe replacement since before FY2000. Through the measures to prevent water leakage taken by FY 2013, the Bureau has reduced its annual (0.1 billion m 3 /yr) Water leakage Water leakage Water leakage rate Implementation rate of ductile distribution pipes Implementation rate of stainless service pipes Water leakage rate Fiscal Year Figure: Transition of water leakage and leakage rate as well as implementation of ductile distribution pipes and stainless service pipes power usage by 45 million kwh relative to the FY 2000 level, which is equivalent to about 6% of its annual power usage. Rate of ductile distribution pipes / Rate of stainless service pipes Column Improvement in the technology of water leakage prevention Tokyo Waterworks has promoted the following technology development to improve the technology of water leakage prevention. Development of water leakage detection technology The circumstances surrounding operations of water leakage detection tend to be worsening due to the increase in noise and traffic associated with the recent urban development. Therefore, we have striven for technological development to improve water leakage detection technologies (e.g. water leakage detection equipment). Development of water leakage prevention technology From a perspective of water leakage prevention, we have made efforts to conduct research on corrosion control technology and construction methods, and to improve and develop pipe materials and joints. Recently, we developed a robot that can examine the inside of transmission and distribution mains without interruption to the supply of water, which has been put it into practical use since FY Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures 7

14 8 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures Improvement towards higher efficiency of pump equipment We have made efforts to enhance energy efficiency, for example, by changing from the liquid rheostat method that decreases energy efficiency in the low-speed rotation range to the one of inverter control method that involves less energy loss when pump equipment needs to be newly installed or replaced at a water purification plant or a water supply station. Energy generation <Introduction of the cogeneration system> The Bureau has introduced continuous power generation equipment that employ the cogeneration system* at large-scale water purification plants. The continuous power generation equipment generate power using city gas. In this regard, we have made efforts to save energy such as by utilizing the steam generated from the recovered exhaust heat for generating electricity and for warming the sludge generated from the effluent treatment process. * A system that generates power using city gas as fuel while effectively utilizing the recovered exhaust heat therefrom. <Introduction of renewable energy> Water purification plants and water supply stations have generated clean energy by introducing hydraulic power generation that uses excess pressure generated when conveying and transmitting water, or solar power generation in order utilizing the upper part of service reservoirs. Efficient water supply operations The Bureau have operated the total energy management system in which the energy usage in the processes of water conveyance, purification, transmission and distribution can be identified. By using this system, we have made efforts to make water supply operations efficient by adding an energy perspective to the stable water supply such as by distributing water to systems with less energy consumption. (2) Effects of our main efforts made so far As a result of the aforementioned measures taken, the Bureau estimates the effect of streamlining energy use to be equivalent to about 15% (relative to FY 2000), relative to the case where no measures were taken. Cases where certain measures were taken Although the Bureau has achieved (%) significant reduction in energy use, no further streamlining may be possible in such cases as where measures to prevent water leakage achieved the water leakage rate of 2.2% as of FY Also, as for the streamlining of pump equipment or renewable energy, it is necessary to thoroughly identify the improvable facilities and further improve them taking the opportunity of facility development. Cases where no measures were taken Streamlined 15%

15 Topic Ordinance-based responses to GHG emissions reduction obligations Entities subject to the obligations Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture have introduced the systems that oblige large-scale places of business, the annual energy use (e.g. fuel, heat and electricity) of which is 1,500 kl or more of crude oil equivalent, to calculate and report the amount of GHG emissions and to set reduction targets. The following 18 places of business within the Bureau are subject to these obligations (as of February 2015). Water purification plants Water supply stations Pump stations Tokyo (Total emissions reduction obligations and emissions trading system) Higashimurayama, Kanamachi, Misono, Kinuta, Takatsuki Hongo, Yodobashi, Wadabori, Okura, Nerima, Kamiigusa, Minamisenju, Yasaka Hamura Water Conveyance, Inagi, Hino Booster Saitama Prefecture (Target-setting emissions trading system) Asaka, Misato Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Responses to emissions reduction obligations The above large-scale places of business are obliged to reduce emissions by 6% Direction of from the reference emissions levels for the first period of the Emissions Reduction Plan from FY 2010 to 2014 (as to the Ordinance of Saitama Prefecture, FY 2011 to 2014). As for the first period, it is expected that these emissions reduction obligations can Measures be implemented through the ordinary efforts of the Bureau. However, in the second period of the Plan (FY2015~2019), the above-listed large-scale places of business are obliged to reduce emissions by a certain percentage from the reference emissions levels: 15% for business places in Tokyo and 13% for Saitama Prefecture. Furthermore, the emission reduction target may be further upgraded for the third period of the Plan and thereafter. Thus, it is necessary to meet accordingly the emission reduction obligations by further promoting the measures to reduce the power consumption that shares the major portion of the energy usage by the Bureau of Waterworks. 9

16 10 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures 4 Facility development for ensuring stable water supply into the future In light of the upcoming renewal of the large-scale water purification plants that were intensely developed during the high economic growth period and of the lessons learned from the East Japan Great Earthquake in 2011, the Bureau is steadily proceeding with the facility development projects in order to properly respond to the challenges such as facility renewal and earthquake countermeasures. (1) Development of alternative water purification plants in prospect of renewal of large-scale water purification plants The Bureau will have to intensively renew its water purification plants after Each water purification plant is internally divided into different lines of water treatment; therefore, a plant s renewal will be carried out by closing internal facilities in a unit of line in order to mitigate the plant s performance decline. Nevertheless, we are in a situation where significant performance declines are unavoidable. In this regard, we will launch the renewal based on the prior development of an alternative water purification facility with an equivalent capacity of the facility, the performance of which is to decline associated with renewal. In this way, we will systematically promote the renewal construction work that takes a long time while ensuring stable water supply. Figure: Illustration of renewal of large-scale water purification plant (2) Doubling of conveyance and transmission pipes and strengthening of the network of transmission pipes The Bureau is making efforts to promote the use of double conveyance and transmission pipelines and strengthening of the network of transmission pipes in order to enhance their functions as backup pipelines in case of earthquake disaster or accident. As for conveyance pipes, we are going to double the Asaka-Higashimurayama Raw Water Connecting Pipes and the conveyance pipes for the occasion of reconstruction of the Sakai Water Purification Plant. Also, as for transmission pipes, those of the Asaka-Kamiigusa Line will be doubled, while the Tama North-South Main Line will be developed. (3) New construction of and improvements to water supply stations The Bureau is developing water supply stations in order, so as to eliminate the locally uneven distribution of water supply stations and the shortage of the capacity of service reservoirs. For the future, we undertakes to newly construct the Kohoku, Kamikitazawa (tentatively named), Ohji(tentatively named) and Tama North (tentatively named) water supply stations and improve the Wadabori water supply station. Such restructuring of waterworks facilities offers a good opportunity to fundamentally review the energy efficiency of our waterworks systems. Thus, it is necessary to consider the facility renewal plans from their planning phase from the perspective of energy efficiency.

17 Chapter 3 Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures 1 The Plan s orientation This Plan is intended to clarify the details of energy-related measures to be taken from mid- and long-term perspectives. 2 The Plan s period The Plan is to cover a ten year period from FY 2015 to However, this will be implemented in a flexible manner according to changes in social circumstances such as those in the government s or TMG s energy-related policies in the future. FY2015 FY2024 Compliance Consistency Government Municipalities Related laws & regulations Basic Environment Act Act on the Rational Use of Energy 3. Policy of formulation Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures Ordinance Concerning the Environment for Ensuring Health and Safety of the Citizens in Tokyo Saitama Prefecture Ordinance on the Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures The Long-Term Vision for Tokyo Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Master Plan TMG Action Plan for GHG Emission Reduction Environmental Plan Basic Concept of Facility Renewal of Tokyo Waterworks Master Plan for Construction of Tokyo Waterworks Facilities Tokyo Waterworks will carry out each measure based on the following policies, premised on ensuring stable supply of safe and better-tasting water and aiming to minimize energy usage. (1) By seizing the opportunity of new construction or renewal of waterworks facilities, we will restructure them to be highly energy efficient by sufficiently utilizing the potential energy of water in the processes of water intake/conveyance, purification, transmission and distribution. (2) To the extent possible, we will improve the existing measures such as the streamlining of pump equipment, and introduction of cogeneration systems and renewable energy sources. TMG Tokyo Waterworks Related measures Figure: Illustration of the Plan s orientation 11 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures

18 12 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures Future Visions Supply safe and better-tasting water with minimum energy Placement of water purification facilities upstream Hydraulic power generation utilizing difference in elevation Utilization of water purification plants at high altitudes Purification plant Purification plant Water supply station Process of water intake / conveyance Installation of solar power equipment Water purification utilizing potential energy Process of water purification Process of water transmission / distribution Efficient water supply operation Selecting the best water distribution route Water purification plant Route A Water supply station Water supply station Route B Utilization of excess pressure at water supply stations Small hydroelectric generation utilizing excess pressure* Service area Streamlining of pumping capacity by directlyconnected distribution *Small hydroelectric generation is hydroelectric generation of less than 1000kW

19 In order to further promote streamlining of energy use, it is necessary to change the current waterworks systems into highly efficient ones by utilizing the opportunities of renewal of the waterworks facilities, together with improving the conventional measures to the extent possible. In order to restructure the facilities into highly energy efficient ones, it is crucial to formulate a plan from the planning phase of facility renewal while imagining the 10 year period of the plan and way-distant future. Therefore, as a desirable future direction of waterworks services, we will take energy measures by taking account of the following points. Water intake and conveyance process A waterworks system that can utilize gravity flow is developed such as by increasing the share of upstream water purification plants in the total capacity of water purification plants. Hydraulic power generation is introduced using the difference in elevation; its potential energy is utilized. Water purification process Facility placement has been changed within the water purification plant; water purification is carried out utilizing as much potential energy as possible. Solar energy generation has been installed to the upper part of the water purification plant or the rooftop of buildings; clean energy with low environmental loads is created. Water transmission and distribution process The use of gravity flow is optimized in water transmission from a purification plant to a water supply station. Water supply operation is efficiently carried out with the lowest possible energy loss thanks to the development of the transmission pipe network. Hydraulic power generation, directly-connected water transmission method and solar power generation are introduced as much as possible; pressure released when drawing water into a service reservoir or water supply pressure is effectively utilized. Utilization of the latest technology (making equipment highly efficient) In light of the technology development, most suitable equipment is installed to enable highly efficient operations; required power input for the operation of equipment (e.g. pumps) is minimized. Cogeneration systems have been introduced in order to secure electricity for large-scale water purification plants; exhaust heat from power generation is effectively utilized. 13 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures

20 14 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures 4. Targets of the Plan (1) Ideas about the targets This Plan sets targets to be achieved in 10 years. Taking social requirements regarding energy problems fully into consideration, the plan target is set at a higher level as possible including contribution to attain the following targets set by Tokyo Metropolitan Government:. Policy targets in the Long-term Vision for Tokyo Reduction of energy consumption shall be down 20% by 2020 and down 30% by 2030, relative to Share of electricity supply of renewable energy shall be expanded to around 20% by Specific targets by sector Introduction of solar power generation in Tokyo: 1,000,000kW by 2024 Introduction of solar power generation in facilities owned by Tokyo Metropolitan Government: 22,000kW by 2020 Introduction of cogeneration system for business use: 600,000kW by 2024 In light of the facility development plans to be carried out by FY 2024 (i.e. the end of this Plan), we will explore all possibilities that can be explored at the moment and carry out efforts that can be carried out in 10 years to come. The Bureau regards as necessary the increase in energy use by additional construction of advanced water purification facilities so as to ensure stable supply of safe and better-tasting water, and sets the target at the accumulated value of the effort s effects subtracting that increase. In addition, the total reduction in energy use will be indicated. Note: Definition of the streamlining of energy use Streamlining of energy use means the total value of energy determined by the addition of energy-conservation effects by streamlining of equipment to energy-creation effects by power generation. Energy-co nservation effects Energycreation effects Measures to prevent water leakage.reduced power usage by development of facilities and streamlining of pump equipment that take account of energy conservation Amount of energy creation with low environmental loads by solar power generation, hydraulic power generation and power generation utilizing exhaust heat generated from continuous power generation Streamlined total energy usage

21 (2) Targets In accordance with the idea of the targets, the target for the streamlining of energy use is set in the following. Goal of 1 We cannot avoid the increase in energy use that is necessary for ensuring stable supply of safe and better-tasting water such as by introduction of advanced water treatment, but by putting this aside the Bureau will streamline the energy use in the conventional waterworks systems by at least 20% or more by FY 2024 relative to FY In addition, this 20% includes the effects of measures taken so far and those to be taken in 10 years to come such as measures to prevent water leakage and those to streamline pump equipment. Illustration of reduction in total energy use Due to the introduction of advanced water treatment after FY 2000, energy usage is estimated to increase by about 16% by FY Therefore, in terms of the total usage that includes the increase in energy use, the rate of streamlining of energy use will be about 10%. Increase due to the extension of facilities such as those for advanced water treatment About 16% Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures Inclusive of the addition Real reduction: about 10% Power usage in FY 2000 About 11% About Maximum reduction: 26% Reduction due to streamlining of the existing 15% facilities FY2000 FY2024 FY2014 After FY2024, share of electricity supply of renewable energy shall be targeted at 30% by FY

22 16 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures Goal of 2 Introduction of renewable energy such as solar energy and small hydropower and utilization of exhaust heat in cogeneration system shall be promoted, and volume of purchased electricity shall be reduced by enhancing energy efficiency so that share of renewable energy use shall be expanded. Specific Target 1 Expansion of introduction of solar power generation By installing solar panel systems on upperparts of waterworks facilities or rooftops of buildings, Total of solar power generation capacities shall be 8,000kW or more by FY2020, and up to 10,000kW by FY2024 Target at facilities owned by Tokyo Metropolitan Government Total solar power generation capacities in Tokyo area shall be 1,000,000kW by FY2024 Facilities owned by Tokyo Metropolitan Government Tokyo Waterworks About 38% of the target for facilities owned by Tokyo Metropolitan Government Present situation Target for facilities owned by T MG 2013 年度末時点 2020 年度累計 2024 年度累計 都有施設目標 10 千 kw 22 千 kw Tokyo 水道局 Waterworks 5,600kW 5.7 千 kw Target 都における of introduction 2024 年導入目標 in Tokyo: : 都内全体で 1,000,000kW 100 in 万 total kw in entire Tokyo area Specific Target 2 Expansion of introduction of cogeneration system By introducing cogeneration systems to all of large scale water purification plants, Total capacity of cogeneration systems shall be up to 54,000kW by FY2024 Target of introduction in Tokyo Target of introduction of cogeneration system in Tokyo shall be 600,000kW by 2024 Tokyo Metropolitan area Tokyo Waterworks About 都内目標の約 9% of the 9% target for Tokyo Metropolitan area About 38% 8 of 千 the kw target for 都有施設目標の約 facilities owned by TMG 38% (1.000kW) 1 万 kw 2013 As of 年度末時点 end Cumulative 2024 年度累計 total in FY2020 Target for Tokyo Metropolitan 都内目標 area ,000kW 万 kw 600,000kW 万 kw Tokyo 水道局 Waterworks As of end Cumulative total in FY2020 Cumulative total in FY ,000kW 34,000kW 3 万 4 千 kw 22,000kW 8,000kW 5 万 54,000kW 4 千 kw About 9% of the target for 都内目標の約 Tokyo Metropolitan 9% area 10,000kW Present situation 2024 (10,000kW)

23 Breakdown of streamlining effects (max.) The followings are the breakdown of the effects of efforts by FY Also, the values in the table below indicate the maximum ones that take account of all the possibilities that can be expected at the moment in accordance with facility development plans in the future. Main facilities Details Effects FY Effects FY Total Streamlining of energy use associated with facility development Introduction of renewable energy Streamlining of pumping facilities Promotion of measures to prevent water leakage Introduction of cogeneration systems Others Improvement in energy efficiency in the development of alternative water purification facilities, new water supply stations, conveyance/supply pipes Installation of solar-power and small-hydroelectric generation facilities to water purification plants, water supply stations and government buildings Installation of high efficiency pump facilities Reduction in energy use by reducing water leakage Improvement in energy efficiency by utilizing exhaust heat Introduction of high efficiency lighting 10,000 kwh -- 4,707 4,707 Relative to FY ,000 kwh 1,113 Relative to FY % % 5.9% 543 (1,543) 0.7% (1.9%) 1,655 (2,656) 2.1% (3.3%) 10,000 kwh 1,565 1,832 3,397 Relative to FY % 2.3% 4.2% 10,000 kwh 4, ,537 Relative to FY % % 10,000 kwh 4,651 1,813 6,464 Relative to FY % 2.3% 8.1% 10,000 kwh Relative to FY % 0.1% 0.2% 10,000 kwh 11,980 8,961 20,941 Chapter 3. Targets of the Plan and the Direction of Measures Total Relative to 15.0% 11.2% 26.2% FY2000 Bracketed values in the column on the effects of Introduction of renewable energy indicate the ones that include those for renewable energy in the column on the effects of Streamlining of energy use associated with facility development 17

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30 Directions of Measures and Measures to be Implemented The following shows the 11 measures that are to be implemented in a decade to come. Direction of measures 1. Streamlining of energy use along with facility development Measure 1. Streamlining of energy use along with the development of alternative water purification facilities at large-scale water purification facilities Measure 2. Streamlining of energy use along with new construction and expansion of water supply stations Measure 3. Streamlining of energy use along with the development of conveyance and transmission pipes Direction of measures 2. Utilization of renewable energy Measure 4. Introduction of solar power generation Measure 5. Introduction of small hydraulic power generation Measure 6. Introduction of cogeneration systems Direction of measures 3. Streamlining of energy use along with renewal of equipment Measure 7. Streamlining of pumping equipment Measure 8. Streamlining of lighting equipment Other measures Other than those three directions of measures as above, we will make efforts to improve energy efficiency in order to promote the environmental load reduction in our service activities. Measure 9. Introduction of low-pollution and fuel-efficient vehicles Measure 10. Introduction of Power Producer and Suppliers Measures 11. Promotion of research and development (R&D) 18 Measures

31 Direction of measures 1. Streamlining of energy use along with facility development Measure 1. Streamlining of energy use along with the development of alternative water purification facilities at large-scale water purification 19 Measures Outline of the measure The Bureau will make efforts to improve energy efficiency through the development of facilities utilizing various energy sources (e.g. potential energy of water) as much as possible, along with the renewal of water purification plants and development of alternative water purification facilities. The Sakai Water Purification Plant that is to be developed as an alternative water purification facility for renewing the Higashimurayama Water Purification Plant will utilize the potential energy associated with water intake from the reservoir to the maximum extent possible. Also, for water purification plants that are to be improved or renewed thereafter, we will reconstruct them as highly energy-efficient facilities that employ renewable energy while optimizing the facility placement within their sites in order to utilize potential energy as much as possible. Introduction of small hydraulic power generation utilizing the difference in height (Sakai Water Purification Plant) By utilizing the difference in height of about 20 meters between the reservoirs and the Plant, the Plant uses the entire amount of intake water from the reservoirs for hydraulic power generation. Yamaguchi Reservoir Murayama Reservoir Higashimurayama Water Purification Plant (in operation) Sakai Water Purification Plant Figure: Illustration of the introduction of small hydraulic power generation using the difference in height Water treatment by utilizing potential energy Effective head Effective head Reception well The Bureau will improve energy efficiency for water treatment by optimizing the facility placement within the site to coincide with facility renewal and by utilizing the gravity flow of water. Sedimentation basin Conventional Ozone contact basin Pump Biological activated carbon absorption basin Filter basin Service reservoir Water purification plant utilizing potential energy Utilization of potential energy Figure: Illustration of water treatment utilizing potential energy

32 Efficient water supply operation including utilization of gravity flow of water Large amounts of power are required for pumping in order to transmit water from a low altitude to a high one. In particular, a lot of energy is required for water transmission to water supply stations. Nevertheless, we can reduce energy usage by utilizing the gravity flow of water from the Sakai Water Purification Plant that is located at a high altitude. Reservoir Water transmission by gravity Purification flow of water plant A Water supply station Users Purification plant B The Bureau will install solar power equipment to the upper part of water purification plants to coincide with their improvement, and then utilize renewable energy sources. The Bureau will restructure the Sakai Water Purification Plant into a highly energy efficient facility that utilizes potential energy and renewable energy sources as much as possible. Facility name Restructuring of Sakai Water Purification Plant Reinforcement of Misato Water Purification Plant Improving the upstream area Water Purification Plant (tentative) Figure: Illustration of water transmission utilizing the gravity flow of water Introduction of solar power generation Goal of the measure Schedules of the measure Pumping To be completed in FY2021 Measures Plan period To be completed in FY2023 To be completed in FY

33 Direction of measures 1. Streamlining of energy use along with facility development Measure 2. Streamlining of energy use along with new construction and expansion of water supply stations 21 Measures Outline of the measure In order to eliminate the locally uneven distribution of water supply stations and the shortage of capacity of service reservoirs, Tokyo Waterworks is promoting the development of water supply stations. Water supply stations distribute water to customers by storing and pumping out the water transmitted from water purification plants. This process causes energy loss because the transmission pressure from water purification plants is to be released at service reservoirs. In this regard, Tokyo Waterworks will control energy usage by utilizing as much as possible the energy that is to be lost when the pressure is released. Specifically, when establishing or expanding a water supply station, we will install a small hydraulic power equipment that utilizes excess pressure caused by water transmission to the water supply station, in combination with a directly-connected water distribution pumping equipment. Also, coinciding with the development of a water supply station, we will, to the extent possible, install solar power generation equipment to the upper part of that water purification plant, considering the insolation conditions and the uses of its upper part. Small hydraulic power generation equipment Generating power using excess pressure of drawing water into service reservoir Service reservoir Pump Directly-connected water distribution pump Distributing water with less use of power utilizing excess pressure of drawing water into service reservoir Figure: Illustration of utilization of pull-in excess pressure

34 Current status of equipment introduction (Introduction of directly-connected water distribution pumping equipment an example) The Koto Water Supply Station has streamlined its energy use in pumping operations by introducing a directly-connected water distribution pump equipment to utilize excess pressure generated from water transmission since FY Photo: Directly-connected water distribution pump equipment at the Koto Water Supply Goal of the measure A water supply stations must be established or expanded as a highly energy efficient facility utilizing excess pressure caused by water transmission. Schedules of the measures Details Directly- Facility name connected Solar Small Plan period water power hydraulic distribution power Kohoku Water Supply Station To be completed in FY2018 Kamikitazawa Water Supply Station (tentative) To be completed in FY2019 Ooji Water Supply Station(tentative) To be completed in FY2020 Shibasaki Purification Plant To be introduced Saiwaicho Purification Plant To be introduced Jindaiji Purification Plant To be introduced Fussa-Musashinodai Purification Plant To be introduced Tamahokubu Water Supply Station (tentative) To be introduced indicates that the capacity of the equipment to be introduced is under review. 22

35 23 Measures Direction of measures 1. Streamlining of energy use along with facility development Measure 3. Streamlining of energy use along with the development of conveyance and transmission pipes Outline of the measures Tokyo Waterworks is promoting the use of double pipelines for conveyance and transmission pipes and the strengthening of the network of transmission pipes in order to enhance their functions as backup pipelines in case of earthquake disaster or accident. In promoting the use of double pipelines and the strengthening of the network, we will take account of energy efficiency as much as possible, in addition to making efforts to ensure stable water supply as a primary requirement. Also, after the development of such facilities, we will make efforts to efficiently carry out facility management such as by water supply operations taking account of the difference in height between facilities from a perspective of energy use. Ogouchi Reservoir Goal of the measure In association with the application of the double pipeline method to conveyance and transmission pipes and the strengthening of the network of transmission pipes, the Bureau will carry out development and mains management considering energy efficiency as much as possible. Schedules of the measure Facility name 2nd Asaka Higashimurayama Line (tentative) Higashimurayama Sakai line (tentative) Water transmission pipes related to Sakai Water Purification Plant 2nd Asaka Kamiigusa Line Tama north-south Line 2nd Asaka Higashimurayama Line (tentative) (water conveyance pipe) Scheduled for completion in 2018 Tama River Ogouchi Intake Weir Hamura Intake Weir Tama north-south main line (transmission pipe) Scheduled for completion in 2018 Higashimurayama Tone River Ara River Asaka Tone Large Weir Sakai Higashimurayama Sakai line (tentative) (water conveyance pipe) Water transmission pipes related to Sakai Water Purification Plan Scheduled for completion in 2021 Figure: Illustration of installation works of major water conveyance and transmission pipes To be completed in FY2018 Plan period To be completed in FY2021 To be completed in FY2020 To be completed in FY2018 Akigase Intake Weir 2nd Asaka Kamiigusa Line (water transmission pipe) Scheduled for completion in 2020 Misono Misato Purification plant Supply station Kanamachi Conveyance Pipe Transmission pipe

36 Topic Future Prospects for Efficient Water Supply Management/Control About 60 % of power consumption at waterworks facilities is by pump equipment of water supply stations that are operated to provide tap water to the customers. Power consumption as such varies greatly depending on water demand that is influenced by seasons and weather, or by changes of transmission and distribution routes due to construction of water facilities. In this regard, we are promoting efficient water supply management/control by introducing the Total Energy Management System. Operational status of the Total Energy Management System The Total Energy Management System is designed to display and estimate the power usage of each facility and the total power usage relative to the planned amount of water distribution by inputting the electric power data of the Bureau' facilities, as integrated by the System, into the function of supporting formulation of water supply management/control plans within the water supply management/control system. Since the system started in FY 2010, we have improved as necessary the software that is to appropriately distribute water to routes with less energy consumption and to Measures estimate power consumption. Total Energy Management System Energy Management System Water Supply Management/Control System Function of supporting the formulation of Collection of electricity water supply management/control plans Data collection (flow rate, data Calculate the basic unit of pressure) Accumulation of water transmission and collected data distribution Estimates of water Estimate power usage demand Formulate water supply management/control plans. Carry out daily management/control of water supply considering energy efficiency. Figure: Conceptual Diagram of the Total Energy Management System Future challenges to the System In order to realize the water supply management/control that takes account of energy efficiency, the Total Energy Management System is utilized at the stage of formulation of the monthly water supply operation plan. However, the System may not work as planned due to daily variations in water demand. In order to further promote energy saving, we will improve the System, aiming for the one that can minimize energy use even if water demand varies daily. 24

37 Direction of measures 2. Utilization of renewable energy Measure 4: Introduction of solar power generation Outline of the measure We have set up solar power generation equipment on the coverings over sand filters and the upper part of service reservoirs at water purification plants. In the future, in addition to their installation on the upper part of the existing waterworks facilities, we will explore room for introducing solar power generation and carry out as much development as possible at government buildings or other buildings to be newly built, too. Also, we will introduce solar power generation along with restructuring of facilities and actively utilize renewable energy. Installation of solar power generation equipment an illustration 25 Measures Installation on top of coverings over sand filters Installation on top of buildings Administration bldg. Installation on top of the service reservoir Biological activated Ozone contact basin carbon absorption basin Filter basin Service reservoir Advanced water treatment

38 Current status of equipment introduction In FY 2004, we set up Megawatt-class solar power generation equipment at the Asaka Water Purification Plant for the first time as a waterworks operator. Since then, we have introduced solar power generation into spaces within facility sites such as upper parts of sand filters and service reservoirs. The capacity of solar power generation equipment set up in FY 2014 was 6,402 kw. Their annual power generation amount was 3.85 million kwh in FY Goal of the measure The Bureau will actively utilize renewable energy by expanding the introduction of solar power generation to water purification facilities, water supply stations and government buildings. Schedules of the measure Facility Asaka Water Purification Plant (490kW) Kokubunji temporary material stockyard for emergency(49kw) Yarimizu Oyama Water Supply Station (390kW) Higashimurayama Water Purification Plant (770kW) Misono Water Purification Plant (330kW) Sakai Water Purification Plant (in review) [see above] Misato Water Purification Plant (in review)[see above] Upstream area Water Purification Plant (tentative)(in review)[see above] Kohoku Water Supply Station (in review) [see above] Kamikitazawa Water Supply Station (tentative) (in review) [see above] Wadabori Water Supply Station (in review) Other 14 facilities (approx. 1,300 kw) Table: List of facilities with solar power generation Facility name Measures Plan period To be introduced To be introduced To be introduced To be introduced To be introduced To be introduced To be introduced To be completed in FY2015 The power generation capacity (kw) above is the planned value, which may be subject to change at the stage of execution design. Place installation year (FY) Rated output (kw) Power generation amount (1000kWh/yr) Higashimurayama Purification Plant Upper part of service reservoir Ogouchi Reservoir Ground Takatsuki purification plant Upper part of covering over 2003 sand filter Asaka Purification Plant Upper part of covering over 2004 sand filter 1, Misono Purification Upper part of covering over 2004 Plant sand filter Ozaku Purification Plant Upper part of covering over 2004 sand filter Higashimurayama Purification Plant Upper part of covering over 2006 sand filter 1, Nagasawa Purification Plant Upper part of covering over sand filter Kanamachi Purification Plant Upper part of covering over 2006 sand filter Misato Purification Plant Upper part of covering over 2006 sand filter 1, Ozaku Purification Plant Upper part of service reservoir Kinuta Purification Plant Upper part of service reservoir Kanamachi Upper part of service reservoir 2014 Purification Plant Rooftop of building 517 Narahara Water Supply Station Upper part of service reservoir Total 6,402 3,853 Starting operation in FY2014 To be completed in FY 2015 To be completed in FY2015 To be introduced To be introduced 26

39 Direction of measures 2. Utilization of renewable energy Measure 5. Introduction of small hydraulic power generation Outline of the measure Hydraulic power generation is a power generation method that converts water s potential energy caused by the height difference. The Bureau has introduced hydraulic power generation utilizing the height difference between reservoirs and water purification plants, or excess pressure that is caused when drawing water into service reservoirs of water supply stations. We will continue to increase small hydraulic power generation equipment at facilities in which they can be installed, based on consideration of the place for installation as well as the facility operation status such as inflow water pressure and volume at water supply stations. Also, in cases where water supply stations are to be newly constructed, we will efficiently install small hydraulic power generation equipment by securing its space in advance. 27 Measures Utilization of excess pressure When pumping water from a water purification plant to water supply stations, the excess pressure as illustrated in the figure below occurs at stations located at a relatively lower altitude. The Bureau will recover excess pressure as energy by setting up a small hydraulic power generation equipment at a water supply station in which excess pressure occurs. Pressure needed for water transmission to Water Supply Station A Transmission pipe Purification plant Excess pressure of drawing water into Water Supply Station B Inflow vol Small hydraulic power generation equipment Supply Stn B Figure: Installation of small hydraulic power generation equipment at a water supply station Utilization of potential energy (see above) Supply Stn A Efficient use of unused potential energy by utilizing pull-in excess pressure and gravity water flow The Bureau will effectively use potential energy by installing the small hydraulic power generation equipment to the Sakai Water Purification Plant, utilizing the height difference between the reservoir at high latitude and the Plant. Photo: Small hydraulic power generation equipment (Minamisenju Water Supply Station)

40 Current status of equipment introduction The capacity of hydraulic power generation equipment installed by FY2014 was 2,232 kw. The annual power generation from those facilities was 5.19 million kwh in FY In particular, the one installed at the Higashimurayama Water Purification Plant can cover about 25% of the total power usage at the Plant. Table: List of facilities with hydraulic power generation Facility name Higashimurayama Water Purification Plant Minamisenju Water Supply Station Installation year (FY) Max. output (kw) Power generation amount (1,000 kwh/year) FY , ,841 FY Kamedo Water Supply Station FY Yakumo Water Supply Station FY Kasai Water Supply Station FY Himura Water Purification Plant FY Small hydropower generating facilities in Higashi-Murayama Water Purification Plant have been stopped since December of 2013 due to the rehabilitation works. Kasai Water Supply Station starts its operation from October of 2013 Himura Water purification Station starts its operation from FY2015 Goal of the measure The Bureau will expand the introduction of hydraulic power generation to water purification plants and supply stations, and effectively use the potential energy caused by the height difference and unused excess pressure caused by water transmission/distribution. Schedules of the measure Facility name Kohoku Water Supply Station (80 kw) [see above] Kamikitazawa Water Supply Station (tentative) (90 kw) [see above] Sakai Purification Plant (900 kw level) [see above] Other 3 facilities (60 kw level) Total 2,232 5,191 To be completed in FY2018 To be completed in FY2019 Measures Plan period To be introduced To be completed in FY2021 The power generation capacity (kw) above is the planned value, which may be subject to change at the stage of execution design. 28

41 Direction of measures 2. Utilization of renewable energy Measure 6. Introduction of cogeneration systems Outline of the measures In order to ensure stable water supply even at the time of contingency situation such as large-scale blackouts due to disasters, the Bureau has developed stand-alone power system by installing continuous power generation equipment at large scale water purification plants. For such power equipment, cogeneration system is introduced so to improve energy efficiency by effective utilization of exhaust heat. In the installation of continuous power generation equipment at the Misato Water Purification Plant, cogeneration system is continued to be employed to attain improvement of energy efficiency. Water for power generation Exhaust 29 Measures City gas (normal time) Heating oil (emergency) Electric power Tokyo Electric Power Company G G GT ST Boiler Steam for power Line connecting equipment Steam Figure: Illustration of a cogeneration system G: Power generator GT: Gas turbine ST: Steam turbine Boiler: heat exhaust boiler To be supplied as a heat source for effluent treatment To be supplied as a power source for water purification plants Example of highly efficient use of exhaust heat (Misato Water Purification Plant) High-pressure steam that is generated from the exhaust heat boiler is used for power generation by steam turbines. On the other hand, low-pressure steam is used for warming sludge for effluent treatment. Through the secondary use of city gas (i.e. fuel) in this way, the energy efficiency can be enhanced for the entire system. Primary use Power generation Exhaust heat (steam) High pressure Low pressure For power For effluent treatment Secondary use Power generation Heat utilization

42 Facility introduction the present situation As of FY2014, the following four large scale water purification plants are installed by continuous power generation equipment employing cogeneration system, and their total capacity amounts 33,820kW. Facility name Higashimurayama Purification Plant Kanamachi Purification Plant Asaka Purification Plant Misono Purification Plant Table: Introduced cogeneration systems Equipment capacity (maximum supply capacity) Date introduced 3,200 kw (1,600 kw 2) October ,000 kw (6,140 kw 2) October ,200 kw (4,020 kw 3 ; 6,280 kw 1) 3,420 kw (1,400 kw 1 ; 2,100 kw 1) April 2005 April 2005 Contracted supply capacity in case of emergency under contracts for PFI project Goal of the measure The Bureau will introduce a cogeneration system into the Misato Water Purification Plant to effectively utilize exhaust heat energy. Schedules of the measure Facility name Misato Water Purification Plant Development phase 1 (17,000 kw level) Development phase 2 [Supply capacity (under assessment)] To be completed in FY2018 Measures Plan period To be completed in FY

43 Direction of measures 3. Streamlining of energy use along with renewal of facilities Measure 7. Streamlining of pumping facilities Outline of the measure Waterworks related facilities include variety of equipment such as pumping equipment and effluent treatment equipment. Many of such equipment will reach a time for renewal in coming 10 years. At the time of renewal, improvement is given to equipment of low energy efficiency. 31 Measures Streamlining of pumping facilities The proportion of power usage by pumping equipment has become significantly large in power usage in the water transmission and distribution process, from water purification plants and water supply stations. Also, since many pumping facilities were installed during the high economic growth period and thus are with lower energy efficiency than the current ones, it is effective to renew them into highly efficient ones for energy conservation. In renewing pumping equipment, we will select an appropriate one (e.g. by considering the introduction of the inverter control method) depending on the status of pumping operations, thereby seeking to improve energy efficiency in pumping operations. Energy loss by liquid resistors 1. Liquid resistor method An electrical resistor in which the resistive element is a liquid. This method has a characteristic in which energy loss by resistance becomes large in the low speed rotation range. 2. Inverter control method A pump rotation control method by controlling the voltage and frequency of an electric motor s power source. This allows energy efficient operations of pumps by changing the power source voltage and frequency in order to reduce energy loss according to the characteristics of an electric motor that rotates the pump. Control by liquid resistor Power consumption Energy loss 1 Liquid resistor LLeessss aamoouunnt t oof f eenneer rggyy lloossss l Inverter control method 2 Inverter Figure: Illustration of a liquid resistor and an inverter control method Amount of energy loss due to heat generation Large loss Liquid resistor Spin speed Inverter control Figure: Illustration of energy loss by liquid resistors Energy loss

44 Streamlining of wastewater treatment equipment At the time of renewal of effluent treatment equipment, selections are made for efficient dewatering equipment of most suitable capacity and of most efficient operational system aiming at pursuing maximum energy efficiency. Photo: Effluent treatment equipment (dewatering equipment) Facility introduction the present situation We have introduced the inverter control method to facilities, taking the opportunities of renewal of their pumps. As of FY2014, we completed streamlining of energy use for 42% of 363 main pumps of 21 large-scale facilities. 209 pumps 204 台 58% 59% Main 363 pumps* 台 pumps 42% 41% Streamlined 実施済み In 実施検討 review Measures Figure: Improvement in energy efficiency of pump equipment at large-scale facilities *Pumps used in the processes of water intake, conveyance, purification, transmission and distribution. Goal of the measure The Bureau will expand the introduction of highly efficient pump equipment depending on the state of pump equipment operations and taking the opportunities of the renewal of their pumps. Effluent treatment equipment shall be renewed so to be replaced by those of higher energy efficiency. Schedules of the measure Facility name Plan period Pumping equipment Water purification plant, water 59 pumps to be introduced supply station and others Effluent treatment equipment To be introduced in order Water Purification Plant 32

45 Direction of measures 3. Streamlining of energy use along with renewal of equipment Measure 8. Streamlining of lighting equipment Outline of the measures In recent years, technological development of energy efficient lights (e.g. LED lights) has proceeded, thereby promoting the improvement in luminous efficiency and reductions in costs. The Bureau has introduced LED outdoor lights mainly to its waterworks facilities, High-frequency (Hf) florescent lamps to office rooms and LED lights to entrance halls and lavatories. We will continue to improve energy efficiency in our service activities by expanding the introduction of LED, taking the opportunities of development of facilities and renovation of government buildings according to the trends in technological development of high-efficiency lights. Photo: An LED outdoor light installed at Higashimurayama Water Purification Plant 33 Measures Current situation of introduction We have made efforts to introduce high-efficiency lights, taking the opportunities of water facility development. In the introduction of these lights, we select appropriate lights considering the installation place conditions (e.g. required illuminance) because different types of high efficiency lights have different Goal of the measure Schedules of the measure Facilities 9 water purification plants, water supply station and others 11 places of business (branches and service stations) Table: List of introduction of high-efficiency lights (water purification plants) Place of business Kinuta Purification Plant Nagasawa Purification Plant Tamagawa Purification Plant Higashimurayama Purification Plant Kanamachi Purification Plant Misato Purification Plant Higashikurume service stations Bunkyou service stations Misono Purification Plant Ozaku Purification Plant Sumida service stations Installation year (FY) Type of high efficiency light Ceramic metal halide lamps, etc. LED, electrodeless discharge lamps Place of installation Outdoor lights (in part) Outdoor lights (in part) 2011 LED Outdoor lights 2012 LED Outdoor lights LED, ceramic metal halide lamps, etc. LED, high-pressure sodium lamps, etc LED, Hf florescent lamp 2012 LED, Hf florescent lamp 2013 LED, high-pressure sodium lamps, etc. Outdoor lights (in part) Outdoor lights (in part) Entrance hall and lavatory, Office room Entrance hall and lavatory, Office room Outdoor lights 2014 LED Outdoor lights 2014 LED, Hf florescent lamp Plan period To be introduced in order To be introduced in order Entrance hall and lavatory, Office room The Bureau will expand the introduction of high-efficiency lights, taking the opportunities of facility development and government buildings renovation.

46 設備の導入状況 Other measures Measure 9. Introduction of low-pollution and fuel-efficient vehicles Outline of the measure Since April 2011, the Ordinance Concerning the Environment for Ensuring Health and Safety of the Citizens in Tokyo has obliged business operators who possess 200 or more vehicles in Tokyo to achieve 5% or more for the rate of specific low-pollution and fuel-efficient vehicles by the end of FY2015. It is envisaged that technological innovation in low-pollution and fuel-efficient vehicles will continue to progress. In this regard, we will promote the efficiency of fuel use in our service activities by selecting environment-friendly vehicles according to technological trends. Photo: Bureau s owned vehicle Current situation of introduction The Bureau possesses 648 vehicles (except towed ones) as of March Among them, there are 93 specific low-pollution and fuel-efficient vehicles, the introduction rate of which is currently 8.6%. Goal of the measure The Bureau will actively introduce environment-friendly vehicles according to the trends in environmental technologies for vehicles. Schedules of the measure Facilities Plan period Places of business To be introduced in order 34 Measures

47 Other measures Measure 10. Introduction of Power Producer and Suppliers 35 Measures Outline of the measure In purchasing electricity, it is possible to reduce environmental loads through the procurement of electricity from Power Producer and Suppliers (PPS)* that have electric sources with low CO2 emissions (e.g. renewable energy sources). Tokyo Waterworks has purchased electric power from PPS at some water supply stations and places of business. Based on power usage at each place of business, we will make efforts to reduce environmental loads caused by electric power use while contributing to the promotion of PPS by expanding power purchase from PPS who supply low-carbon electricity. * Power Producer and Suppliers (PPS) refers to the Specified-Scale Electricity Utility set forth in Item 8, Paragraph 1, Article 2 of the Electricity Business Act. Current situation of introduction In FY 2012, the Nerima and Itabashi Water Supply Stations for the first time purchased power from PPS. After that, places of business (including pumping stations, branch offices, business offices, etc.) have purchased power from Power Producer and Suppliers (PPS) to reduce electric power costs. Also, based on the TMG s Green Purchasing Guide, we are purchasing environment-friendly power by setting up bidding conditions from a standpoint of CO2 emissions control. Start of power supply Table: List of places of business having contract with PPS Places of business Contract quantity of power (kw) Estimates of cost reduction* (1 million yen/year) April 2012 Nerima and Itabashi Water Supply Stations 10, October places of business incl. branches and service stations 1,044 5 April places of business (e.g. Misato Pump Station) 1, October places of business incl. branches and service stations * The above-mentioned cost reduction is of estimated amount possibly reduced in comparison with the power purchase under contracts with Tokyo Electric Power Company Goal of the measure The Bureau will purchase cost- and environment-friendly power by expanding the choice of power purchase from low-carbon Power Producers and Suppliers (PPS). 施策概要 Schedules of the measure Facilities Places of business Plan period To be expanded in order

48 Measures 11. Promotion of research and development (R&D) Outline of the measure The Bureau will continuously carry out research and analyses on trends in technological developments related to waterworks services and energy from medium- and long-term viewpoints, and on consideration of the employment of the latest energy conservation technologies related to the Bureau service activities, thereby promoting the effective measures to streamline energy use in waterworks services. Current situation of introduction Joint research on energy saving in waterworks systems Phase 1: from FY 2010 to FY 2012 Phase 2: from FY 2013 to FY 2015 In order to promote efficient use of energy in waterworks services, we have conducted joint Measures research with the Tokyo Metropolitan University on a simulation in which accumulated power usage from water intake to distribution can be minimized. In the research conducted up to FY 2012, we carried out energy optimization calculation for the entire network of water transmission and distribution and tested the combinations of the amount of water transmission and that of water distribution that meet the water demand with the minimum power use, as well as producing estimate equations of power usage by route based on the data of the amount of water transmission and distribution and that of power used for pumping at each water purification plant and water supply station. After FY 2013, we will identify the power usage in water intake, conveyance and purification processes, and conduct the simulation in which the accumulated power usage in its entirety can be minimum. Goal of the measure Tokyo Waterworks will conduct R&D to contribute to the improvement in energy efficiency. Schedules of the measure Facilities Plan period R&D To be implemented 36